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Property talk:P31

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Latest comment: 4 days ago by Michael21107 in topic Mandatory?

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instance of
type to which this subject corresponds/belongs. Different from P279 (subclass of); for example: K2 is an instance of mountain; volcano is a subclass of mountain
Representsinstance of (Q21503252), instance or subclass of (Q30208840)
Data typeItem
Allowed values
Usage notesUsage instructions in English
ExampleGachalá Emerald (Q772466) → emerald (Q43513)
lists of communes of France (Q177866) → Wikimedia list article (Q13406463)
electron (Q2225) → type of quantum particle (Q22675015)
Nelson Mandela (Q8023) → human (Q5)
Sourcehttp://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/#ch_type
Robot and gadget jobsDeltaBot does the following jobs:
Tracking: sameCategory:Template parameter is the same as P31 (Q42533274)
Tracking: usageCategory:Pages using Wikidata property P31 (Q20117426)
Tracking: local yes, WD nono label (Q32764726)
See alsosubclass of (P279), part of (P361)
Lists
  • Items with no other statements
  • Most recently created items
  • Items with novalue claims
  • Items with unknown value claims
  • Items with deprecated claims
  • Usage history (total)
  • Database reports/Complex constraint violations/P31
  • Database reports/Constraint violations/P31
  • Map
  • Random list
    • Proposal discussion[not applicable Proposal discussion]
    Current uses
    Total126,014,023
    Main statement125,907,073>99.9% of uses
    Qualifier106,515<0.1% of uses
    Reference435<0.1% of uses
    Search for values
    [create Create a translatable help page (preferably in English) for this property to be included here]

    #invoke:Constraints

    {{Complex constraint |label = Multiple P31 claims lead to duplicate tuples |description = Multiple P31 claims are unnecessary in most cases with Wikimedia-related items. Consider {{P|1269}} instead of second P31 value. |sparql = SELECT ?item #?class ?class2 ?itemLabel WHERE{ VALUES ?class{ wd:Q4167836 wd:Q11266439 wd:Q17362920 }?item wdt:P31 ?class. ?item wdt:P31 ?class2 FILTER(?class2!=?class). MINUS{VALUES ?whitelist{ wd:Q4115189 wd:Q15397819 #placeholders }?item wdt:P31 ?whitelist} #SERVICE wikibase:label{bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en"} } LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = P31=samevalue and P279=samevalue (indirect P279) |description = In most cases, this is an oversight or item that needs update after child item(s) were added |sparql = SELECT ?item(COUNT(*) AS ?count)WHERE{ ?class wdt:P31 ?item FILTER(?item NOT IN(wd:Q7187,wd:Q8054)). ?class wdt:P279/wdt:P279 ?item. }GROUP BY ?item ORDER BY DESC(?count) LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Strange P31 link between parents in P279 |description = |sparql = SELECT ?item(COUNT(*)AS ?count)WHERE{ ?classC wdt:P279 ?item;wdt:P279 ?classB. ?classB wdt:P31 ?item }GROUP BY ?item ORDER BY DESC(?count) LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Avoid P31 of P279 of Q5 (P106 or other properties should be created) |description = |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279+ wd:Q5} LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Second claim and unspecific |description = is most cases unspecific could be replaced with specific variant |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item wdt:P31 ?claim1 FILTER(?claim1=wd:Q95074). ?item wdt:P31 ?claim2 FILTER(?claim2!=?claim1)} LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be human and possibly fictional |description = keep only one claim |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5. # real ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q21070568.} # possibly fictional LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be one thing and group of things |description = keep only one claim, split into several items: Q1880543, Q161678, Q232009 |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q15619176. # one ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q17519152.} # group LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be ?item P31 ?item |description = impossible claim or it should be a separate item |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{?item wdt:P31 ?item} LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Cannot be an instance of an individual human |description = Can't be ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P31 wd:Q5. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{?item wdt:P31/wdt:P31 wd:Q5} LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of both human and occupation |description = Should not an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|5}} and an {{Q|12737077}}. Consider using {{P|106}}. |sparql = SELECT DISTINCT ?item WHERE { ?occupation wdt:P279*/wdt:P31+ wd:Q12737077. ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5. ?item wdt:P31 ?occupation. } GROUP BY ?item }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of both human and position |description = Should not be an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|5}} and an {{Q|4164871}}. Consider using {{P|39}}. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE { ?position wdt:P279*/wdt:P31+ wd:Q4164871. ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q5. ?item wdt:P31 ?position. } GROUP BY ?item LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of song and single |description = Items should not be an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|7366}} and a {{Q|134556}}; the {{Q|2031291}} (single) should be separate from the {{Q|17537576}} (song). Sitelinks should usually be attached to items about songs. Consider removing one statement (probably {{Q|134556}}), and creating a new item for the other entity. Songs and singles can be linked with {{P|658}} and {{P|361}}. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q7366. ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q134556.} LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of both fictional character and literary work. |description = Should not be an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|95074}} and an {{Q|7725634}}. This is usually caused by conflation between a literary work and the main character that it is named after. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item (wdt:P31/(wdt:P279*)) wd:Q95074, wd:Q7725634. }GROUP BY ?item LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of both fictional character and narrative. |description = Should not be an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|95074}} and an {{Q|1318295}}. This is usually caused by conflation between a narrative and the main character that it is named after. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item (wdt:P31/(wdt:P279*)) wd:Q95074, wd:Q1318295. }GROUP BY ?item LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Can't be instance of both a disambiguation page and a human. |description = Should not be an {{P|31}} both a {{Q|4167410}} and a {{Q|5}}. This can be caused caused by an incorrect merge or a sitelink that is attached to a wrong item. |sparql = SELECT ?item WHERE{ ?item (wdt:P31/(wdt:P279*)) wd:Q4167410, wd:Q5. }GROUP BY ?item LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = should have P31=category |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql = SELECT ?item ?n{ hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item; schema:name ?n; schema:isPartOf ?part. ?part wikibase:wikiGroup "wikipedia". FILTER(strstarts(?n, "Category:")) }LIMIT 100 }} {{Complex constraint |label = should have P31=template |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql = SELECT ?item ?n{ hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item; schema:name ?n. FILTER(strstarts(?n , "Template:")) }LIMIT 100 }} {{Complex constraint |label = should have P31=module |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql = SELECT ?item ?n{ hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item; schema:name ?n. FILTER(strstarts(?n, "Module:")) FILTER(!strstarts(?n, "Module:zh/data")) FILTER(!strstarts(?n, "Module:Zh/data")) }LIMIT 100 }} {{Complex constraint |label = should have P31=portal |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql = SELECT ?item ?n{ hint:Query hint:optimizer "None". ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item ; schema:name ?n. FILTER(strstarts(?n, "Portal:")) }LIMIT 100 }} {{Complex constraint |label = default P31 values for frwiki (claimless items) |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql = SELECT ?item ?n ?pref ?inst WHERE{ VALUES(?pref ?inst){ ("Modèle:" wd:Q11266439) ("Module:" wd:Q15184295) ("Catégorie:" wd:Q4167836) ("Projet:" wd:Q14204246) ("Wikipédia:" wd:Q14204246) ("Aide:" wd:Q56005592) ("Liste de" wd:Q13406463) ("Glossaire d" wd:Q859161) ("Vocabulaire d" wd:Q859161) } ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item; schema:isPartOf <https://fr.wikipedia.org/>; schema:name ?n. FILTER(strstarts(?n, ?pref)) }LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = default P31 values for eswiki (claimless items) |description = TODO: add P31 |sparql =SELECT ?item ?n ?pref ?inst WHERE{ VALUES(?pref ?inst){ ("Plantilla:" wd:Q11266439) ("Módulo:" wd:Q15184295) ("Categoría:" wd:Q4167836) ("Wikipedia:" wd:Q14204246) ("Anexo:" wd:Q13406463) } ?item wikibase:statements 0 . [] schema:about ?item; schema:isPartOf <https://es.wikipedia.org/>; schema:name ?n . FILTER( strstarts(?n, ?pref)) }LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = use {{P|10241}} to identify taxon |description = Where the item is an individual organism, {{P|10241}} should be used to identify its taxon, e.g. species. |sparql = SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE{ ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279* wd:Q110224119. ?item wdt:P31 ?taxon. ?taxon wdt:P31 wd:Q16521. SERVICE wikibase:label{bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en"}.} LIMIT 100 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Redundant instance of statement |description = should not be instance of a superclass and one of its subclass. When an item have 2 P31 statements of a class together with a statement to one of its direct subclass |sparql = SELECT ?item ?a ?b{ ?item wdt:P31 ?a, ?b. ?a wdt:P279 ?b. }LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Photos aren't genres |description = Photos are not instances of photographic genres. Replace with {{P|136}}. |sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE{ ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279 wd:Q11633. SERVICE wikibase:label{bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en"} # Helps get the label in your language, if not, then en language } LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Possible archaeological sites misidentified as excavations (activity) |description = Items with P31 = Q959782 (archaeological excavation), but without P710 (participant), P580 (start time), or certain words in the label, are likely to be misidentified instances of Q839954 (archaeological site) |sparql = SELECT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q959782; rdfs:label ?itemLabel. FILTER NOT EXISTS {?item wdt:P710 ?participant.} FILTER NOT EXISTS {?item wdt:P580 ?start_time.} FILTER (lang(?itemLabel) = "en"). FILTER (!regex(?itemLabel, "([Ee]xcavation|[Ee]xploration|[Cc]ampaign|[Pp]roject)")). SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } # Helps get the label in your language, if not, then en language } LIMIT 1000 }} {{Complex constraint |label = Items that are stated to be both proposed buildings/structures and actual (existing) structures |description = Structures that are complete or under construction should not be identified as "proposed". |sparql= SELECT DISTINCT ?item ?itemLabel WHERE { ?item wdt:P31/wdt:P279?/wdt:P279? wd:Q811683; wdt:P31/wdt:P279?/wdt:P279? wd:Q811979. SERVICE wikibase:label { bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "[AUTO_LANGUAGE],en". } # Helps get the label in your language, if not, then en language } LIMIT 1000 }} <nowiki>{{Autofix|pattern=Q213051|replacement=Q27801|move_to=P136}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q20540385|replacement=Q27801|move_to=P136}}

    </nowiki>

    Value short story (Q49084) will be automatically replaced to value short story (Q49084) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value novel (Q8261) will be automatically replaced to value novel (Q8261) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value play (Q25379) will be automatically replaced to value play (Q25379) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value narration (Q3328821) will be automatically replaced to value narration (Q3328821) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value short story collection (Q1279564) will be automatically replaced to value short story collection (Q1279564) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value novel collection (Q133500522) will be automatically replaced to value novel collection (Q133500522) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value drama collection (Q119318561) will be automatically replaced to value drama collection (Q119318561) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value poem (Q5185279) will be automatically replaced to value poem (Q5185279) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value poetry collection (Q12106333) will be automatically replaced to value poetry collection (Q12106333) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value essay collection (Q16324495) will be automatically replaced to value essay collection (Q16324495) and moved to form of creative work (P7937) property.
    Testing: TODO list

    {{Autofix|pattern=Q15780329|replacement=Q15773347}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q795052|replacement=Q5}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q395685|replacement=Q5}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q43115|replacement=Q43115|move_to=P411}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q3464126|replacement=Q3464126|move_to=P411}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q6581072|replacement=Q6581072|move_to=P21}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q467|replacement=Q6581072|move_to=P21}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q6581097|replacement=Q6581097|move_to=P21}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q8441|replacement=Q6581097|move_to=P21}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q131123|replacement=Q131123|move_to=P1269}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q33999|replacement=Q33999|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q169470|replacement=Q169470|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1650915|replacement=Q1650915|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q18216771|replacement=Q18216771|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q33231|replacement=Q33231|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q483501|replacement=Q483501|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q49757|replacement=Q49757|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q36180|replacement=Q36180|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q10841764|replacement=Q10841764|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q10871364|replacement=Q10871364|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q55296227|replacement=Q55296227|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1186921|replacement=Q1186921|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q40348|replacement=Q40348|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q10873124|replacement=Q10873124|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1779650|replacement=Q1779650|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q333634|replacement=Q333634|move_to=P106}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q11163999|replacement=Q11163999|move_to=P136}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q103184|replacement=Q191067}} <!-- check afterwards --> {{Autofix|pattern=Q1946|replacement=Q61702557}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q12409870|replacement=Q12409870|move_to=P2868}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q215972|replacement=Q215972|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q526231|replacement=Q526231|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q245204|replacement=Q245204|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q55712911|replacement=Q55712911|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q2595584|replacement=Q2595584|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q12317360|replacement=Q12317360|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q27623618|replacement=Q27623618|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q3246821|replacement=Q3246821|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q105078199|replacement=Q105078199|move_to=P5800}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q162244|replacement=Q162244|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q290691|replacement=Q290691|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q6498903|replacement=Q6498903|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q110910|replacement=Q110910|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q12218723|replacement=Q12218723|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q188784|replacement=Q526231|move_to=P9071}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q503106|replacement=Q503106|move_to=P2360}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q242492|replacement=Q242492|move_to=P2360}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q478804|replacement=Q478804|move_to=P2360}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q231302|replacement=Q231302|move_to=P2360}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q237338|replacement=Q237338|move_to=P2360}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q5883980|replacement=Q2763|move_to=P793}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q20899|replacement=Q24634210}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q24633474|replacement=Q24634210}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q3276244|replacement=Q24634210}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q29471320|replacement=Q7889}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q7283|replacement=Q2223653}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q5889469|replacement=Q112044283}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q5383567|replacement=Q90181054}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q8148|replacement=Q268592}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q15795637|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q17562848}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q15795637|create_property=P8345|create_item=Q864}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q15795637|create_property=P360|create_item=Q3966183}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q15795637|create_property=P1441|create_item=Q864}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q81113235|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q59475808}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q114772035|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q112865887}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q114771973|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q112865887}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q2286914|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q59785404}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q77643435|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q17562848}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q77643435|create_property=P8345|create_item=Q864}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q32860792|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q17562848}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q32860792|create_property=P8345|create_item=Q864}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q339925|move_to=P1269|replacement=Q339925}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1608017|create_property=P1080|create_item=Q108461595}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1608017|create_property=P8345|create_item=Q193884}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q111369260|replacement=Q865493}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q7318358|replacement=Q7318358|move_to=P13046}} {{Autofix|pattern=Q1504425|replacement=Q1504425|move_to=P13046}}

    Value hardcover (Q193955) will be automatically replaced to value hardcover (Q193955) and moved to distribution format (P437) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value paperback (Q193934) will be automatically replaced to value paperback (Q193934) and moved to distribution format (P437) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value ebook (Q128093) will be automatically replaced to value ebook (Q128093) and moved to distribution format (P437) property.
    Testing: TODO list
    Value softcover (Q990683) will be automatically replaced to value softcover (Q990683) and moved to distribution format (P437) property.
    Testing: TODO list

    Template:ExternalUse/text/en

    Required
    Optional
    External use
    Constraints
    Mapping
     
    Wikidata properties related to tree (Q223655)
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    Archive

    [edit]

    Older discussions archived under Property talk:P31/Archive and Property talk:P31/Archive 2.

    Usage note

    [edit]

    Usage is detailed in Help:Basic membership properties.


    requiring references for values female given name (Q11879590) and male given name (Q12308941)

    [edit]
    Latest comment: 10 days ago2 comments2 people in discussion

    we require sources for sex or gender (P21) and for personal pronoun (P6553), so why not this one?

    draft requirement: Template:Statement+ — Arlo Barnes (talk) 03:03, 16 November 2025 (UTC)Reply

    Because it’s less sensitive. Female given name (Q11879590) and male given name (Q12308941) are not used on individual people’s items. For example, Gyöngyi (Q25611) is obviously a female given name – that is, a “given name usually meant for girls and women”, to quote the description of the item. At the same time, any given Gyöngyi may be a non-binary person, who may not want to be referred to as “she” (or may not even have a preferred pronoun, as Hungarian, which is probably the native language of most people called Gyöngyi, has no gendered pronouns). (Ideally, sex or gender (P21) would also require references, since it suffers from the same problem as personal pronoun (P6553), but most cis people don’t explicitly state they’re cis, so we have to assume.)
    By the way, your draft requirement wouldn’t work anyway: according to Help:Property constraints portal/Citation needed, this constraint takes no parameters, so item of property constraint (P2305) would either be ignored or cause errors.
    P.S. This talk page uses way too many templates – mostly caused by the constraints, of which there are excessively many even without the one you’re proposing –, so please don’t try to use templates in comments; they won’t work anyway, resulting in quite hard-to-read text. —Tacsipacsi (talk) 13:34, 22 February 2026 (UTC)Reply

    Mandatory?

    [edit]
    Latest comment: 4 days ago5 comments3 people in discussion

    Is this statement required for every item? Michael21107 (talk) 00:48, 25 February 2026 (UTC)Reply

    Together with subclass of (P279), yes - there should be one of them for every item. Infovarius (talk) 18:04, 26 February 2026 (UTC)Reply
    Every item must have both or at least one? Michael21107 (talk) 00:07, 27 February 2026 (UTC)Reply
    At least one. The vast majority of items have only P31 (there are way more instances in the world than classes). Many items with P279 also have P31, but P279 alone is also acceptable and common. —Tacsipacsi (talk) 08:18, 28 February 2026 (UTC)Reply
    @Infovarius @Tacsipacsi Thanks a lot! Michael21107 (talk) 08:58, 28 February 2026 (UTC)Reply
    Retrieved from "https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P31&oldid=2469330148"