TCPipmodel.pptx Layers in the TCP/IP Model

TCPipmodel.pptx Layers in the TCP/IP Model

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  TCP/IP MODEL
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  TCP/IP MODEL • TheTCP/IP model is a framework for computer network communication protocols. It was developed in the 1970s by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency),(‫آژانس‬ ‫دفاعی‬ ‫پیشرفتۀ‬ ‫‌های‬ ‫ه‬‫)پروژ‬ a branch of the U.S. Department of Defense. This model provided the foundation for ARPANET, the world’s first wide area network (WAN), which later evolved into the modern Internet.
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  What Does TCP/IPDo? • The main purpose of TCP/IP is to allow data to be sent from one computer (or device) to another across a network. • To make sure this process is reliable and accurate, TCP/IP ensures that: • The receiver gets exactly the same information as the sender transmitted. • The data is divided into small packets before transmission. • These packets travel independently through the network and are reassembled at the destination in the correct order
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  Layers in theTCP/IP Model • The TCP/IP model has four layers, each with a specific function, and together they are responsible for sending messages from one node to another.
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  TCP/IP Application Layer •The Application Layer provides services to application software running on a computer. • It helps applications (like Email, Web, FTP) communicate over the network. • Applications are identified using Port Numbers (e.g., HTTP Port → 80, HTTPS Port 443). →
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  Cont.… • The variousprotocols that are used at the Application Layer are: • FTP (File Transfer Protocol): • A protocol used for exchanging files over the Internet • Commonly used to download files from a server or upload files to a server. • HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol): • The main protocol used by the World Wide Web. • Function: Defines how messages are formatted, transmitted, and how web servers and browsers respond to commands. • Example: Entering a URL in the browser sends an HTTP request to the web server to fetch the web page. • Port Number: 80
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  Cont.… • HTTPS (HTTPSecure): • Secure version of HTTP; encrypts data for safe web communication. • Port Number: 443 • SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): • Sends email messages between servers or from a mail client to a server. • Port Number: 25 • POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3): • Retrieves emails from a mail server to a client’s computer. • Port Number: 110
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  Transport Layer • Responsiblefor end-to-end communication, ensuring packets arrive in order and without errors. • Acknowledgments are exchanged, and missing packets are retransmitted. • Protocols at this layer: TCP and UDP. The two most important protocols employed at this layer are the • TCP • UDP
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  Cont.. • TCP (TransmissionControl Protocol): • Provides reliable, full-duplex connections between hosts. • Ensures data is retransmitted if transmission errors occur (end-to- end error detection and correction). • 2. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): • Provides unreliable, connectionless service when error correction is not required. • Increases network throughput at the host-to-host transport layer. • Primarily used for broadcasting messages over a network or real- time applications like video streaming and online gaming.
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  Internet Layer • TheInternet Layer is responsible for packet delivery across TCP/IP networks. • Uses logical host addresses (IP addresses) to identify devices. • All data in TCP/IP flows through IP to reach its destination.
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  Cont.. • IP (InternetProtocol): Delivers data packets from the source host to the destination host. Uses IP addresses to identify devices and determine the route for the packets. • ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Converts a known IP address into a physical (MAC) address. Ensures data is sent to the correct device on the local network. • RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): Converts a physical (MAC) address into an IP address. Helps devices determine their IP address when only the hardware address is known. • ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) Sends error and control messages in the network. Destination unreachable, Time exceeded , Network congestion or routing issues
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  Network Access Layer •Lowest layer in the TCP/IP model. • Purpose: Contains protocols that allow a computer to deliver data to other devices on the network. • Data exchange: Handles data exchange between the computer and the physical network. • Device-to-device delivery: Delivers data between two devices on the same network using the physical (MAC) address.
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