Download as ODP, PPTX
![RUBY 程式語言 入門導覽 [email_address] 2010.05.23@ OSSF](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-1-2048.jpg)
![陣列 Array http://ruby-doc.org/core-1.8.7/classes/String.html [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]] # 多維陣列 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].reverse # [4, 3, 2, 1] [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]].size # 4 [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]].flatten # [1, "abc", false, nil, nil]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-82-2048.jpg)
![索引操作 [n] 取得第n個](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-83-2048.jpg)
![[n..m] 取得第n至m個](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-84-2048.jpg)
![[n...m] 取得n至m-1個](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-85-2048.jpg)
![[n,len]取得n開始的len個](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-86-2048.jpg)
![索引操作 arr = [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] p arr[ 2 .. 3 ] #[3, 4] p arr[ 2 ... 4 ] #[3, 4] p arr[ 2 , 2 ] #[3, 4]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-87-2048.jpg)
![陣列相加 [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] + [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].concat [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-88-2048.jpg)
![更多陣列函式(1) ossf=[ 'whoswho' , 'openfoundry' , 'org' ] ossf << 'tw' # ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"] ossf.push 'www2' # ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw", "www2"] ossf.unshift 'www2' # ["www2", "whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw", "www2"](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-89-2048.jpg)
![更多陣列函式 ossf.pop # 返回從後面取出的值 , 但陣列本身已被改變 #= ["www2", "whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"] ossf.shift ## 返回從前面取出的值 , 但陣列本身已被改變 #= ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-90-2048.jpg)
![字串陣列共通的方法 操作索引 [n]、[m..m]、[n,len]等 Enumerable類方法 each、map等 連接、逆轉相關方法 reverse、concat、delete](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-91-2048.jpg)
![取得字串的字元碼 'Abcde123HG' .bytes.to_a => [ 65 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 72 , 71 ] 'Abcde123HG' [ 1 ] => 98](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-92-2048.jpg)
![雜湊 Hash h = { :abc => 123 , 'def' => 456 } #= {"def"=>456, :abc=>123} h[ :abc ] #= 123 h[ 'def' ] #= 456](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-93-2048.jpg)
![CASE aaa = [ 1 , 'abc' , 1.3 ] p aaa printf( ' 你要確認哪一個 ?' ) idx = gets.to_i case aaa[idx] when String puts " 這是一個字串 " when Integer puts " 這是一個整數 " when Float puts " 這是一個浮點數 " when Numeric puts ' 這是一個數字 ' else puts " 這是其它類型的物件 " end](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-109-2048.jpg)
![迴圈 10 .times do puts ' 那很好啊 ' end for i in 1 .. 10 puts i end x = 100 while x > 10 x = x - 10 puts x end x = 100 until x <= 10 x = x – 10 next if x == 50 # 跳過下一步繼續 puts x end abc = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] loop do abc.pop p abc break if abc.empty? # 跳出 end](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-111-2048.jpg)
![正規表示式 phone = "002-2882-5252" if phone =~ /( \d +) \- ( \d +) \- ( \d +)/ area = $1 first = $2 second = $3 end p [area, first, second]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-120-2048.jpg)
![? 與 ! 的慣例 函式定義以?結尾者 表示回傳值為boolean 函式定義以!結尾者 表示會改變接收者本身 irb(main): 001 : 0 > [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].empty? => false irb(main): 002 : 0 > [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,[ 5 , 6 ]].flatten => [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-137-2048.jpg)
![繼承類別 class Vehicle attr_accessor :tires end class Tire attr_accessor :size end class Car < Vehicle def initialize (name) @tires = [] 4 .times{ @tires << Tire .new} end end class Motorcycle < Vehicle def initialize (name) @tires = [] 2 .times{ @tires << Tire .new} end end](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ruby1-100522205015-phpapp02/75/Ruby-150-2048.jpg)
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Ruby程式語言入門導覽
本文件是 Ruby 程式語言的入門指南，介紹了 Ruby 的基本特性，包括簡單的語法、數據類型、運算及物件導向的概念。它涵蓋了互動式 Ruby Shell (irb)、變數、控制結構以及陣列與哈希的操作等基本功能，並包含實際的示例和練習。此文件旨在幫助初學者快速上手 Ruby 編程。
Ruby程式語言入門導覽
- 1. RUBY 程式語言 入門導覽[email_address] 2010.05.23@ OSSF
- 2. Who am I?鄧慕凡， Ryudo http://blog.freebbs.tw
- 3. twitter: ryudoawaru 從2007 年初開始使用 Ruby(Rails)
- 4. TOMLAN Software Studiofounder http://www.freebbs.tw
- 5.
- 6.
- 7. 什麼是 Ruby?開放原碼、物件導向的直譯式 (interpreted) 腳本 (script) 程式語言
- 8.
- 9.
- 10. 創造者 YukihiroMatsumoto 靈感來自 Lisp, Perl, 和 Smalltalk
- 11.
- 12. irb: Interactive Ruby 馬上動手練習 開啟終端機： ryudo@ryudo-x61:~$ irb irb(main):001:0> 1+3 => 4 irb(main):002:0> 'hello' + ' world' => "hello world"
- 13. IRB(Interactive Ruby Shell)互動式交談 每次指令的結果都會在下一行輸出 簡單測試的最佳工具
- 14. Ruby 是直譯式強型別語言直譯式語言 Ruby/PHP/Perl/Python/VB 編譯式語言 Java/C/C++ 強型別 Ruby/JAVA 弱型別 PHP
- 15. Ruby 是強型別 (Stronglytyped) 語言 irb(main): 003 : 0 > i= 1 => 1 irb(main): 004 : 0 > 'hello' + i TypeError : can 't convert Fixnum into String from (irb):4:in `+' from (irb): 4
- 16. 整數 Integer10 5 10000 9999999999999999999999 0 -100000
- 17. 浮點數 Float1.1 -100.28 3.14159
- 18. 輸出 PUTS 輸出結果值的.to_s，然後換行P 輸出結果值的.inspect，然後換行
- 19.
- 20.
- 21.
- 22.
- 23. 整數四則運算 ( 結果整數) 1 + 1 #= 2 200 * 3 #= 600 10 - 999 #= -989 100 / 20 #= 5 100 / 30 #= 3
- 24. 浮點數四則運算 ( 結果Float) irb(main): 001 : 0 > 5 * 2.0 => 10.0 irb(main): 002 : 0 > 2.0 + 100.2 => 102.2 irb(main): 003 : 0 > 2.2 * 5.5 => 12.1 irb(main): 004 : 0 > 100.0 / 4.0 => 25.0 irb(main): 008 : 0 > 9.0 / 2.0 => 4.5
- 25. 更多運算 puts 5 * ( 10 + 5 ) - 13 puts 999 + ( 31456 / ( 13 * 7 ) ) * -70
- 26. 字串 Stringputs 'Hello, world!' puts '' puts 'Good-bye.'
- 27. puts '馬上就會好 '
- 28.
- 29. 字串的建構 'abc'單引號 裡面可包含""def"雙引號 可內插變數
- 30.
- 31. 字串可 + 不可- irb(main): 008 : 0 > 'abc' + 'def' => "abcdef"
- 32. irb(main): 010 :0 > 'abc' .concat( 'def' )
- 33.
- 34. irb(main): 009 :0 > 'abc' - 'def'
- 35. NoMethodError : undefinedmethod `-' for "abc":String
- 36. 更多字串函式 var1 = 'stop' var2 = 'foobar'
- 37. var3 = "aAbBcC"
- 38. var4 = ' 那很好哇 '
- 39. puts var1.reverse # 反轉
- 40. puts var2.length # 長度
- 41. puts var3.upcase # 轉大寫
- 42. puts var3.downcase # 轉小寫
- 43. puts var4.strip # 左右去空白
- 44.
- 45.
- 46.
- 47.
- 48. 格式化字串 i1 = 123 f1 = 456.789 printf( ' 我有 %d 元 ' , i1) # 我有 123 元 printf( '%0.5d' , i1) #00123 printf( '%3.5f' , f1) #456.78900
- 49.
- 50. 練習1 puts 'Hello there, and what \' s your name?' name = gets.chomp puts 'Your name is ' + name + '? What a nice name!' puts 'Pleased to meet you, ' + name + '. :)'
- 51.
- 52. 完全物件導向的語言 包括字串和數字都是物件，無內建型別irb(main): 001 : 0 > 'abc123' .upcase => "ABC123"
- 53. irb(main): 002 :0 > 'abc123' .class
- 54.
- 55. irb(main): 003 :0 > 'abc123' == String .new( 'abc123' )
- 56.
- 57. irb(main): 004 :0 > 5 .times{puts ' 你累了嗎 ?' }
- 58.
- 59.
- 60.
- 61.
- 62.
- 63.
- 64. ( 區域 )變數 Variable 必需是小寫英文字開頭 a = 100 b = 10.5 a * b #= 1050.0 c = 'SO' d = 'GO' c+d #= "SOGO"
- 65.
- 66. 字串內插變數 i1 = 123 puts "Iam#{i1}" #"Iam123"
- 67. 型別轉換 Conversionsvar1 = '2' var2 = 4 var3 = 4.5 var1.to_i * var2 #= 8 var1.to_f * var3 #= 9.0 var3.to_s + var1 #= 注意是字串
- 68. 常數 Constant 大寫開頭 irb(main): 001 : 0 > foo = 1 => 1
- 69. irb(main): 002 :0 > foo = 2
- 70.
- 71. irb(main): 003 :0 > Foo = 1
- 72.
- 73. irb(main): 004 :0 > Foo = 2
- 74. (irb): 4 :warning: already initialized constant Foo
- 75. => 2 # 雖然警告但其實 OK
- 76. irb(main): 005 :0 > RUBY_PLATFORM
- 77.
- 78. irb(main): 006 :0 > ENV # 會噴出一堆環境變數
- 79. Nil 空值 表示為空
- 80. 不等於false/0/空字串('') irb(main): 001: 0 > nil => nil irb(main): 002 : 0 > nil == false => false irb(main): 003 : 0 > nil == '' => false
- 81.
- 82. 陣列 Array http://ruby-doc.org/core-1.8.7/classes/String.html[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ] [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]] # 多維陣列 [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].reverse # [4, 3, 2, 1] [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]].size # 4 [ 1 , 'abc' , false ,[ nil , nil ]].flatten # [1, "abc", false, nil, nil]
- 83.
- 84.
- 85.
- 86.
- 87. 索引操作 arr =[ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ] p arr[ 2 .. 3 ] #[3, 4] p arr[ 2 ... 4 ] #[3, 4] p arr[ 2 , 2 ] #[3, 4]
- 88. 陣列相加 [ 1, 2 , 3 ] + [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].concat [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
- 89. 更多陣列函式(1) ossf=[ 'whoswho', 'openfoundry' , 'org' ] ossf << 'tw' # ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"] ossf.push 'www2' # ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw", "www2"] ossf.unshift 'www2' # ["www2", "whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw", "www2"
- 90. 更多陣列函式 ossf.pop # 返回從後面取出的值 , 但陣列本身已被改變 #= ["www2", "whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"] ossf.shift ## 返回從前面取出的值 , 但陣列本身已被改變 #= ["whoswho", "openfoundry", "org", "tw"]
- 91. 字串陣列共通的方法 操作索引 [n]、[m..m]、[n,len]等Enumerable類方法 each、map等 連接、逆轉相關方法 reverse、concat、delete
- 92. 取得字串的字元碼 'Abcde123HG' .bytes.to_a=> [ 65 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 72 , 71 ] 'Abcde123HG' [ 1 ] => 98
- 93. 雜湊 Hash h= { :abc => 123 , 'def' => 456 } #= {"def"=>456, :abc=>123} h[ :abc ] #= 123 h[ 'def' ] #= 456
- 94. 字串符號 Symbols 不會變動的唯一辨識符h2 = { :abc => 123 , 'abc' => 456 } #= {"abc"=>456, :abc=>123} :abc .object_id #= 263138 # 不論宣告幾次都是一樣的實體 'abc' .object_id #= 84140440 'abc' .object_id #= 84137350 # 字串重複宣告後就不一樣實體
- 95. PUTS/P 範例 irb(main):011 : 0 > h = { :abc => 123 } => { :abc => 123 } irb(main): 012 : 0 > p h { :abc => 123 } irb(main): 013 : 0 > puts h abc123 irb(main): 014 : 0 > puts :ossf ossf irb(main): 015 : 0 > p :ossf :ossf
- 96. 流程控制 大於 >
- 97.
- 98.
- 99.
- 100.
- 101.
- 102.
- 103.
- 104. 結構控制 If …end
- 105.
- 106.
- 107. if puts " 請輸入你的月薪 " your_money = gets.to_i if your_money >= 100000 puts " 哩金好野 " elsif your_money >= 22000 puts " 還好比 22K 多 " else puts ' 唉 ' end
- 108.
- 109. CASE aaa =[ 1 , 'abc' , 1.3 ] p aaa printf( ' 你要確認哪一個 ?' ) idx = gets.to_i case aaa[idx] when String puts " 這是一個字串 " when Integer puts " 這是一個整數 " when Float puts " 這是一個浮點數 " when Numeric puts ' 這是一個數字 ' else puts " 這是其它類型的物件 " end
- 110. 三元運算子 EXPRESSION ?(True Condition):(False Condition) a = 10 ; b = 100 a > b ? ( "#{a} > #{b}" ):( "#{a} < #{b}" ) #=> "10 < 100"
- 111. 迴圈 10 .times do puts ' 那很好啊 ' end for i in 1 .. 10 puts i end x = 100 while x > 10 x = x - 10 puts x end x = 100 until x <= 10 x = x – 10 next if x == 50 # 跳過下一步繼續 puts x end abc = [ 1 , 2 , 3 ] loop do abc.pop p abc break if abc.empty? # 跳出 end
- 112. 真或假 只有nil 和false為假，其它為真
- 113.
- 114. 練習2 : 猜數字亂數產生一個數字 rand(20)會產生0~20間的隨機數字
- 115.
- 116.
- 117.
- 118.
- 119. 練習2 : 猜數字randnum = 0 loop do randnum = rand( 20 ) break if randnum > 0 end 5 .times do print ' 請輸入一個數字 :' num = gets.chomp.to_i if num == randnum puts ' 猜對了 ~YEAH!' break end if num - randnum >= 10 puts " 猜的大很多 " elsif (num - randnum) < 10 && (num - randnum) >= 1 puts ' 猜的大一點 ' elsif randnum - num >= 10 puts ' 猜的小很多 ' else puts ' 猜的小一點 ' end end
- 120. 正規表示式 phone = "002-2882-5252" if phone =~ /( \d +) \- ( \d +) \- ( \d +)/ area = $1 first = $2 second = $3 end p [area, first, second]
- 121. Method 方法 依接收者分為三大類實體方法(Instance Method)
- 122.
- 123.
- 124. 實體方法 (Instance Method)屬於某個類別new出來的「物件實體」之方法
- 125. 接收者(self)為物件實體 'abcdef' .reverse #=> "fedcba"
- 126.
- 127.
- 128. 建立物件的.new即為類別方法 irb(main): 009: 0 > a = Date .today => #<Date: 4910677/2,0,2299161> irb(main): 010 : 0 > puts a 2010 - 05 - 22
- 129.
- 130. 其實並非沒有接收者，只是被省略的情形 sprintf( "%d%04x" , 123 , 123 ) #=> "123 007b
- 131.
- 132.
- 133. 如無設定return，以最後一個運算式的結果為return def hello (name) sprintf( ' 哈囉 %s' , name) end
- 134.
- 135.
- 136. 可省略者「必需」在不可省略者之前 def showmanytimes (text2show, times = 10 ) #=> OK! times.times{puts text2show} end def showmanytimes (times = 10 , text2show) # => 錯誤 times.times{puts text2show} end
- 137. ? 與 !的慣例 函式定義以?結尾者 表示回傳值為boolean 函式定義以!結尾者 表示會改變接收者本身 irb(main): 001 : 0 > [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ].empty? => false irb(main): 002 : 0 > [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,[ 5 , 6 ]].flatten => [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]
- 138. 類別 (Class) 與實體(Instance) 類別 -> 模子
- 139.
- 140. Ruby的萬物皆類別! ' 我愛OSSF' .class => String
- 141. 定義類別 class Duck def initialize (name) @name = name end def quack # 實體方法 "#{ @name } is quacking!" end end d = Duck .new( ' 唐老鴨 !' ) puts d.quack # 唐老鴨 ! is quacking! 建構式 ! 物件實體變數
- 142. 定義類別 class Car @@amount = 0 def initialize (name) @name = name @@amount += 1 end def name= (val) @name = val end def name @name end def self . amount @@amount end end c1 = Car .new( ' 霹靂車 ' ); c2 = Car .new( ' 火戰車 ' ) c3 = Car .new( 'Focus' ); c3.name = 'Focus ST' puts " 現在有 " + Car .amount.to_s + " 台車了 " 物件類別變數 實體方法
- 143. 類別定義內也可以執行程式 class Car @@amount = 0 def initialize (name) @name = name @@amount += 1 end attr_accessor :name def self . amount @@amount end end class Car @@amount = 0 def initialize (name) @name = name @@amount += 1 end def name= (val) @name = val end def name @name end def self . amount @@amount end end =
- 144. 建立物件變數的存取函式 attr_accessor 等於下面兩者相加attr_writer 只有寫入 代替def xxx=(val) end attr_reader 只有讀取 代替 def xxx end
- 145. Public/Protected/Private Public 預設值，無限制呼叫對象Protected 繼承者可以呼叫，外部禁止，但同類別(含子類別)的其它實體可以呼叫 Private 繼承者可以呼叫，外部禁止同類別(含子類別)的其它實體 不可以 呼叫
- 146. 私有/保護 定義方式 class Abc def pub ... end def priv ... end def prot ... end private :priv public :pub protected :prot end class Abc public def pub ... end private def priv ... end protected def prot ... end end =
- 147.
- 148.
- 149.
- 150. 繼承類別 class Vehicle attr_accessor :tires end class Tire attr_accessor :size end class Car < Vehicle def initialize (name) @tires = [] 4 .times{ @tires << Tire .new} end end class Motorcycle < Vehicle def initialize (name) @tires = [] 2 .times{ @tires << Tire .new} end end
- 151. 探索繼承類別 c = Car .new( 'Mondeo 2.0' ) puts c.is_a?( Vehicle ) #true puts c.class.superclass #Vehicle
- 152. 走訪迴圈 langs =[ 'VB' , 'C#' , 'C' , 'JavaScript' ] langs.each do |lang| puts " 我會 #{lang}" end 輸出： # 我會 VB # 我會 C# # 我會 C # 我會 JavaScript
- 153.
- 154.
- 155.
- 156.
- 157.
- 158. Code block 10.times{|x| puts x} # 輸出 0 到 9 ( 1 .. 9 ).each{|x| puts x} #1 到 9 ( 1 ... 9 ).each{|x| puts x} #1 到 8 arr3 = [ 'ggg' , 123 , Time .now] arr3.each_with_index{|x, i| puts " 第 #{i+1} 個元素的類別是 :#{x.class.to_s}" } # 第 1 個元素的類別是 :String # 第 2 個元素的類別是 :Fixnum # 第 3 個元素的類別是 :Time
- 159. 進階Code Block arr= [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ] #=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] arr.map{|a| a+ 10 } #=> 造出新陣列 [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16] arr.select{|a| a > 3 } #=> 只挑選大於 3 者 [4, 5, 6] arr.reject{|a| a> 3 } #=> 和 select 相反 [ 4 , 5 , 1 , 2 , 3 ].sort{|a, b| a <=> b} #=> 基本排序
- 160. 進階Code Block arr1= [ 'abc' , 'whoswho.openfoundry.org' , 'OSSF' ] arr1.sort_by{|w| w.length} # 用字數排序 #=> ["abc", "OSSF", "whoswho.openfoundry.org"] arr2 = [ 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 ] arr2.inject{|sum, x| sum += x } # 計算總合 => 75
- 161. Code Block應用 #一般檔案操作寫法 fc = open( 'abc.html' , 'w' ) fc.puts( '<html>' ) ..... fc.puts( '</html>' ) fc.close # 關閉檔案指標 # 使用 Code Block open( 'abc.html' , 'w' ) do |fc| fc.puts( '<html>' ) ..... fc.puts( '</html>' ) end # 無需呼叫 close
- 162.
- 163.
- 164.
- 165. 練習3 def my_str_arr_processer (arr) return arr.inject( '' ){|s, a| s.concat(a.upcase.reverse)} end p my_str_arr_processer([ 'ab' , 'c' , 'g88' ])
- 166.
- 167.
- 168.
- 169.
- 170. 練習4 class String def find_capital_letters s2r = '' self .each_char{|c| cc = c[ 0 ].to_i s2r.concat(c) if cc >= 65 && cc <= 90 } return s2r end end puts 'SUSE Linux' .find_capital_letters
- 171. Yield and Method在函式中使用 yield 來執行 code block def test_block puts "I love Ruby ," yield end test_block{ puts 'Ruby loves programmers!' } # 顯示 I love Ruby , Ruby loves programmers!
- 172. Yield and Method在函式中使用 yield 來執行 code block def to_div (times) buffer = '<DIV>' times.times{|x| yield (buffer, x)} buffer.concat '</DIV>' end divhtml = to_div( 3 ) do |buf, x| buf.concat "<p>No.#{x+1}</p>" end puts divhtml # <DIV><p>No.1</p><p>No.2</p><p>No.3</p></DIV>
- 173. Proc object 將 code block 明確轉成物件 def test_block (&block) # 注意 & printf "I love Ruby ," block.call end def to_div (times, &block) # 注意 & buffer = '<DIV>' times.times{|x| block.call(buffer, x)} buffer.concat '</DIV>' end blk1 = Proc .new{ puts( 'Ruby loves programmers!' )} blk2 = lambda{|buf, x| buf.concat "<p>No.#{x+1}</p>" } test_block(&blk1) puts to_div( 3 ,&blk2) 傳參數以及方法宣告皆需要加 & 來明確告知
- 174.
- 175. 在方法內被視為陣列 def abc(*args) buf = '' args.each{|x| buf.concat yield (x)} return buf end abc( 'I' , 'LOVE' , 'OSSF' ) do |inner_text| "<p>#{inner_text}</p><BR/>" end # 輸出 #<p>I</p><BR/><p>LOVE</p><BR/><p>OSSF</p>
- 176. 參數尾 Hash 可省略{ } def tag_with_html (tag_name, inner_text, html_options) buf = "<#{tag_name}" html_options.each do |opt, val| buf.concat(sprintf( ' %s="%s" ' , opt.to_s, val.to_s)) end buf.concat ">#{inner_text}</#{tag_name}>" return buf end puts tag_with_html( 'td' , 'Ruby Programming' , :bglocor => 'Red' , :width => 100 ) #<td width="100" bglocor="Red" >Ruby Programming</td> puts tag_with_html( 'td' , 'Ruby Programming' , { :bglocor => 'Red' , :width => 100 }) # 結果相同
- 177. 例外 Exception begin..... rescue StandardError => ex #ex 為例外物件 p ex # 秀出 error 的詳細 ensure ..... # 無論如何都要執行的內容 end
- 178.
- 179.
- 180.
- 181.
- 182.
- 183.
- 184.
- 185. Module for SingletonClass module HtmlHelper HTML_ESCAPE = { '&' => '&' , '>' => '>' , '<' => '<' , '"' => '"' } def self . h (s) s.to_s.gsub( /[&"><]/ ){ |special| HTML_ESCAPE [special] } end end puts HtmlHelper .h( '<img src="abc.gif"/> 我是圖片 ' ) #<img src="abc.gif"/> 我是圖片
- 186. Module for Namespacemodule Forum class Member # 類別全名為 Forum::Member .... end class Topic #Forum::Topic end end
- 187. Module for Mix-in多重繼承之實現 module ShareMod def subject ... end end class Forum include ShareMod end class SubForum include ShareMod end #Foum 和 SubForum 都會有 subject 的 instance method 間接實現了 多重繼承
- 188. 動態型別 (duck typing)不管黑貓白貓，會抓老鼠的都是好貓 class PersianCat def find_mice # 抓老鼠 end end class RussianBlueCat def find_mice # 抓老鼠 end end
- 189. 動態型別 (duck typing)不論出身正確 ( 參數型別 ) ，只論達成目標 ( 方法 ) def fetch_and_reverse (arr, idx) return arr[idx].reverse if arr[idx] && arr[idx].respond_to?( :reverse ) end aa = [ 'abc' , 'RyudoAwaru' , 'Linux' ] ha = { 0 => 'abc' , 1 => 'Ubuntu' } hb = { :first => 'RedHat' , :second => 'Suse' } p fetch_and_reverse(aa, 1 ) #"urawAoduyR" p fetch_and_reverse(ha, 0 ) #"urawAoduyR" p fetch_and_reverse(hb, :second ) #"esuS" 只要 arr 能響應 [] 和 :reverse 這兩個方法即能達成目標
- 190.
- 191. define_method class Movie def initialize (id, name) @id = id @name = name end QualityNames = [ :fullhd , :hd , :sd ] # 定義 fullhd_movie_file, hd_movie_file, sd_movie_file # 三個方法 QualityNames .each do |qt| define_method "#{qt.to_s}_movie_file" .to_sym do return "/movies/#{qt.to_s}/#{ @id }.mp4" end end end a = Movie .new( 123 , ' 阿凡達 ' ) puts a.hd_movie_file #/movies/hd/123.mp4
- 192. Domain-Specific Language 領域特定語言Class MyApp < Sinatra :: Base get '/books/*.*' do # matches /books/ruby-guide.html end get '/rooms/:id/index.html' do # matches '/rooms/123/index.html end end HTTP 動詞對應網址樣式， 即可做 WEB 伺服器的處理
- 193. Method Missing class Wheel attr_accessor :radius def initialize (radius) @radius = radius end end class Car attr_accessor :wheels def initialize @wheels = [] 4 .times{ @wheels << Wheel .new( 30 )} end def method_missing (mname, *args) if mname.to_s =~ /wheel \_ ( \d )/ return @wheels [ $1 .to_i] end end end my_car = Car .new p my_car.wheel_1 #<Wheel:0x8f6dea4 @radius=30> Car 並不預設 wheel_1 執行 method_missing
- 194. 物件方法查詢 object.methods # 列舉該物件的所有方法列表 object.private_methods # 列舉該物件的所有方法列表 object.protected_methods # 列舉該物件的所有方法列表 object.public_methods # 列舉該物件的所有方法列表 object.respond_to?( :method_name ) # 列舉是否支援某方法
- 195.
- 196.
- 197.
- 198.
- 199.
- 200.
- 201.
- 202. 可接受字串或正規表示式 $KCODE ='u' stra = <<"ABC" 為紓解緊鄰中科的大肚山花園公墓，每逢清明節必塞車的窘境，台中市政府今年向男塾求援，希望他們能提供停車場成為公車轉運站。 「這怎麼可以，我們自己的客人也要停車呀」、「一天可湧入幾千位顧客耶，又是假日，客人一定會抱怨的啦」……員工七嘴八舌地回絕市政府的要求。不過董事長江田島平八卻二話不說，一口答應，員工一片譁然。 「捨三天生意，卻可以換來未來二十年的生意，這麼好的事情一定要做！」對無法理解的員工，江田島平八說，一旦停車場開放為接駁站，必定帶來龐大廣告效益，他的遠見說服了員工。 ABC p stra.scan ' 江田島平八 '
- 203. 練習5 class TextFileSearcher def initialize (fn) @file_path = fn end def search_word (word) open( @file_path , 'r' ) do |fc| while line = fc.gets line.downcase! ar = line.scan(word.to_s) unless ar.empty? puts "#{line} meets #{word} #{ar.size} times." end end end end end tt = TextFileSearcher .new( 'r.txt' ) tt.search_word( 'ruby' )
- 204.
- 205. 指令 gem List 列出現有的gem
- 206.
- 207.
- 208.
- 209. Sinatra Sinatra isa DSL for quickly creating web applications in Ruby with minimal effort: http://www.sinatrarb.com
- 210. 安裝 Sudo gem1.8install sinatra
- 211. Sinatra基本特性 A WEBFramework base on Rack.
- 212.
- 213.
- 214. 第一隻 web app執行 ruby myapp.rb, 然後打開瀏覽器 http://localhost:4567 # myapp.rb require 'rubygems' require 'sinatra' get '/' do 'Hello world!' end
- 215. URL參數傳遞 get '/rooms/:id/index.html' do # matches '/rooms/123/index.html?width=500&height=300' params[ :id ] # => 123 params[ :width ] # => 500 params[ :height ] # => 300 end
- 216. URL參數傳遞 *.* 變成splash get '/books/*.*' do # matches /books/ruby-guide.html params[ "splat" ] # => ["ruby-guide", "html"] end
- 217. ERB Template CodeBlock的最返回erb 樣板名稱
- 218.
- 219.
- 220. 在views目錄下 Class MyApp < Sinatra :: Base get '/' do @page_title = " 輸入程式碼 !!" erb :index # 用 index.erb 輸出 , layout.erb 做 layout end end
- 221. 使用 template 建立 views 目錄 , 加入 index.erb 檔案 # myapp.rb require 'rubygems' require 'sinatra' get '/' do erb :index end
- 222. 練習:index.erb <!DOCTYPE html><html> <head> <title> Sinatra app </title> </head> <body> <% 10 .times do %> <p> <%= "Hello #{params[ :name ]}!" %> </p> <% end %> </body> </html>
- 223.
- 224.
- 225. <%=erb :abc, :layout=> false, :locals => {:post => @post}%> 可以在裡面render其它的erb
- 226.
- 227.
- 228.
- 229.
- 230. LAYOUT file <!DOCTYPEhtml PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html dir = "ltr" xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" > <head> <title> <%= @page_title %> </title> <meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; charset=utf-8" /> </head> <body> <%= yield %> #yield 代表 erb 要 render 的部份 </body> </html>
- 231. 傳遞變數到 Template get '/array' do @arr = [ "aaa" , "bbb" , "ccc" , "ddd" ] erb :array end <% @arr .each do |item| %> <p> <%= item %> </p> <% end %>
- 232. POST FORM get '/' do erb :index end post '/query' do params[ :keyword ] end <form action = "/query" method = "post" > <p><input type = "text" name = "keyword" value = "" ></p> <p><input type = "submit" value = "Submit" ></p> </form>
- 233.
- 234.
- 235.
- 236.
- 237. 可配合正規表示式接收BLOCK做樣式匹配更改內容 'abc123def123GGG' .gsub('123' , '456' ) => "abc456def456GGG"
- 238. 練習6 #t6.rb require 'rubygems' require 'sinatra' get '/' do erb :index end post '/' do @text = params[ :text2parse ].gsub(params[ :word ], "<b>#{params[ :word ]}</b>" ) erb :post end
- 239. 練習6 #index.erb <form action = "/" method = "post" > <input type = "text" name = "word" value = "" /><br/> <textarea name = "text2parse" cols = "100" rows = "20" ></textarea><br/> <input type = "submit" value = " 送出 " /> </form> #post.erb <p> <%= @text %> </p>
- 240.
- 241. 什麼是 ORM ?ORM: Object-Relational Mapping
- 242. 將資料庫表格 (table) 對應到類別(classe) 提供類別方法對表格操作 將資料庫列 (row) 對應到 物件 (object) 提供物件方法對個別的資料做操作 將資料庫欄位 (column) 對應到物件屬性 (object attribute)
- 243. 開始操作 - 建立留言板DB 借用 rails rails MyPost
- 244.
- 245.
- 246. 建立DB 編輯 db/migrate下的第一個 .rb class CreatePosts < ActiveRecord :: Migration def self . up create_table :posts do |t| t.string :author t.string :subject t.text :message t.timestamps end end def self . down drop_table :posts end end
- 247. 建立DB rake db:migrate
- 248.
- 249.
- 250.
- 251.
- 252. CRUD 操作 post= Post.new Class method Post.find #找id
- 253.
- 254. Post.new #建立不立刻SAVE Instancemethod post.save
- 255.
- 256.
- 257. CRUD 操作 post= Post.new p = Post .new( :author => 'OSSF' , :subject => ' 今天有 RUBY 課程 ' , :message => ' 那很好哇 ~~~~' ) p.save p.id # 輸出 1 puts Post .count # 輸出 1 p1 = Post .find( 1 ) p1 = Post .find_by_author( 'OSSF' ) p1.subject # 輸出 今天有 RUBY 課程 p1.update_attributes( :author => ' 自己填 ' , :message => ' 好累喔 !!~~' ) p p1 p1.destroy puts Post .count
- 258.
- 259. DSL化的搜尋 find_by_attrname ->依照屬性名找出第一筆對應
- 260.
- 261. Model Validation 不正確的資料無法儲存validates_presence_of 必需存在 validates_length_of, :in, :minimum.. (字串)長度該多大 validates_numericality_of 必需是數字 validates_uniqueness_of 必需是唯一 validates_format_of 符合正規表示式
- 262.
- 263.
- 264.
- 265.
- 266. 也DSL化 namespace :gameclub do desc " 自動移除論壇的操作 " task :daily_remove => :environment do Billboard .should_remove.each do |bbs| if bbs.destroy puts " 成功刪除論壇 ID#{bbs.id}, #{bbs.full_url}" else puts " 刪除論壇 ID#{bbs.id}, #{bbs.full_url} 失敗 !" end end end end rake gameclub:daily_remove
- 267. DB Migration? 使用Ruby 語法定義資料庫Schema
- 268.
- 269.
- 270.
- 271.
- 272.
- 273. 表象化狀態轉變 Representational StateTransfer Roy Fielding 博士在2000年他的博士論文中提出來的一種軟體架構風格。
- 274.
- 275. 諸Web Service 中最為普遍的API 格式, Amazon、Yahoo!、Google API 等均有提供。
- 276. 7 Actions URLVERB 用途 /posts get 列表 /posts post 建立新留言 /posts/:id get show完整留言 /posts/:id/edit get 進入編輯頁 /posts/:id put 提交修改 /posts/:id/delete get 刪除 /posts/new get 新增頁面
- 277. REST-STYLE URL PATTERNURL 行為 實體/類別 VERB /posts 無 類別 get /posts 無 類別 post /posts/:id 無 實體 get /posts/:id/edit edit 實體 get /posts/:id 無 實體 put /posts/:id/delete delete 實體 get /posts/new new 類別 get
- 278.
- 279. require必要的lib require 'rubygems' require 'sinatra' require 'active_record' $DBCONFIG = YAML ::load File .open( "config/database.yml" , 'r' ).read ActiveRecord :: Base .establish_connection $DBCONFIG [ "development" ] Dir .glob( 'app/models/*.rb' ).each{ |f| require f} get '/' do redirect '/posts' end
- 280. CONTROLLER get '/posts/new' do #new @post = Post .new erb :new end get '/posts' do #list @posts = Post .all erb :index end
- 281. CONTROLLER put '/posts/:id' do #update puts " 到了 put #{params.inspect}" @post = Post .find(params[ :id ].to_i) if @post .update_attributes( :author => params[ :author ], :subject => params[ :subject ], :message => params[ :message ]) p @post redirect "/posts" else erb :edit end end
- 282. CONTROLLER get '/posts/:id' do #show @post = Post .find(params[ :id ].to_i) erb :show end get '/posts/:id/delete' do #delete @post = Post .find(params[ :id ].to_i) @post .destroy redirect "/posts" end post '/posts' do #create puts " 建文章 " @post = Post .new( :author => params[ :author ], :subject => params[ :subject ], :message => params[ :message ]) if @post .save redirect "/posts" else erb :new end
- 283. Views #new.erb <%=erb '_post_err' .to_sym, :locals => { :post => @post }%> <form action = "/posts" method = "post" > <%=erb '_form' .to_sym%> </form> #edit.erb <%=erb '_post_err' .to_sym, :locals => { :post => @post }%> <form action = "/posts/<%= @post .id%>" method = "post" > <input name = "_method" type = "hidden" value = "put" /> <p><a href = "/posts/<%= @post .id%>/edit" > 修改 </a></p> <%=erb '_form' .to_sym%> </form>
- 284. VIEWS #_form.erb <table width = "80%" border = "1" > <tr> <td width = "50" align = "right" > 作者 </td> <td><input name = "author" type = "text" size = "8" value = "<%= @post .author%>" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align = "right" > 標題 </td> <td><input name = "subject" type = "text" size = "40" value = "<%= @post .subject%>" /></td> </tr> <tr> <td align = "right" > 內文 </td> <td><textarea name = "message" cols = "80" rows = "20" > <%= @post .message%> </textarea></td> </tr> <tr> <td align = "right" > </td> <td><input type = "submit" value = " 送出 " /></td> </tr> </table>
- 285. VIEWS #_post_err.erb <%unless post.errors.blank?%> <ul> <%post.errors.each do |att,msg|%> <li> <%=att%> : <%=msg%> </li> <% end %> </ul> <% end %>
- 286. VIEWS #index.erb <p><a href = "/posts/new" > 新增 </a></p> <table border = "1" > <tr> <th> ID </th> <th> 刪 </th> <th> 作者 </th> <th> 標題 </th> </tr> <% @posts .each do |post|%> <tr> <td> <%=post.id%> </td> <td><a onclick = "return confirm(' 確定要刪除嗎 ?')" href = "/posts/<%=post.id%>/delete" > DEL </a></td> <td> <%=post.author%> </td> <td><a href = "/posts/<%=post.id%>" > <%=post.subject%> </a></td> </tr> <% end %> </table>
- 287. VIEWS #show.erb <p><a href = "/posts/<%= @post .id%>/edit" > 修改 </a></p> <table width = "80%" border = "1" > <tr><td width = "50" align = "right" > 作者 </td><td> <%= @post .author%> </td></tr> <tr><td align = "right" > 標題 </td><td> <%= @post .subject%> </td></tr> <tr><td align = "right" > 內文 </td><td> <%= @post .message%> </td></tr> </table>