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![Executable Formats Cont…
• PE – Portable Executable
– History
Microsoft migrated to the PE format with the introduction of the Windows NT 3.1
operating system. It is based of a modified form of the UNIX COFF format
– What uses PE
• Windows NT
• Window 2000
• Windows XP
• Windows 2003
• Windows CE
– Dissection
• DOS Stub
– The DOS stub contains a message that the executable will not run in DOS mode
• Optional Header (Not optional]
• RVA
– Relative virtual addressing
• Sections](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-16-2048.jpg)
![What does it looks like
• Depends on the instruction set
– IA32
• mov eax, 0x1
– PA-RISC
• copy %r14,%r25
– ARM
• LDR r0,[r8]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-23-2048.jpg)
![Different Instruction Set Architectures
• RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computing
– Fixed length 32 bit instructions
– 32 general purpose registers
– Vendors
• IBM (PowerPC)
• HP (PA-RISC)
• Apple (PowerPC)
• CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computing
– Multibyte instructions
– Multiple synonymous opcodes
– 16 registers
– Vendors
• Intel (IA-32)
• DEC [PDP-11]
• Motorola (m68K)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-25-2048.jpg)
![Register sizes
• Register sizes depend on the supported
architecture
– 32 bit
– 64 bit
• IA32
– 16 registers 32 bits (4 bytes) each
• RISC
– 32 general purpose registers 64 bits [8 bytes]
each](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-29-2048.jpg)
![Example
PUSH EBP ; Pushes the contents of EBP onto the stack
MOV EBP, ESP ; Moves the address of ESP to EBP
CMP DWORD PTR [EBP+C], 111
; Subtract what is at EBP+12 with 111
JNZ 00401054 ; If previous compare is not zero jump to
00401054
MOV EAX, DWORD PTR [EBP+10] ; Move what is at EBP+16 to EAX
CMP AX, 64 ; Subtract what we moved to EAX with 64
JNZ 00401068 ; If the comparison does not equal 0 jump to
address
POP EBP ; Store the current value on the stack in EBP
RET ; Return to the caller](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-34-2048.jpg)
![Navigation
• Shortcuts
– Most actions have equivalent shortcuts associated with them
– Some of the most used
• [Enter] – Jumps into the function under the cursor
• [Esc] – Returns to the previous cursor position
• Jumping
– IDA allows the user to jump to various parts of a binary file easily
– Some of the jumps
• Entry point – Jumps to the entry point of the binary
• By name – Allows the user to jump to a specific function or string in the binary
• By address – Allows the user to jump to a specific address
• Markers
– Markers can be used to tag locations in the binary for future reference
– Markers are set using Alt + M and naming
– Jumping to a marker is easily achieved with Ctrl + M](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/introreverseengineering-120721083714-phpapp01/75/Intro-reverse-engineering-47-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byNitin kumar Gupta
Intro reverse engineering
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable providing a demonstration of reverse engineering software without the owner's permission.
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Intro reverse engineering
- 1. Intro to ReverseEngineering INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 2. Intro INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 3. Why do wereverse engineer? • Closed source software – Vulnerability Research – Product verification • Proprietary formats – Interoperability • SMB on UNIX • Word compatible editors • Virus research
- 4. Why should yougive a fuck? • Basis of computing – Reverse engineering teaches the inner workings of any processor – Learning how the processor handles data helps in understanding many other aspects of computer security • All the cool kids are doing it (not really)
- 5. Real Time RCE(Debugging) • Debuggers that disassemble – OllyDbg – WinDbg – SoftIce • Code actually runs – The application actually executes all instructions as if it was ran normally • Uses interrupts to control execution of the program – Swaps out the current instruction with an interrupt instruction code – Swaps it back when the execution is continued
- 6. Static Analysis (DeadListing) • Traditional disassemblers – IDA Pro – W32Dasm – objdump • Code does not execute – The disassembler parses the file format and related code sections – Good disassemblers do deep recursive analysis to ensure proper instruction disassembly • Allows the user the ability to look at what code will do without actually running it • Does not allow the ease of live disassembly/debugging – Viewing registers – Inspecting the contents of memory
- 7. File Formats INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 8. What are fileformats? • Files that adhere to a specific format often being executable by an operating system • Executable files are created from source code and libraries by a compiler • Data files can be created by anything from a text editor to an mp3 encoder
- 9. Executable Contents • Machinecode – Instructions the program will run – Memory locations • code addresses • function addresses • Program data – Static variables – Strings • Loader data – Imports – Exports
- 10. Sections • Allows theloader to find various information • Not finite, executables can have user defined sections
- 11. Executable Formats • ELF– Executable and Linker Format – History Originally published by UNIX system laboratories as a dynamic, linkable format to be used in various UNIX platforms – What uses ELF • Linux • Solaris • Most modern BSD based unix’s – Dissection • Header • Sections
- 12. ELF Header • The header contains various information the operating system loading needs e_ident – Contains various identification fields including Endianess, ELF version, Operating System e_type – Identifies the object file type including relocatable, executable, or core file e_machine – Contains the processor type including Intel 80386, HPPA, PowerPC e_version – Contains the file version information e_entry - Contains the entry point for the executable e_phoff – Contains the program files header offset in bytes e_shoff – Contains the section header offset e_flags – Contains the processor specific flags e_ehsize – Contains the ELF header size in bytes
- 13. ELF Sections • Eachsection of an ELF executable contain various information needed to execute .bss - This section holds uninitialized data that contributes to the program's memory image. By definition, the system initializes the data with zeros when the program begins to run. .comment - This section holds version control information. .ctors - This section holds initialized pointers to the C++ constructor functions. .data - This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's memory image. .data1 - This section holds initialized data that contribute to the program's memory image. .debug - This section holds information for symbolic debugging. The contents are unspecified. .dtors - This section holds initialized pointers to the C++ destructor functions. .dynamic - This section holds dynamic linking information.
- 14. ELF Sections Cont… .dynstr- This section holds strings needed for dynamic linking, most commonly the strings that represent the names associated with symbol table entries. .dynsym - This section holds the dynamic linking symbol table. .fini - This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process termination code. When a program exits normally the system arranges to execute the code in this section. .got - This section holds the global offset table. .hash - This section holds a symbol hash table. .init - This section holds executable instructions that contribute to the process initialization code. When a program starts to run the system arranges to execute the code in this section before calling the main program entry point. .interp - This section holds the pathname of a program interpreter. If the file has a loadable segment that includes the section, the section's attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit. Otherwise, that bit will be off. .line - This section holds line number information for symbolic debugging, which describes the correspondence between the program source and the machine code. The contents are unspecified.
- 15. ELF Sections Cont… .note - This section holds information in the ``Note Section'' format described below. .plt - This section holds the procedure linkage table. .relNAME - This section holds relocation information. By convention, ``NAME'' is supplied by the section to which the relocations apply. Thus a relocation section for .text normally would have the name .rel.text .rodata - This section holds read-only data that typically contributes to a non- writable segment in the process image. .rodata1 - This section holds read-only data that typically contributes to a non- writable segment in the process image. .shstrtab - This section holds section names. .strtab - This section holds strings, most commonly the strings that represent the names associated with symbol table entries. .symtab - This section holds a symbol table. If the file has a loadable segment that includes the symbol table, the section's attributes will include the SHF_ALLOC bit. Otherwise the bit will be off. .text - This section holds the ``text'' or executable instructions, of a program.
- 16. Executable Formats Cont… • PE – Portable Executable – History Microsoft migrated to the PE format with the introduction of the Windows NT 3.1 operating system. It is based of a modified form of the UNIX COFF format – What uses PE • Windows NT • Window 2000 • Windows XP • Windows 2003 • Windows CE – Dissection • DOS Stub – The DOS stub contains a message that the executable will not run in DOS mode • Optional Header (Not optional] • RVA – Relative virtual addressing • Sections
- 17. Optional Header • The optional header in a PE executable contains various information regarding the executable contents needed for the OS loader SizeOfCode - Size of the code (text) section, or the sum of all code sections if there are multiple sections. AddressOfEntryPoint – Address of the entry function to start execution from BaseOfCode - RVA of the start of the code relative to the base address BaseOfData – RVA of the start of the data relative to the base address SectionAlignment – Alignment of sections when loaded into memory FileAlignment – Alignment of section on disk SizeOfImage - Size, in bytes, of image, including all headers; must be a multiple of Section Alignment SizeOfHeaders - Combined size of MS-DOS stub, PE Header, and section headers rounded up to a multiple of FileAlignment. NumberOfRvaAndSizes - Number of data-dictionary entries in the remainder of the Optional Header. Each describes a location and size.
- 18. Sections • The sectionsin a PE file contain various pieces of the executable needed to run including various RVA’s and offsets .text – Contains all executable code .idata – Contains imported data such as dll addresses .edata – Contains any exported data .data – Contains initialized data like global variables and string literals .bss – Contains un-initialized data .rsrc – Contains all module resources .reloc – Contains relocation data for the OS loader
- 19. Data Formats • Differentthan executable formats – Doesn’t usually contain machine code – Has structure but not always defined sections • A reverser often needs to reverse how a file format functions – Proprietary formats are not always published – Reversing allows compatibility (i.e. Microsoft doc) • Data rights management – Often the only way to get what you pay for is to take action
- 20. Assembly Language INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 21. What is it •Lowest level of programming (besides microcode) • Direct processor register access utilizing architecture defined instructions • Output of most compilers
- 22. How is itused • Directly using an assembler – NASM – ml – as • Output by a high level compiler – GCC – cl
- 23. What does itlooks like • Depends on the instruction set – IA32 • mov eax, 0x1 – PA-RISC • copy %r14,%r25 – ARM • LDR r0,[r8]
- 24. Instruction Sets • Themneumonics for the opcodes handled by the processor • Minimal set of “commands” that achieve a programming goal
- 25. Different Instruction SetArchitectures • RISC - Reduced Instruction Set Computing – Fixed length 32 bit instructions – 32 general purpose registers – Vendors • IBM (PowerPC) • HP (PA-RISC) • Apple (PowerPC) • CISC - Complex Instruction Set Computing – Multibyte instructions – Multiple synonymous opcodes – 16 registers – Vendors • Intel (IA-32) • DEC [PDP-11] • Motorola (m68K)
- 26. Registers and theStack INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 27. Overview • Purpose – Registers are used to store temporary data • Pointers • Computations – The stack is used to manage data • Variables • Data
- 28. Stack Layout • Stackis dynamic but builds as it goes • Addresses start at a higher address and builds to lower addresses • The stack is generally allocated in 4 byte chunks
- 29. Register sizes • Registersizes depend on the supported architecture – 32 bit – 64 bit • IA32 – 16 registers 32 bits (4 bytes) each • RISC – 32 general purpose registers 64 bits [8 bytes] each
- 30. IA32 Registers • EBP– Stack frame base pointer – Points to the start of the functions stack frame • ESP – Stack source pointer – Points to the current (top) location on the stack • EIP – Instruction pointer – Points to the next executable instruction
- 31. IA32 Registers Cont… • General Purpose registers – Used in general computation and control flow – EAX – Accumulator register – EBX – General data register – ECX – Counter register – EDX – General data register – ESI – Source index register – EDI – Destination index register • Segment registers – Used to segment memory and compute addresses – CS – Code segment register – SS - Stack segment register – DS - Data segment register – ES - Extra (More data) segment register – FS - Third data segment register – GS – Fourth data segment register • EFLAGS – CF – Carry Flag – SF – Signed Flag – ZF – Zero Flag
- 32. Overview of IA-32Instruction Set • mov – Moves source to destination • lea – Loads effective address • jmp – Jump – jne – Jump if not equal – jg – Jump if greater than • call – Unconditional function call • ret – Returns from a function to the caller • add – Adds two values • sub – subtracts two values • xor – XORs two values • cmp – Compares two registers
- 33. Calling conventions Calling conventions define how the callers data is arranged on the stack • cdecl – Most common calling convention – Dynamic parameters – Caller unwinds stack • pop ebp • ret • fastcall – Higher performance – First two parameters are passed over registers • stdcall – Common in Windows – Parameters are received in reverse order – Function unwinds stack • ret 0x16
- 34. Example PUSH EBP ; Pushes the contents of EBP onto the stack MOV EBP, ESP ; Moves the address of ESP to EBP CMP DWORD PTR [EBP+C], 111 ; Subtract what is at EBP+12 with 111 JNZ 00401054 ; If previous compare is not zero jump to 00401054 MOV EAX, DWORD PTR [EBP+10] ; Move what is at EBP+16 to EAX CMP AX, 64 ; Subtract what we moved to EAX with 64 JNZ 00401068 ; If the comparison does not equal 0 jump to address POP EBP ; Store the current value on the stack in EBP RET ; Return to the caller
- 35. OllyDbg INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 36. Overview • Purpose – OllyDbg is a general purpose win32 user land debugger. The great thing about it is the intuitive UI and powerful disassembler • Licensing – OllyDbg is free (shareware), however it is not open source and the source code is not available • Extensibility – OllyDbg has defined a plugin architecture allowing extensibility via powerful plugins
- 37. Window Layouts • Windowlayouts are the various parts of the UI that contain pertinent information – Code window – Displays the executable machine code – Register window – Allows the user to watch the contents of each register during execution – Memory window – Allows the user to view the contents of various memory locations – Stack window – Displays the stack, including memory addresses and values
- 38. Working in OllyDbg •Navigation – Moving – Searching • Commenting – Can be entered in the code window with the ; or : keys • Listing Names – The names window displays all functions or imported functions used in the program – Listing them is easy via the shortcut Ctrl + N • Showing Memory – Displaying memory can be useful when looking for strings or other important data – Displaying the memory map window can be achieved via Alt + M
- 39. Working in OllyDbgCont… • Breakpoints – Breakpoints allow the debugger to stop at a specified address or instruction – There are two types of breakpoints in general • Software breakpoints – Handled by the operating system – Set by navigating to the specified address and hitting F2 • Hardware breakpoints – Handled by the processor – Set by finding a place in memory you want to break on access and right clicking selecting the proper option – Olly also provides a way to view and turn on and off breakpoints via the breakpoints window with Alt + B
- 40. Working in OllyDbgCont… • Controlling Execution – Starting the process • Once the target program is either loaded or attached in Olly you can start execution. This will actually set up an initial breakpoint at the application entry point – There are several ways you can proceed from the entry point • Single stepping – Executes one instruction at a time and can be achieved by hitting F7 – Steps into every function – Tedious as fuck • Execute until return – Executes until the ret instuction is encoutered which can be achieved by hitting Ctrl + F9 – Executes all instructions in the current function – Faster than single stepping but not as comprehensive
- 41. Working in OllyDbgCont… • Watching execution – Registers • Handled in the register window • Red highlighting indicates a register has changed – Stack • Handled in the stack window • Display can be address or relative address from ebp • Call stack – Displays the functions the current function has been called from – Can be displayed with the shortcut Alt + K
- 42. OllyDbg Case Study* (smarty word for demo) • Example – Program displays a popup box – Goal is to make the proper box show and exit • Patching – Allows us to modify the executable assembly code and save it to a new file with the changes
- 43. OllyDbg Plugins • OllyDbgprovides a downloadable PDK for plugin development • Several plugins exist that provide extra usability – Heap Vis – Breakpoint manager – Ollyscript
- 44. IDA Pro INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 45. Overview • IDA Prowas originally designed as a powerful disassembler • Supports 30+ processors • It has since been broadened to include a built in debugger • Designed for reverse engineers with quickness and robustness in mind – This sometimes makes the learning curve step • Extensible plugin architecture and scripting language
- 46. Window Layouts • Customizingwindow layouts – Each saved session will store any customized layouts – A default layout can also be saved – Customized layouts are provided to help the user with workflow and can consist of any combination or number of windows
- 47. Navigation • Shortcuts – Most actions have equivalent shortcuts associated with them – Some of the most used • [Enter] – Jumps into the function under the cursor • [Esc] – Returns to the previous cursor position • Jumping – IDA allows the user to jump to various parts of a binary file easily – Some of the jumps • Entry point – Jumps to the entry point of the binary • By name – Allows the user to jump to a specific function or string in the binary • By address – Allows the user to jump to a specific address • Markers – Markers can be used to tag locations in the binary for future reference – Markers are set using Alt + M and naming – Jumping to a marker is easily achieved with Ctrl + M
- 48. Editing • Comments – Comments allow you to organize and document important parts of the binary – Comments can be entered using the shortcut keys ; or : • Function names can be renamed to something more descriptive – Often times symbols are not available for the binary and naming each functions allows you to understand and track your work – Functions can be renamed using the shortcut Alt + P
- 49. Windows • IDA View – Displays the disassembled binary • Hex View – Display the hex view of the current cursor position • Names – The names windows displays textual names and addresses in the binary • Strings – The strings window contains any ascii strings present in the executable • Imports – The imports window contains the imported functions from dll’s • Functions – The functions window allows you to view all functions and their addresses
- 50. Graphing • IDA Prohas a powerful graphing engine that allows a user to visualize call graphs and xrefs – Flow chart graphs display the current functions machine code and any branches – Function call graph will display the call flow of all the functions in the executable (Can be large) – Xref graphs display the to and from xrefs with machine code
- 51. SDK/Plugins • The SDKallows the user to develop plugins for use in IDA Pro • Plugins are generally written in C/C++ and compiled against the SDK libraries and headers • Using the plugins you can write – processor modules – input processing modules – plugin modules • Some good plugins – x86emu – Allows ida to do runtime emulation – IDAPython – Access the IDA API in Python – Processes Stalker – Allows visualization and run time tracing
- 52. Flirt • Fast LibraryIdentification and Recognition Technology • Flirt is a means for IDA Pro to identify imported functions and compilers by matching against a database of known signatures • This greatly speeds up analysis by automatically naming discovered functions • Only works with C/C++ functions
- 53. IDC Scripting • TheIDC scripting engine allows the user to achieve small tasks through the IDC scripting engine • IDC resembles C and has many helpful functions built in – PatchByte – Comment – FindCode
- 54. Plugins • Plugins arecompiled files used to do large tasks and can be integrated with the UI • Many plugins already exists – idapalace.com – datarescue.com/community/plugins
- 55. Decompiling INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 56. Overview • Decompiling isdifferent than disassembling in that it tries to reconstruct machine code to readable (and ultimately compilable) source code – Native compiled code is difficult to reconstruct because of the compilers behavior when optimizing the produced code – Virtual machine code is much easier to achieve readable code because of its nature. It must be compiled into a intermediate language with all necessary information the target platform may need to run • .Net • Java
- 57. .Net • .Net iscompiled down into MSIL (Microsoft intermediate language) and is a good example of decompiling • .Net must provide the operating system with a wealth of information including symbol names, and data structures
- 58. Native code • Nativecode is a language that has been compiled down into machine language • Often times because of optimization a compiler inadvertently obfuscates the higher lever source code • Decompiling is not quite to the point of producing a good representation of the original source code
- 59. Decompilers • .Net – ILDasm – Remotesoft Salamander – Reflector for .Net • Java – JODE – JAD (Disappeared) • Native – Boomerang
- 60. Decompilation Demo INF0ANU The world of possibilities…
- 61. Conclusion • Reverse engineeringis a vast and complex world • With a lot of practice though it becomes much easier • A good reverser knows their tools inside and out • Workflow and organization are the keys to reversing
- 62. Shirt Quiz • Name the IA-32 registers • What does .Net assemble into • In OllyDbg how do you list the Names • What is the IA-32 instruction to Compare two integers • How does the IA-32 processor handle signedness • What does the IDC scripting language resemble • How many processors does IDA support (roughly) • In IDA how do you quickly follow a CALL
- 63. References • Reversing - http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0764574817.html • ELF File format - http://www.skyfree.org/linux/references/ELF_Format.pdf • PE File Format - http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/en-us/dndebug/html/msdn • http://lsd-pl.net/references.html • OllyDbg - http://ollydbg.de/ • OllyDbg Plugins - http://ollydbg.win32asmcommunity.net/stuph/ • IDA Pro - http://www.datarescue.com/ • IDC - http://www.datarescue.com/idadoc/707.htm • IDA Plugins - http://home.arcor.de/idapalace/ • Reflector - http://www.aisto.com/roeder/dotnet/ • JODE - http://jode.sourceforge.net/ • Boomerang - http://boomerang.sourceforge.net/ • Crackmes.de - http://www.crackmes.de/
- 64. Fucking done. Questions?