Image compression jpeg coding standards

Image compression jpeg coding standards

• 1.
  Image Compression: JPEG Coding Standards
• 2.
  Introduction The images wesee and use every day are compressed before storing and transmitting through wireless network. Assume a standard, color image of 1024 x 1024 pixels. Each pixel has 3 channels of 8 bits (1 byte). Now, doing the math, the total space required for the image would be 3 MB. We all know that it is a large file, and, now, more than ever, with smartphones and cameras, people snap pictures of every moment, food, and places.
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  Stages Image compression hasfour stages. Compression can be achieved at three of these stages, and the level of compression depends on how efficiently it is done and how much image clarity is being compromised. The four stages are explained here.
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  Stage 1: Mapper Thisstage achieves no effective compression, but it does the necessary setup required for compression. A computer image is composed of pixels and each pixel is made of three colors: Red, Green, Blue (RGB). Each pixels’ color value is represented by a byte (0-255). The mapper modifies the RGB color space to YCbCr color space. Y is the luminescence, Cb and Cr are the chroma blue and red components.
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  Stage 2: Transformation Thenext stage is executing Discrete Cosine Transformation on the YCbCr 8X8 subimages. In Matlab, use dct2(). What this transformation does is it preserves most of the image data from 64 matrix elements into first few elements of the matrix. That way, depending on the clarity of image needed, first few elements of the matrix can be picked and the rest of them can be ignored.
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  Stage 3: Quantization Thepixels have values ranging from 0 to 255. But, the human eye can notice little difference between the value changes. Taking advantage, we can quantize the values, so we can say that any value between 11-20 will be considered as 15, and 21-30 as 25 and so on... The easiest way to do is to divide by 16. That way, (0-255) / 16 = (0 – 15) or 4 bits. Hence, instead of 8 bits, now you need 4 bits. This is where most of compression occurs for images. When you decode, you just multiply with 16 to get the actual pixel value.
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  Stage 4: HuffmanCoding The basic idea is that if you take any image and do a histogram of pixel values, you will find that most of the pixels (about 50% or more) are of same value and some other value like 25%. The idea is to give the pixel value with maximum probability a single bit (like 0 or 1), then the 2nd highest probability pixel would get something like (01 or 10) and so on… The key idea is to try to reduce the bit occupancy for highly repeating pixel values (goes back to why repeatability is good and why we split into YCbCr space).
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  Decoding Once you havethe compressed image data, it is the matter of writing it to a file that can be decoded properly and re-constructed back. There is always going to be an overhead of file structure and tags, so your file format has to be efficient. The image can be constructed by reversing each of the step.
• 9.
  Learn More in IIT Kharagpur's FirstOnline Certificate Course on Image and Video Communication [Refer: http://goo.gl/hMyYWa ; courses@wiziq.com]
• 10.
  Learn More in IIT Kharagpur's FirstOnline Certificate Course on Image and Video Communication [Refer: http://goo.gl/hMyYWa ; courses@wiziq.com]