Data Communication in Computer Networking

Data Communication in Computer Networking

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  Data Communication Overview
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  Data Communication • Transferringdata over a transmission medium between two or more devices, systems, or places is known as data communication. Data communication in computer networks refers to the exchange of data between devices through a network. It is a fundamental concept in networking, enabling devices like computers, servers, and routers to share information efficiently. Nowadays, computing and telecommunications depend heavily on this data transmission, which makes a variety of applications conceivable, including email, video chatting, the Internet, and many more things.
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  Components of DataCommunication
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  • A communicationsystem is made up of the following components: • Message: A message is a piece of information that is to be transmitted from one person to another. It could be a text file, an audio file, a video file, etc. • Sender: It is simply a device that sends data messages. It can be a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera, or workstation, etc. • Receiver: It is a device that receives messages. It can be a computer, telephone mobile, workstation, etc. • Transmission Medium / Communication Channels: Communication channels are the medium that connect two or more workstations. Workstations can be connected by either wired media or wireless media. • Set of rules (Protocol): When someone sends the data (The sender), it should be understandable to the receiver also otherwise it is meaningless. For example, Sonali sends a message to Chetan. If Sonali writes in Hindi and Chetan cannot understand Hindi, it is a meaningless conversation.
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  Data Transmission Techniques: •Synchronous Transmission: Data is sent in a continuous stream with synchronization between the sender and receiver using clock signals. It’s efficient for large volumes of data (e.g., streaming video). • Asynchronous Transmission: Data is sent one byte at a time with start and stop bits to signify the beginning and end of each byte. It’s commonly used for low-speed communication (e.g., RS-232).
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  Data Transmission Modes: •Simplex: Communication is unidirectional, meaning data flows in only one direction (e.g., a keyboard sending data to a computer). • Half-Duplex: Data can flow in both directions, but not simultaneously. Each device can either send or receive data at a time (e.g., walkie-talkies). • Full-Duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously. Devices can send and receive data at the same time (e.g., a telephone conversation).
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  Data Transmission Media: •Guided Media: Includes twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables, suitable for both short and long-distance communication with varying levels of bandwidth and interference protection. • Unguided Media: Includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, and satellite communication, offering flexibility and mobility for data transmission, especially over long distances or in areas without physical infrastructure.
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  Data Transmission Methods: •Serial Transmission: Data is transmitted bit by bit in a sequential manner over a single channel. It’s slower but ideal for long distances (e.g., USB connections). • Parallel Transmission: Multiple bits are transmitted simultaneously over multiple channels. It’s faster but typically used for short distances (e.g., connecting a computer to a printer).
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  Network Topologies: • BusTopology: All devices share a single communication line or cable. • Star Topology: Devices are connected to a central hub or switch. Data passes through the hub to reach its destination. • Ring Topology: Devices are connected in a circular fashion where each device has exactly two neighbors. • Mesh Topology: Devices are interconnected, allowing multiple paths for data to travel. • Hybrid Topology: A combination of two or more different topologies. • Tree Topology:Combines characteristics of both star and bus topologies.
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  Error Detection andCorrection: • Error Detection: Techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRC) are used to detect errors in transmitted data. • Error Correction: Once errors are detected, methods like automatic repeat requests (ARQ) or forward error correction (FEC) are used to correct them.
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  Protocols and Standards: •TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The fundamental protocol suite for internet and local area networks. • HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages over the internet. • FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers. • Ethernet: A standard for wired local area networks (LANs).
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  Security in DataCommunication: • Encryption: Data is encoded to prevent unauthorized access. • Firewalls: Protect networks by filtering incoming and outgoing traffic based on predefined security rules. • VPN (Virtual Private Network): Creates a secure tunnel over a public network, ensuring privacy and data protection.
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  Applications of DataCommunication: • Internet: Global communication and information exchange platform. • Email: Sending and receiving messages electronically. • VoIP (Voice over IP): Transmitting voice data over the internet. • Cloud Services: Accessing and storing data remotely over the internet.
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  Challenges in DataCommunication: • Latency: Delay in data transmission. • Bandwidth: The capacity of the transmission medium to carry data. • Interference: External signals disrupting data transmission. • Security Threats: Risks such as hacking, data breaches, and unauthorized access.
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  Thankyou Made By SukanyaRakshit