Behavioral Sciences

22 pages, 1671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Mental Health Consultation Program on Child Psychosocial Development over Two School Years

by Ruby Natale, Yue Pan, Yaray Agosto, Carolina Velasquez, Elana Mansoor, Rebecca Jane Bulotsky-Shearer, Sarah E. Messiah and Jason F. Jent

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1497; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111497 - 4 Nov 2025

Abstract

High-quality early care and education (ECE) programs, characterized by safe environments, emotionally supportive communication, proactive behavior supports, and teacher self-care practices, play a pivotal role in healthy child development. Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (ECMHC) is an evidence-based approach designed to strengthen these [...] Read more.

High-quality early care and education (ECE) programs, characterized by safe environments, emotionally supportive communication, proactive behavior supports, and teacher self-care practices, play a pivotal role in healthy child development. Early Childhood Mental Health Consultation (ECMHC) is an evidence-based approach designed to strengthen these environments and support young children’s social–emotional outcomes. However, the long-term impacts of ECMHC models remain understudied. Grounded in ECMHC, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Jump Start Plus COVID Support (JS+CS) in supporting child psychosocial outcomes (prosocial behaviors and reduced externalizing/internalizing behaviors) over two school years. In a cluster-randomized trial, 12 ECE centers received the 14-week JS+CS intervention, and 12 attention control centers received a 14-week obesity prevention program. Children were followed over two school years to determine long-term impacts on behavior, measured by the Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Over two school years, significant time-by-group interactions emerged for primary child outcomes. The JS+CS group showed greater improvements in DECA Initiative and Self-Regulation (p = 0.01 and p = 0.02, respectively) compared to controls. JS+CS significantly enhanced child psychosocial functioning, supporting its potential as an effective model for a scalable mental health consultation in ECE settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue School-Based Mental Health Systems: Psychological Care for Children and Youth)

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19 pages, 1207 KB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of the Effectiveness of a Behavioral Activation-Based Digital App for Treatment of Depressive Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Yongjoon So, Jaeeun Shin, Sung-Doo Won, Wooyoung Im, Kwang-Ho Seok, Min Jin Jin, Seung Ho Lee and Sung-Man Bae

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1496; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111496 - 4 Nov 2025

Abstract

Our research investigated how a smartphone application utilizing behavioral activation principles affects depression levels in young adult populations. A total of 67 participants aged 20–30 years with clinically significant depressive symptoms (CESD-11 ≥ 16) were divided into treatment (n = 31) and comparison [...] Read more.

Our research investigated how a smartphone application utilizing behavioral activation principles affects depression levels in young adult populations. A total of 67 participants aged 20–30 years with clinically significant depressive symptoms (CESD-11 ≥ 16) were divided into treatment (n = 31) and comparison conditions (n = 36) through randomization procedures. Participants in the experimental group engaged with a BA-based mobile application (Maummove) over an eight-week period, while those in the control group completed weekly assessments without intervention. Depression, perceived stress, and life satisfaction were measured at baseline and postintervention using the CESD-11, PSS, and SWLS, respectively. The results indicated that the experimental group exhibited significant reductions in depression (Cohen’s d = 1.03) and stress (Cohen’s d = 0.99) compared to the control group, which showed minimal changes. Improvements in life satisfaction were observed in the experimental group, with a smaller effect size (Cohen’s d = 0.23). Time-series analyses demonstrated that depressive symptoms decreased progressively throughout the intervention period, falling below the clinical cutoff by the seventh week. These findings provide preliminary evidence that BA-based mobile applications may offer a promising, accessible approach to reducing depressive symptoms and perceived stress in young adults, though replication in larger samples with longer follow-up periods is needed to establish generalizability. This study highlights the potential of digitally delivered BA interventions as a viable alternative or complement traditional mental health services, particularly for populations facing barriers to face-to-face care. Full article

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14 pages, 1761 KB

Open AccessArticle

Table Tennis in Physical Education: Teachers’ Perceptions of Health-Related Aspects in School-Age Children

by Miguel Ángel Ortega-Zayas, Pamela Patanè, Carlos Peñarrubia-Lozano and Francisco Pradas

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111495 - 4 Nov 2025

Abstract

Table tennis (TT) is recognized for its accessibility, adaptability, and health benefits, making it suitable for physical education (PE). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TT implementation in primary school PE classes and explored associations with teacher characteristics and perceptions regarding [...] Read more.

Table tennis (TT) is recognized for its accessibility, adaptability, and health benefits, making it suitable for physical education (PE). This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of TT implementation in primary school PE classes and explored associations with teacher characteristics and perceptions regarding injury risk, safety, inclusivity for students with disabilities or special educational needs, student engagement, and the educational value in PE curricula. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 393 Spanish primary school PE teachers who completed the validated Racket Sports Attitude Scale (RSAS). Associations between teacher characteristics and TT use were tested using Pearson’s Chi-square, with effect sizes reported as Cramer’s V, Phi, and Somers’ D for ordinal variables. Additional analyses examined links between TT adoption and perceptions of injury risk, inclusivity, safety for pupils, ability to enhance engagement, and its educational value in PE. Only 11.7% of teachers reported using TT in PE classes. Implementation rates were not significantly different by sex but were associated with age (χ² = 27.2, p < 0.001, Somers’ D = 0.071) and teaching experience (χ² = 30.0, p < 0.001, Somers’ D = 0.099). TT use showed strong associations with perceptions of lower injury risk (Cramer’s V = 0.707), suitability for students with disabilities (0.712), special educational needs (0.715), safety (0.707), engagement (0.712), and educational value (0.716) (p < 0.001). Despite positive perceptions, TT is underutilized in PE curricula. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

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12 pages, 559 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prosocial Behaviors Following Mortality Salience: The Role of Global-Local Identity

by Bo Chen

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1494; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111494 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

This research examines how reminders of mortality influence prosocial behavior through the lens of terror management theory. We propose that these effects depend on individuals’ global–local identity—the degree to which they identify with the broader world versus a local community. In two experimental [...] Read more.

This research examines how reminders of mortality influence prosocial behavior through the lens of terror management theory. We propose that these effects depend on individuals’ global–local identity—the degree to which they identify with the broader world versus a local community. In two experimental studies, participants were exposed to mortality salience manipulations and then reported their intentions to engage in prosocial behaviors. The results consistently showed that mortality salience increased prosocial intentions for individuals with a global identity but not for those with a local identity. This interaction was explained by differences in perceived social connectedness. Together, these findings highlight the role of global–local identity in shaping prosocial responses to mortality reminders, offering theoretical insights into terror management processes and practical implications for fostering prosociality in diverse social contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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13 pages, 646 KB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Differences in the Use of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: A Population Study

by Giulia Raimondi, Elisa Cavicchiolo, Fabio Alivernini, Fabio Lucidi and Sara Manganelli

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111493 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a key factor in academic success, with self-regulated cognitive strategies (SRCSs) playing a central role. Identifying the factors linked to low use of SRCSs is therefore essential. Socioeconomic status (SES), a well-established predictor of multiple educational outcomes, may [...] Read more.

Background: Self-regulated learning (SRL) is a key factor in academic success, with self-regulated cognitive strategies (SRCSs) playing a central role. Identifying the factors linked to low use of SRCSs is therefore essential. Socioeconomic status (SES), a well-established predictor of multiple educational outcomes, may also influence students’ engagement in SRCSs, yet very few studies have explored this issue. Grounded in the SRL framework, this study examines differences in SRCSs use across SES groups. Methods: We analyzed data from the entire population of 10th-grade Italian students (N = 261,255). To ensure that the questionnaire functions equivalently across groups and control for measurement bias and error, Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted to verify the measurement invariance of the Cognitive Self-Regulation Scale across three SES groups (low, middle, and high), followed by latent mean difference tests. Results: Low-SES students reported markedly lower CSRS use than high-SES peers and also lower use than middle-SES peers. Middle-SES students reported lower use of CSRS than high-SES students. Conclusions: These findings show a clear and consistent impact of SES on the use of SRCSs, potentially contributing to persistent academic disparities, and emphasize the need for interventions to support disadvantaged students, thereby helping to break the cycle of inequality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Promotion of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) in the Classroom)

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Graphical abstract

24 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Creative Dance to Promote Autonomy Development in Young Children in China: An Intervention Study

by Xin Lin, Chan Zhou, Longqi Yu, Xinyue Zhang, Xiaofan Cao and Chenyang Guan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111492 - 3 Nov 2025

Abstract

Introduction: Creative Dance, as an educational approach to physical activity emphasizing autonomous exploration and creative expression, has demonstrated significant benefits for children’s cognitive development and independent learning. This study aimed to examine the effects of Creative Dance on the development of autonomy among [...] Read more.

Introduction: Creative Dance, as an educational approach to physical activity emphasizing autonomous exploration and creative expression, has demonstrated significant benefits for children’s cognitive development and independent learning. This study aimed to examine the effects of Creative Dance on the development of autonomy among Chinese children aged 4 to 6 years, and to investigate the mediating role of autonomy need satisfaction in this process. Methods: A randomized, single-blind, two-arm experimental design was utilized, with classrooms serving as the unit of assignment. A total of 102 children aged 4–6 years were randomly allocated to either an experimental group (Creative Dance) or a control group (DanceSport). The children’s autonomy was measured pre- and post-intervention using parent-proxy reports. In addition, qualitative interviews and video observations were conducted to assess the degree of autonomy need satisfaction experienced by the children during the Creative Dance intervention. Results: Analysis of the pre-intervention data revealed no statistically significant differences in autonomy scores between the experimental and control groups. Post-intervention, the children in the experimental group scored significantly higher across all dimensions of autonomy compared to those in the control group. Mediation analysis indicated that autonomy need satisfaction significantly mediated the effect of Creative Dance on self-assertion, but not on self-reliance or self-control. Discussion: Creative Dance constitutes an effective intervention for supporting autonomy need satisfaction and promoting overall autonomy development in young children. Satisfaction of autonomy needs serves as a key mechanism through which Creative Dance enhances self-assertion. These findings provide empirical evidence supporting the incorporation of Creative Dance into early childhood education as a means of promoting physical and mental development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity for Psychological and Cognitive Development—Second Edition)

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20 pages, 607 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Physical Exercise on the Social Adaptation of Older Adults—With Reference to the Mediating Effect of Aging Identity

by Zhiming Zhang, Jiaxiang Zhang, Cheng Fu and Chengwen Fan

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111491 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Maintaining social adaptation in later life has become a key challenge amid China’s rapidly aging population. Using nationally representative data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS 2023), this study examined the relationship between physical exercise and social adaptation among 8913 older [...] Read more.

Maintaining social adaptation in later life has become a key challenge amid China’s rapidly aging population. Using nationally representative data from the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS 2023), this study examined the relationship between physical exercise and social adaptation among 8913 older adults. Ordinary least squares regression and the Karlson–Holm–Breen decomposition method were applied to test both direct and mediating effects. The results showed that physical exercise significantly improved social adaptation (

β

= 0.452, p < 0.001), while aging identity played a partial mediating role, accounting for approximately 11.0% of the total effect. The association was stronger among those aged 80 and above, with lower education and income, without chronic diseases, and covered by social security. These findings suggest that physical exercise enhances social adaptation not only through physical benefits but also by strengthening psychological resilience and fostering a positive sense of aging, providing valuable evidence for developing inclusive aging policies and targeted exercise interventions. Full article

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53 pages, 4082 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Emojis in Marketing and Advertising: A Systematic Literature Review

by Chrysopigi Vardikou, Agisilaos Konidaris, Erato Koustoumpardi and Androniki Kavoura

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111490 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Studies examining emoji applications in digital marketing and advertising are characterized by considerable heterogeneity in their theoretical orientation, methodologies, and contextual factors. A domain-based systematic literature review with the Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology (T-C-C-M) framework following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to answer how emojis are researched [...] Read more.

Studies examining emoji applications in digital marketing and advertising are characterized by considerable heterogeneity in their theoretical orientation, methodologies, and contextual factors. A domain-based systematic literature review with the Theory-Context-Characteristics-Methodology (T-C-C-M) framework following PRISMA guidelines was conducted to answer how emojis are researched in marketing, and a bibliometric review was constructed to shed light on important aspects. We found a field growing in volume yet immature, with a diversity of theories and methodologies used to explore the multiple roles of emojis. An analysis of explicit and implicit theories identified that almost a quarter of studies are atheoretical, and the mostly used theories are the Emotions as Social Information Theory (EASI) and the emotional contagion theory. Emojis are mainly researched in social media and in the travel and food industry. The most common methodological categories are experimental designs, with emojis used as independent variables in simple designs. Despite the focus on short-term outcomes (engagement, purchase intention), little attention was given to advertising and to field experiments, constraining ecological validity. Our study reveals the need for a robust theoretical framework that can explain the multiple functions of emojis, and EASI emerged as the leading theory to be tested more extensively. Full article

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14 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Character Training of Question-Asking (TCT-Q) for Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Wanxue Hu, Yijie Wang, Siyuan Zhang, Siying Yu and Xinying Li

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111489 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Question-asking is a key component of social communication, and interventions targeting this skill may be able to improve social functioning in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). This study introduced a novel intervention method called the three-character training of question-asking (TCT-Q), aimed [...] Read more.

Question-asking is a key component of social communication, and interventions targeting this skill may be able to improve social functioning in children with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HFASD). This study introduced a novel intervention method called the three-character training of question-asking (TCT-Q), aimed at teaching children with HFASD how to appropriately use 11 questions in social interactions. The effectiveness of TCT-Q was tested through a randomized controlled trial. Thirty-seven children were assigned to TCT-Q group (n = 19) or treatment as usual (TAU) group (n = 18). Children and their caregivers received two 60 min sessions weekly. Outcome variables were measured before training (T1), after training (T2), and three months after training (T3). Results showed that the question-asking frequency in the TCT-Q group increased significantly after the intervention (ps < 0.001), and the increase was significantly greater than that in the TAU group (η_p² = 0.089–0.370). Although the TCT-Q group showed greater numerical improvements in social communication and autistic mannerisms (ps < 0.05), the group-by-time interaction did not reach statistical significance. In conclusion, TCT-Q is a promising method for enhancing question-asking behaviors and social skills in children with HFASD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health and Behavioral Intervention for Children at Risk)

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14 pages, 294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Associations Between Greek Affiliation, Parental Permissiveness Toward Heavy Episodic Drinking, and Alcohol Use Among First-Year College Students

by Kristi M. Morrison, Jennifer C. Duckworth, Matthew F. Bumpus, Martie L. Skinner, Brittany R. Cooper, Laura G. Hill and Kevin P. Haggerty

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111488 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Parental permissiveness toward alcohol use is associated with increased drinking among college students. In the U.S., Greek-affiliated students drink more and experience more negative consequences than other students. This study explored associations among student Greek affiliation, parental permissiveness toward heavy episodic drinking (HED), [...] Read more.

Parental permissiveness toward alcohol use is associated with increased drinking among college students. In the U.S., Greek-affiliated students drink more and experience more negative consequences than other students. This study explored associations among student Greek affiliation, parental permissiveness toward heavy episodic drinking (HED), and alcohol use outcomes among first-year college students. Parent-student dyads (n = 294) completed surveys during high school and the first semester of college at a large public university in the U.S. Paired- and independent-samples t-tests and regression analyses were conducted. Parental permissiveness toward HED was higher among Greek-affiliated students than non-Greek-affiliated students, from parent and student perspectives, before and during college. In regression analyses, student Greek affiliation and perceived parental permissiveness were associated with greater alcohol use and HED. Greek status moderated associations between perceived parental permissiveness of HED and alcohol use (but not HED) such that the relationship was less pronounced for Greek-affiliated students compared to non-Greek-affiliated students. Our results suggest that interventions that aim to reduce perceived parental permissiveness toward HED, such as parent-based normative feedback interventions, may be an effective strategy to reduce drinking among first-year Greek-affiliated students. Full article

20 pages, 1226 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Digital Centaur as a Type of Technologically Augmented Human in the AI Era: Personal and Digital Predictors

by Galina U. Soldatova, Svetlana V. Chigarkova and Svetlana N. Ilyukhina

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111487 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Industry 4.0 is steadily advancing a reality of deepening integration between humans and technology, a phenomenon aptly described by the metaphor of the “technologically augmented human”. This study identifies the digital and personal factors that predict a preference for the “digital centaur” strategy [...] Read more.

Industry 4.0 is steadily advancing a reality of deepening integration between humans and technology, a phenomenon aptly described by the metaphor of the “technologically augmented human”. This study identifies the digital and personal factors that predict a preference for the “digital centaur” strategy among adolescents and young adults. This strategy is defined as a model of human–AI collaboration designed to enhance personal capabilities. A sample of 1841 participants aged 14–39 completed measures assessing digital centaur preference and identification, emotional intelligence (EI), mindfulness, digital competence, technology attitudes, and AI usage, as well as AI-induced emotions and fears. The results indicate that 27.3% of respondents currently identify as digital centaurs, with an additional 41.3% aspiring to adopt this identity within the next decade. This aspiration was most prevalent among 18- to 23-year-olds. Hierarchical regression showed that interpersonal and intrapersonal EI and mindfulness are personal predictors of the digital centaur preference, while digital competence, technophilia, technopessimism (inversely), and daily internet use emerged as significant digital predictors. Notably, intrapersonal EI and mindfulness became non-significant when technology attitudes were included. Digital centaurs predominantly used AI functionally and reported positive emotions (curiosity, pleasure, trust, gratitude) but expressed concerns about human misuse of AI. These findings position the digital centaur as an adaptive and preadaptive strategy for the technologically augmented human. This has direct implications for education, highlighting the need to foster balanced human–AI collaboration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

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20 pages, 906 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Relationship Between Academic Delay of Gratification and Depressive Symptoms Among College Students: Exploring the Roles of Academic Involution and Academic Resilience

by Xiaoli Ye, Wei Yang, Tingting Cheng and Haohao Gao

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111486 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

In an era of rapid social transformation and hyper-competition, students in higher education are confronted with tremendous academic pressure, which is exacerbating mental health challenges at an alarming rate. This study used 576 Chinese college students as samples to construct and verify a [...] Read more.

In an era of rapid social transformation and hyper-competition, students in higher education are confronted with tremendous academic pressure, which is exacerbating mental health challenges at an alarming rate. This study used 576 Chinese college students as samples to construct and verify a moderated mediation model. The purpose was to systematically explore the associations among academic delay of gratification, depressive symptoms, academic involution, and academic resilience. The results demonstrate that academic delay of gratification exhibits a significant positive correlation with academic involution. Academic delay of gratification is negatively directly correlated with depressive symptoms, although it also exhibits a significant positive indirect correlation with depressive symptoms through academic involution. The mediating role of academic involution manifests as a suppression effect. Academic resilience is an important moderating variable. Low academic resilience intensifies the association between academic delay of gratification and academic involution. High academic resilience weakens this association. These findings not only elucidate the specific mechanism underlying academic delay of gratification and depressive symptoms but also provide a practical foundation for educational practitioners to develop effective intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psycho-Affective Processes and Their Role in Development, Learning, and Well-Being Throughout Life)

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21 pages, 1360 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

What Can We Learn from the Previous Research on the Symptoms of Selective Mutism? A Systematic Review

by Judith Kleinheinrich and Felix Vogel

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111485 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Accurate understanding of a mental disorder’s symptomatology is essential for valid diagnosis, differential assessment, and treatment planning. It is therefore remarkable that failure to speak is defined as the only symptom in the diagnostic criteria of selective mutism (SM) in current classification systems. [...] Read more.

Accurate understanding of a mental disorder’s symptomatology is essential for valid diagnosis, differential assessment, and treatment planning. It is therefore remarkable that failure to speak is defined as the only symptom in the diagnostic criteria of selective mutism (SM) in current classification systems. This narrow definition may not reflect the full range of difficulties experienced by affected children. This systematic review aimed to synthesize empirical findings on the broader symptomatology of SM across diverse study designs, informants, and assessment methods. Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and APA PsycNet, leading to 82 studies with participant samples (beyond single case reports) included in the final analysis. Results indicated that social and unspecific anxiety were the most frequently assessed and consistently identified symptoms. However, additional features—including withdrawal, depressive symptoms, social skill deficits, and, in qualitative accounts, externalizing and oppositional behaviors—were also documented. The observed symptom diversity varied notably across assessment methods and informants. Our findings support a multisymptomatic understanding of SM and suggest that failure to speak alone do not fully account for its clinical presentation. A more differentiated conceptualization may enhance diagnostic precision, inform individualized intervention strategies, and contribute to discussions on refining diagnostic frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Approaches to Overcoming Selective Mutism in Children and Youths)

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24 pages, 723 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental and Socio-Demographic Influences on General Self-Efficacy in Norwegian Adolescents

by Catherine A. N. Lorentzen, Asle Bentsen, Elisabeth Gulløy and Kjell Ivar Øvergård

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111484 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

General self-efficacy is identified as a modifiable determinant of adolescent mental health and well-being. This study sought to better understand how conditions in different environments of adolescents’ lives and socio-demographic factors are associated with adolescents’ general self-efficacy. We conducted a hierarchical multi-variable linear [...] Read more.

General self-efficacy is identified as a modifiable determinant of adolescent mental health and well-being. This study sought to better understand how conditions in different environments of adolescents’ lives and socio-demographic factors are associated with adolescents’ general self-efficacy. We conducted a hierarchical multi-variable linear regression analysis based on survey data from 2021 of a large population-based sample of Norwegian adolescents (n = 15,040). We found that better Relation to peers (β = 0.20, 95% CI [0.18; 0.22]) and Academic/social relation to teachers (β = 0.13, 95% CI [0.11; 0.14]), Perceived neighbourhood safety (β = 0.08, 95% CI [0.06; 0.10]), and Participation in physical activities (β = 0.07, 95% CI [0.06; 0.09]) had medium to small positive associations with adolescents’ general self-efficacy, whilst Parental involvement, Participation in organized music/cultural leisure activities, and Perceived access to neighbourhood leisure arenas had negligible associations with general self-efficacy. Boys reported a stronger general self-efficacy than girls (β = −0.17, 95% CI [−0.19; −0.16]) and Age and Socio-economic status had small positive associations with general self-efficacy (β = 0.08, 95% CI [0.07; 0.10] and 0.04, 95% CI [0.02; 0.06], respectively). We found some small moderation effects by socio-demographic factors in the associations between environmental factors and general self-efficacy. Our findings suggest that general self-efficacy-promoting initiatives that target adolescents apply a multi-sectorial and multi-level approach and pay particular attention to gender differences. A focus on facilitating adolescents’ experiences of mastery and access to relevant successful role models and supportive behaviour by adults and peers in the various contexts seems to be of particular importance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Well-Being and Mental Health)

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15 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessReview

Can Artificial Intelligence Enhance European Emerging Adults’ Psychological Adjustment? A Scoping Review

by Carolina Lunetti, Ainzara Favini and Eugenio Trotta

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111483 - 31 Oct 2025

Abstract

Empirical studies support the difficulties European youths encounter when transitioning into adulthood, as well as several economic and social constraints that make the acquisition of a full adult role complex and challenging, with relevant implications for psychological adjustment. In this direction, international research [...] Read more.

Empirical studies support the difficulties European youths encounter when transitioning into adulthood, as well as several economic and social constraints that make the acquisition of a full adult role complex and challenging, with relevant implications for psychological adjustment. In this direction, international research showed the effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in promoting mental health adjustment, although most studies are limited to the field of clinical psychology for diagnosing and preventing the onset of pathological problems rather than on non-clinical populations. Furthermore, only a limited number of studies have been conducted in European Countries in comparison to Asian and American countries. Accordingly, this scoping review aims to provide an overview of studies conducted in Europe on AI applications for psychological support to promote psychological adjustment in emerging adults who face the challenges of reaching adulthood, often associated with stress and pressures that increase the likelihood of developing psychological problems. Out of 167 initially selected articles for the period between 2015 and 2025, only six articles were included for the final synthesis, according to explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria, and among them, only three studies were conducted on emerging European adults using different AI tools to provide support to their psychological adjustment. Results from these studies support, first, that despite the significant increase in the AI applications for mental health, their use is still scarce in the European context and specifically to promote emerging adults’ adjustment; second, that despite the scarce applications of AI tools in this sense, results from the few studies are promising regarding the potential AI applications. Future research should better investigate the effects of AI tools to understand their benefits in promoting the mental health of European youths, considering the challenges that they face in going through adulthood. Full article

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10 pages, 1242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Japanese Are Less Human-Centred than French: A New View on Spontaneous Perspective-Taking in Easterners

by François Quesque, Akira Imai, Kenji Susami, Chiharu Niki, Eric Chabanat, Alexandre Foncelle, Jean-Baptiste Van der Henst, Ayumi Kambara and Yves Rossetti

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111482 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Perspective-taking is fundamental to social interaction. In line with psychosocial ideas that Eastern societies value the individual’s interdependence, recent experimental work suggests that they are more inclined to endorse another person’s perspective than people from Western countries. There are, however, more cultural differences [...] Read more.

Perspective-taking is fundamental to social interaction. In line with psychosocial ideas that Eastern societies value the individual’s interdependence, recent experimental work suggests that they are more inclined to endorse another person’s perspective than people from Western countries. There are, however, more cultural differences between those societies than interdependence. Because Eastern societies also sustain a more holistic nature of cognition, people from Eastern countries may simply tend to interpret the surrounding world from a less ego-centred perspective. Direct support for this idea was found when comparing the responses of Japanese and French participants in level-2 visuo-spatial perspective-taking tasks. As predicted, we observed a less egocentric bias in Japanese than in French participants. Crucially, this bias was not caused directly by a greater proportion endorsing the point of view of another person but rather indirectly by a higher disposition to spontaneously adopt non-human-centred perspectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Understanding Other Intentions: Merging Evidence on Theory of Mind across Various Research Areas)

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17 pages, 493 KB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Factors of Cognitive Flexibility in Chinese–English Bilinguals: Insights from Mouse Tracking Task Switching

by Wenting Ye, Mengyan Zhu, Ting Li and Jiang Qiu

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111481 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigated factors predicting cognitive flexibility in Chinese–English bilinguals, with a comprehensive focus on demographic and language-related variables. Cognitive flexibility was assessed using reaction times (RTs) and maximum absolute deviation (MAD) in a mouse-tracking nonverbal task-switching paradigm, capturing both mix and switch [...] Read more.

This study investigated factors predicting cognitive flexibility in Chinese–English bilinguals, with a comprehensive focus on demographic and language-related variables. Cognitive flexibility was assessed using reaction times (RTs) and maximum absolute deviation (MAD) in a mouse-tracking nonverbal task-switching paradigm, capturing both mix and switch costs. Regression analyses revealed that bilingual experience explained a larger proportion of variance in mix costs than in switch costs, with stronger effects for MAD than RTs. Higher composite factor scores (CFS) were positively associated with mix costs, whereas balanced language use across life stages, activities, and interlocutors predicted smaller mix costs, suggesting a move to multi-dimensional, experience-based approaches. In contrast, switch costs were largely unrelated to CFS, but balanced language use across situational contexts, which predicted reduced switch costs in MAD, indicating enhanced reactive control. Moreover, bilingual experiences in the home environment appeared to be positively associated with cognitive flexibility. These findings highlight the multidimensional nature of bilingual experience and underscore the value of movement trajectory measures in capturing subtle effects on sustained and transient cognitive control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

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14 pages, 457 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Longitudinal Mediating Role of Academic Buoyancy Between Academic Self-Efficacy and Academic Burnout Among Junior High School Students: A Cross-Lagged Study

by Licong Ye, Yongchun Xie and Baojuan Ye

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111480 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study aims to explore the longitudinal relationship between academic self-efficacy, academic buoyancy, and academic burnout among junior high school students and to reveal the potential mediating role of academic buoyancy. Using cluster sampling, a longitudinal study was conducted on 906 students (mean [...] Read more.

This study aims to explore the longitudinal relationship between academic self-efficacy, academic buoyancy, and academic burnout among junior high school students and to reveal the potential mediating role of academic buoyancy. Using cluster sampling, a longitudinal study was conducted on 906 students (mean age = 12.48, 53.3% male) in grades 7 to 9, with three follow-up assessments conducted at four-month intervals. The assessment tools included the Academic Self-Efficacy Questionnaire, the Academic Buoyancy Scale, and the Academic Burnout Questionnaire. The results indicated the following: (1) academic self-efficacy and academic buoyancy exhibit a bidirectional relationship, meaning that academic self-efficacy is associated with increases in academic buoyancy levels four months later, and academic buoyancy also is associated with increases in academic self-efficacy four months later; (2) academic buoyancy is associated with decreases in academic burnout four months later, and academic burnout also is associated with decreases in academic buoyancy four months later; (3) academic self-efficacy is indirectly associated with decreases in academic burnout through the mediating effect of academic buoyancy. Research implications: In educational practice, a focus should be on enhancing students’ academic self-efficacy while effectively reducing academic burnout among junior high school students by fostering the psychological resource of academic buoyancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Academic Anxieties and Coping Strategies)

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17 pages, 575 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Extrinsic Values on Unethical Decision Making and Behaviour

by Paton Pak Chun Yam, Su Lu, Allan B. I. Bernardo and Lisbeth Ku

Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15111479 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Engaging in unethical behaviours, such as cheating, lying, stealing and fraud, holds significant consequences for individuals and the broader community. Drawing on self-determination theory, we posit that in a consumer-centric society, where one’s worth is often linked to wealth, celebrity status, and appearance, [...] Read more.

Engaging in unethical behaviours, such as cheating, lying, stealing and fraud, holds significant consequences for individuals and the broader community. Drawing on self-determination theory, we posit that in a consumer-centric society, where one’s worth is often linked to wealth, celebrity status, and appearance, individuals who adopt extrinsic values might be motivated to engage in unethical behaviour in pursuit of financial gains. Study 1 surveyed university students in Macao, China (n = 566), and crowdsourcing workers from the UK (n = 605), demonstrating that extrinsic values were linked to unethical decision-making in vignette-based scenarios. This association was held in both societies, suggesting a culture-independent connection between unethicality and values. To establish causal relationships, we conducted experiments manipulating extrinsic cues participants received in Macanese (Study 2, n = 170) and British (Study 3, n = 197) participants. Results revealed a significant impact of these cues on behavioural measures of unethicality, with those in the extrinsic-cues condition more likely to lie for financial gains compared to those in the control groups. Together, these findings highlight the influence of extrinsic values on unethical behaviour across cultural contexts. This research underscores the urgent need to address societal norms and consumerist cues that focus on extrinsic values, which may erode ethical standards and threaten collective well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Values and Motivations in Behaviour: Implications for Individual and Societal Well-Being)

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