%PDF-1.2 % 1 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20060426114836) /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 3.0 for Power Macintosh) /Keywords () /Subject (journal 3.1 Osaghae) /Creator (Adobe PageMaker 6.5) /Title (journal 3.1 Osaghae) /Author (Sue Sandrock) >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 3749 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 422.88 642.07 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc (123)Tj -36.048 -0.132 TD (V)Tj 7 0 0 7 69.6 640.75 Tm 0 Tc (OLUME)Tj 10 0 0 10 95.64 640.75 Tm 0 Tw ( 4 N)Tj 7 0 0 7 116.52 640.75 Tm (O)Tj 10 0 0 10 122.04 640.75 Tm ( 2)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 62.4 637.99 m 437.88 637.99 l S /CS1 cs 0 scn /CS1 CS 0 SCN 0.96 w 1000 M 42.43 660.52 404.94 -36.44 re B* BT 10 0 0 10 243.36 26.59 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc (123)Tj 16 0 0 16 63.6 610.27 Tm 0 Tc [(ZIMBABWE\325S 2005 P)93(ARLIAMENT)74(AR)43(Y)14( ELECTIONS)]TJ /F11 1 Tf 1.657 -1.253 TD (Lessons for the Movement for Democratic Change)Tj 14 0 0 14 243.12 559.39 Tm (By)Tj -3.926 -1.14 TD -0.001 Tw [(Sehlar)10(e Makgetlaneng)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 10.5 0 0 10.5 81.6 502.15 Tm 0 Tw [(Dr Makgetlaneng is Head of Southern )36(Africa Pr)13(ogramme of )43(Ar)7(ea Studies)]TJ 7.989 -1.291 TD [(at the )39(Africa Institute of South )39(Africa)]TJ 2.594 -1.28 TD [(PO Box 630 Pr)15(etoria 0001)]TJ -9.337 -1.291 TD [(T)99(el: + 27\(0\)12 304 9700; Fax: +27\(0\)12 326 1786; Mobile: 072 263 5167)]TJ 1.074 -1.28 TD [(e-mail: sehlar)16(e@ai.or)19(g.za \(work\); sehlar)18(e@telkomsa.net \(home\))]TJ 13 0 0 13 225.24 394.15 Tm (A)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 235.44 394.15 Tm (BSTRACT)Tj /F11 1 Tf 10.5 0 0 10.5 79.32 367.15 Tm 0.05 Tw [(The paper analyses the theor)13(etical and practical weaknesses of the Movement for)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.008 Tw [(Democratic Change \(MDC\), the main opposition political party in Zimbabwe. T)110(o)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.047 Tw [(do justice to its struggle for political power)76(, the MDC must wage a decisive war)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.015 Tw [(against these weaknesses, which ar)17(e among the key r)16(easons why it lost the Mar)24(ch)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw [(2005 parliamentary elections and ar)13(e important challenges it is facing in its struggle)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.121 Tw [(to defeat the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Fr)16(ont \(Zanu-)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.06 Tw [(PF\). In focusing on these weaknesses the paper makes extensive use of the literatur)14(e)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.035 Tw [(pr)21(oduced by critics of the ruling party)28(. The paper maintains that the MDC has not)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.026 Tw [(r)12(ecognised either in theory or in practice the strategic importance of mobilising for)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.01 Tc -0.063 Tw [(political, economic and ideological hegemony and has failed to pr)8(ovide compr)19(ehensive)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.097 Tw [(theor)9(etical and practical alternatives to the ruling party as pr)28(er)13(equisites for the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.012 Tw [(r)12(ealisation of its aim to r)27(eplace it. As a r)16(esult, the paper concludes, the MDC faces)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.026 Tw [(the danger of being r)14(educed to exerting pr)22(essur)10(e upon the state of Zimbabwe and)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.057 Tw (other Southern African countries for policy changes and victories which will not be)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.04 Tw (sufficient for it either to achieve political power or to consolidate or expand these)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw (changes and victories.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 13 0 0 13 213.6 124.15 Tm (I)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 217.92 124.15 Tm (NTRODUCTION)Tj 10.5 0 0 10.5 62.4 103.63 Tm 0.044 Tw (The MDC has been chosen for this case study because, since its formation, it has)Tj T* 0.087 Tw [(posed a mor)23(e serious thr)17(eat to Zanu-PF r)10(ule than any other political party and,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.025 Tw [(with the r)12(uling party)108(, is one of two major parties in the country and the only one)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.077 Tw [(apart fr)18(om Zanu-PF to have fielded candidates for all 120 contested seats in the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.089 Tw (parliamentary elections. The other parties \320 the Zimbabwe People\325s Democratic)Tj ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R /F11 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /CS1 9 0 R >> >> endobj 9 0 obj [/Separation /All /DeviceGray 11 0 R] endobj 13 0 obj << /Length 5280 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 292.66 642.19 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (J)Tj 7 0 0 7 295.9 642.19 Tm (OURNAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.1 642.19 Tm ( )Tj 7 0 0 7 329.5 642.19 Tm (OF)Tj 10 0 0 10 338.86 642.19 Tm -0.046 Tc 0 Tw ( A)Tj 7 0 0 7 348.7 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (FRICAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 375.82 642.19 Tm -0.009 Tc ( E)Tj 7 0 0 7 384.46 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (LECTIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 41.02 642.07 Tm 0.001 Tc (124)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 41.62 637.99 m 419.5 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Party)105(, the Zimbabwe )42(African National Union-Ndonga \(Zanu-Ndonga\) and the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.022 Tw [(Zimbabwe )17(Y)84(outh in )37(Alliance, which took part in the Mar)18(ch 2005 elections, and the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.041 Tw [(Conservative )38(Alliance of Zimbabwe, the International Socialist Or)9(ganisation and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.12 Tw [(the National )29(Alliance for Good Governance ar)19(e minor parties. The MDC is the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw [(of)10(ficial opposition and is r)22(epr)12(esented in both houses of Parliament.)]TJ 2.171 -1.28 TD -0.017 Tw [(The r)16(uling party won the 2005 elections with an incr)17(eased majority)113(, taking 78)]TJ -2.171 -1.291 TD -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw [(seats to the MDC\325s 41 and, accor)9(ding to the Zimbabwe Election Commission \(ZEC\),)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.001 Tw [(winning nearly 60 per cent of the vote, an incr)18(ease of 1)49(1)0( per cent over its showing)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.084 Tw (in the 2000 elections in which it won 62 seats to the MDC\325s 57. Jonathan Moyo,)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw (former Minister of Information, who contested the election as an independent)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.034 Tc [(candidate, was the only independent to win a seat, taking the T)91(sholotsho)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.005 Tw [(constituency fr)16(om the MDC. The MDC\325s shar)21(e of the vote decr)17(eased by 9 per cent)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.012 Tw [(to 39 per cent. W)47(ith an additional 30 seats allocated by the pr)16(esident to the r)15(uling)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.039 Tw [(party)104(, Zanu-PF occupied 108 of the 150 seats \320 mor)26(e than the two-thir)7(ds majority it)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.001 Tw (needed to change the Constitution.)Tj 2.171 -1.28 TD -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw [(Responding to the r)20(esults, the MDC, citing massive inconsistencies, demanded)]TJ -2.171 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.058 Tw [(new elections under a new constitution, contending that elections could not be fr)9(ee)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.073 Tw [(and fair in the curr)18(ent socio-political and economic situation. It also maintained)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.006 Tw [(that it had won 94 seats and not the 41 allocated by the ZEC. However)68(, it did not)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw [(specify how a new constitution should be drafted and appr)15(oved, how new elections)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(should be conducted or how it calculated the figur)10(e of 94 seats.)]TJ 6.1 0 0 6.1 334.42 339.55 Tm (1)Tj 10.5 0 0 10.5 65.26 322.63 Tm -0.051 Tw [(The pattern of the r)30(esults of the 2005 elections is essentially the same as that of)]TJ -2.171 -1.291 TD -0.053 Tw [(the 2000 elections. The MDC won almost all the seats in the main cities, Harar)16(e and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.027 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Bulawayo, wher)16(e civil society or)20(ganisations ar)15(e r)15(elatively ef)18(fective in their)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.124 Tw [(opposition to the ruling party)115(. It also won a majority of seats in Matebeleland,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.025 Tw [(wher)16(e Ndebeles who had supported Zanu under the leadership of Joshua Nkomo)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.029 Tc 0.125 Tw [(continue to oppose the Shona-dominated ruling party)115(. Zanu-PF won over)19(-)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.002 Tc [(whelmingly in r)7(ural Mashonaland, wher)15(e the majority of the population lives.)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.051 Tw [(Emmerson Mnangagwa, Speaker of the pr)13(evious Parliament, lost his Kwekwe seat)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.018 Tw (to Blessing Chebundo of the MDC. Jonathan Moyo\325s victory in the elections was a)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.003 Tc 0.125 Tw [(loss for the MDC. )35(Another significant loss was the Chimanimani constituency)116(,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.015 Tw (contested by Heather Bennett, wife of Roy Bennett, the former MDC MP jailed for)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.05 Tw [(assaulting two Cabinet members in Parliament in May 2004. \(Bennett was r)13(eleased)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.079 Tw [(fr)8(om prison on 28 June 2005 after serving eight months of a one-year sentence.\))]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw [(The 16 seats lost by the opposition party wer)16(e all in r)11(ural ar)19(eas. In the 2000 elections,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.076 Tw (the MDC had won all 15 seats in Matebeleland and the majority of urban seats,)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.087 Tw [(with the r)9(uling party winning the majority of rural seats. The two main cities \320)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.062 Tw [(Harar)16(e, with a majority Shona population, and Bulawayo, with a majority Ndebele)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw (population \320 voted overwhelmingly for the MDC.)Tj ET /GS3 gs 42.46 57.55 m 419.5 57.55 l S BT 7 0 0 7 42.46 47.95 Tm /GS2 gs (1)Tj 8 0 0 8 56.62 47.95 Tm -0.012 Tc -0.062 Tw [(The MDC\325s claims ar)9(e disputed and r)20(ejected by Munyaradzi Gwisai, a former MDC Member of Parliament.)]TJ 0 -1.245 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (See Gwisai 2005, p 8.)Tj ET endstream endobj 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 16 0 obj << /Length 5464 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 422.88 642.07 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc (125)Tj -36.048 -0.132 TD (V)Tj 7 0 0 7 69.6 640.75 Tm 0 Tc (OLUME)Tj 10 0 0 10 95.64 640.75 Tm 0 Tw ( 4 N)Tj 7 0 0 7 116.52 640.75 Tm (O)Tj 10 0 0 10 122.04 640.75 Tm ( 2)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 62.4 637.99 m 437.88 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 85.08 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs -0.006 Tc -0.063 Tw (This pattern suggests that ethnicity is becoming less important in Zimbabwean)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.021 Tw [(politics and that policies, not ethnicity)120(, drive political contest in the country)109(, with)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.004 Tc -0.062 Tw [(the main dividing line being r)10(ural-urban. The r)13(uling party has failed to win support)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw [(fr)25(om the urban working class and middle class. The MDC, supported by developed)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.008 Tw [(countries and white Zimbabweans, has failed to win support in the r)18(ural ar)11(eas. It)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.073 Tw [(has also failed to pr)16(ovide shr)21(ewd political leadership and viable theor)25(etical and)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.06 Tw [(practical alternatives to the r)9(uling party)114(. It is viewed as the or)19(ganisational means of)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw [(r)28(eversing the impr)10(ovements made since political independence, including the land)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.055 Tw [(r)29(edistribution pr)14(ogramme. While the ruling party supports the active r)19(ole of the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.122 Tw [(state in the management and dir)23(ection of the economy)110(, the MDC defends neo-)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw (liberal socio-economic policies.)Tj 2.16 -1.28 TD 0.021 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Zimbabwe\325s adoption and implementation of the str)6(uctural adjustment)]TJ -2.16 -1.291 TD 0.038 Tc [(pr)21(ogramme in the 1990s which substantially r)18(eversed the socio-economic)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.014 Tc [(impr)20(ovements achieved since political independence and the socio-economic)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.035 Tc [(pr)26(oblems the country faced in the 1990s not only led to mass strikes and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.044 Tw [(demonstrations but also to an alliance of various social for)25(ces and or)19(ganisations,)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.049 Tw [(which led to the formation of the MDC \(Danser)23(eau 2003, pp 181-85; )45(Andr)11(easson)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (2003, pp 393-97; Sachikonye 2000-2001, p 7\).)Tj 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.078 Tw [(The MDC became the beneficiary of demands by popular social for)21(ces and)]TJ -2.16 -1.28 TD -0.021 Tw [(or)27(ganisations that the state solve these pr)18(oblems and of the state\325s failur)19(e to do so.)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.088 Tw [(These ar)27(e some of the key r)20(easons for the party\325s achievements in the 2000 and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.005 Tw [(2002 elections \320 achievements which have now been substantially r)24(eversed. Since)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw [(2003 the MDC has failed to pr)28(ove that it is politically capable of solving Zimbabwe\325s)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(socio-economic pr)22(oblems.)]TJ 13 0 0 13 93.48 262.63 Tm (E)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 101.4 262.63 Tm (VIDENCE)Tj 13 0 0 13 143.28 262.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 146.52 262.63 Tm [(THA)73(T)]TJ 13 0 0 13 171.6 262.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 174.84 262.63 Tm (THE)Tj 13 0 0 13 193.56 262.63 Tm ( MDC W)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 244.68 262.63 Tm (OULD)Tj 13 0 0 13 271.44 262.63 Tm ( L)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 282.72 262.63 Tm (OSE)Tj 13 0 0 13 300.24 262.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 303.48 262.63 Tm (THE)Tj 13 0 0 13 322.2 262.63 Tm ( 2005 E)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 362.64 262.63 Tm (LECTIONS)Tj 10.5 0 0 10.5 62.4 242.11 Tm -0.011 Tc -0.062 Tw [(The economic pr)21(oblems, corruption and mismanagement which plagued Zimbabwe)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.013 Tc 0.125 Tw [(in 2004 wer)26(e no indication that the MDC would win the 2005 parliamentary)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.012 Tc -0.062 Tw [(elections. In early 2004 its four Harar)17(e)0( councillors, including the acting mayor)80(, Sekayi)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.035 Tw [(Makavara, left the party)119(, citing leadership pr)18(oblems as the key r)15(eason behind their)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.017 Tw [(decision. The r)7(uling party defeated the MDC in a key by-election in Zengeza, the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.007 Tc -0.063 Tw [(township near Harar)23(e, in the Chitungwiza ar)23(ea, str)10(onghold of the MDC. The MDC\325s)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.027 Tw [(supporters and loyalists maintained that poor or)24(ganisation, a weak candidate and)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.012 Tw [(infighting within the leadership wer)25(e key r)18(easons why Christopher Chigumba of)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.039 Tw [(Zanu-PF won 8 744 votes to the 6 706 for James Makor)24(e of the MDC in the 27-28)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw [(Mar)26(ch by-election. In the 2002 elections, Chigumba had been defeated by T)96(afadzwa)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.061 Tw (Musekiwa of the MDC by 14 814 votes to 5 330. Musekiwa left for London after)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.019 Tw [(several alleged thr)25(eats on his life. This led to a by-election in Zengeza. Local MDC)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.053 Tw [(supporters maintained that they wer)24(e betrayed by Musekiwa\325s decision to leave)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.052 Tw [(and wer)22(e not happy about the imposition of Makor)18(e as the party\325s candidate in the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.004 Tw [(election. It was r)19(eported that voters wer)21(e questioning the MDC\325s failur)23(e seriously)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.021 Tw [(to challenge the r)14(uling party and that morale was so low that the majority of them)]TJ ET endstream endobj 17 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 5009 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 292.66 642.19 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (J)Tj 7 0 0 7 295.9 642.19 Tm (OURNAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.1 642.19 Tm ( )Tj 7 0 0 7 329.5 642.19 Tm (OF)Tj 10 0 0 10 338.86 642.19 Tm -0.046 Tc 0 Tw ( A)Tj 7 0 0 7 348.7 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (FRICAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 375.82 642.19 Tm -0.009 Tc ( E)Tj 7 0 0 7 384.46 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (LECTIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 41.02 642.07 Tm 0.001 Tc (126)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 41.62 637.99 m 419.5 637.99 l S 0 0 0 0.15 k 0 0 0 0.15 K 1000 M 42.74 103.91 376.57 -15.27 re B* 42.74 215.61 376.57 -22.17 re B* BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 606.07 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.006 Tc 0.125 Tw [(concluded that it would be pointless to contest elections under the pr)19(evailing)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(electoral r)7(ules \()]TJ /F11 1 Tf 6.766 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.771 0 TD ( 2004a, p 2\).)Tj /F11 1 Tf -12.366 -1.291 TD 0.034 Tw (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.794 0 TD [( pr)12(ovided overwhelming evidence immediately befor)23(e the)]TJ -9.966 -1.28 TD -0.007 Tc -0.063 Tw (2005 elections that the ruling party would win, suggesting that the political situation)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.109 Tw (in Zimbabwe had changed in favour of the ruling party in 2004. While in 2000)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.063 Tw (people wanted Zanu-PF out because of the deteriorating economy and they still)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.115 Tw (wanted \324Mugabe and his allies\325 out in 2004, \324many\325 people \324hope that Zanu-PF)Tj 0 -1.28 TD -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw [(with a new leader would be less destabilising than a switch to the opposition\325 party)102(.)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.111 Tw [(Ther)12(e had been economic impr)23(ovements since 2004, with pr)14(oducts which wer)24(e)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.001 Tc 0.125 Tw [(scar)18(ce becoming available. The MDC launched its 2005 election campaign late,)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.02 Tw (having earlier insisted that it would boycott the elections. Many of its supporters)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.011 Tc 0.125 Tw [(failed to r)11(egister and, as the economic pr)25(oblems intensified, voters showed a)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.067 Tw [(pr)13(efer)17(ence for candidates who claimed they wer)23(e able to impr)10(ove their material)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw (conditions. MDC Members of Parliament had done little for their constituents since)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (winning the 2000 parliamentary elections \()Tj /F11 1 Tf 18.857 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.76 0 TD ( 2005, p 1\).)Tj -24.446 -1.28 TD -0.015 Tw [(Befor)21(e the 2005 elections, )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 11.257 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.749 0 TD [( for)11(ecast that the MDC might win)]TJ -21.177 -1.291 TD -0.045 Tw [(49 seats and that should it win fewer than 49, the r)7(uling party would have the two-)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.041 Tw [(thir)17(ds majority it was seeking \(2005, p 2\). It believed the MDC would win all seven)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Bulawayo seats, all the seats in Matebeleland North except T)83(sholotsho and all)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.002 Tc -0.062 Tw [(18 Harar)12(e)8( seats. It might face pr)13(oblems in Zengeza and it was possible that it would)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.04 Tw [(win six of the seven Matebeleland South seats, thr)11(ee urban Manicaland East and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.036 Tw [(Central seats, one Chimanimani seat, two or thr)15(ee seats in Mashonaland W)87(est, one)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.023 Tw [(or two urban seats in Mavingo and thr)19(ee seats in the Midlands \(2005, pp 1-2\). 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Pointing out that the MDC in power will not support)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.031 Tw [(government interfer)24(ence in the way in which people manage their lives and that it)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.008 Tc -0.062 Tw (will fast-track privatisation, he maintained that it will privatise all parastatals within)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.105 Tw [(two years, privatise the Central Statistical Of)22(fice and virtually the entir)17(e school)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.051 Tw [(delivery system, and decr)27(ease \324government employment fr)12(om about 300,000 at the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.123 Tw [(pr)25(esent time to about 75,000 in five years\325 \(Cr)16(oss, in Bond 2001, p 15; Cr)14(oss in)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw [(Alexander 2000, )9(p 394\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.28 TD -0.005 Tc -0.062 Tw [(These policies wer)18(e articulated and defended when the ruling party attempted)]TJ -2.16 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(to incr)23(ease social spending and price contr)19(ols and condemned privatisation.)]TJ 6.1 0 0 6.1 414.72 312.55 Tm (3)Tj 10.5 0 0 10.5 85.08 295.63 Tm 0.05 Tw (The Bulawayo town council, led by the MDC, implemented unpopular cut-)Tj -2.16 -1.291 TD -0.009 Tc -0.062 Tw [(of)27(fs of basic services. Its neo-liberal policies r)7(eflect a fundamental str)20(uctural pr)8(oblem)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.063 Tw [(which made it dif)16(ficult to advance in theory and practice the inter)22(ests of the masses)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.034 Tw [(of the people and to go beyond criticising the violent and r)18(epr)24(essive policies of the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.049 Tw [(r)18(uling party)109(. Even staunch critics of the ruling party acknowledge that the MDC)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.006 Tw [(does not pr)27(ovide viable theor)10(etical and practical options and that, enmeshed as it)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.015 Tw [(is in neo-liberal socio-political and economic policies, it has failed to addr)27(ess itself)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.013 Tw (adequately to the land question, which has a decisive impact on politics in former)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.075 Tw (settler colonies. It has succeeded in winning the support of peasants, the youth,)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.074 Tw [(women, intellectuals and other social gr)22(oups and it has made it possible for the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw [(r)18(uling party to consolidate its position \(Ndlovu-Gatsheni 2003, pp 127-8\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.027 Tc 0.125 Tw (Gwisai \(2005, p 8\) maintains that leaders of the International Socialist)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD -0.004 Tc -0.063 Tw [(Or)30(ganisation told MDC leaders in 2001 that \324unless they immediately changed their)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.079 Tw [(strategy of opposing the land r)24(eform pr)18(ogramme and hanging on the apr)19(ons of)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 62.4 87.55 m 438.84 87.55 l S BT 7 0 0 7 62.4 77.95 Tm /GS2 gs (2)Tj 8 0 0 8 76.44 77.95 Tm -0.025 Tw [(Richar)15(d Dowden of )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 8.85 0 TD (The Independent)Tj /F9 1 Tf 6.735 0 TD [( \(United Kingdom\) maintains that British support for the MDC and)]TJ -15.585 -1.245 TD -0.046 Tw [(r)20(egime change and the )21(Anglo-American invasion of Iraq contributed to the success of the r)10(uling party in)]TJ 0 -1.26 TD 0 Tw (the 2005 elections. 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T)84(rade unions)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.013 Tc 0.125 Tw (have criticised the MDC for concentrating on court actions and international)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.035 Tw (sanctions, issues they maintain do not benefit the masses, particularly the workers)Tj 0 -1.28 TD (\()Tj /F11 1 Tf 0.331 0 TD 0 Tw (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.76 0 TD ( 2004a, pp 2-3\).)Tj -5.931 -1.291 TD -0.026 Tw [(Pointing out that the \324sharpest weapon in the str)6(uggle\325 against what he r)24(efers)]TJ -2.16 -1.28 TD 0.032 Tw [(to as \324the outpost of tyranny\325 is \324internal opposition\325, T)59(im Hughes maintains that)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.028 Tc 0.125 Tw (\324despite its political dominance in the cities and overwhelming support in)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.061 Tw [(Matebeleland\325, the MDC \324shows no signs of ef)23(fectively challenging the Mugabe)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.007 Tw [(r)29(egime at any level\325 and that it \324has failed to maximise its comparative advantage)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.109 Tw (and mobilise unions, workers and the urban youth in a concerted campaign of)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw [(r)29(olling mass action\325 \(Hughes 2005, p 2\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.28 TD 0.041 Tw [(Party militants maintain that the MDC must intensify the str)8(uggle by going)]TJ -2.16 -1.291 TD -0.04 Tw (beyond \324parliamentary opposition tactics and legal challenges to the election\325; that)Tj 0 -1.28 TD -0.051 Tw [(r)18(uling party militants went to jail and wer)16(e killed in the struggle and that the MDC)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.05 Tw [(should demonstrate to the r)15(uling party that its members will \324do the same for a)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (second liberation\325 \()Tj /F11 1 Tf 8.446 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.771 0 TD ( 2002, p 2\).)Tj -14.057 -1.291 TD 0.036 Tw [(Thus far the MDC has failed to transform itself so as to challenge the r)15(uling)]TJ -2.16 -1.28 TD 0.084 Tw [(party decisively)115(. Political activists and writers such as Brian Kagor)19(o, the former)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.053 Tw [(coor)22(dinator of the Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition, have been calling upon it since)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.062 Tw [(the 2002 pr)17(esidential election to adapt in or)26(der to meet the challenges of Zimbabwe)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.03 Tw [(after that election. Kagor)24(o maintains that the pr)13(esidential election and the events)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.011 Tc -0.062 Tw [(befor)24(e and subsequent to it have pr)24(esented the opposition party with new challenges)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.012 Tw [(and sever)22(e tests. The first challenge is the issue of cohesion. The MDC, formed as)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.023 Tw [(an or)21(ganisation consisting of social for)25(ces with differ)30(ent and antagonistic inter)13(ests)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.068 Tw [(united by the need to defeat Mugabe thr)18(ough an electoral pr)18(ocess, has not been)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.029 Tw (able to adopt and implement the \324inspirational and strategic\325 positions essential to)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.007 Tc -0.062 Tw [(an ef)24(fective opposition party striving for political power)67(. While some of its members)]TJ ET endstream endobj 30 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R /F11 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Length 5369 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 292.66 642.19 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (J)Tj 7 0 0 7 295.9 642.19 Tm (OURNAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.1 642.19 Tm ( )Tj 7 0 0 7 329.5 642.19 Tm (OF)Tj 10 0 0 10 338.86 642.19 Tm -0.046 Tc 0 Tw ( A)Tj 7 0 0 7 348.7 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (FRICAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 375.82 642.19 Tm -0.009 Tc ( E)Tj 7 0 0 7 384.46 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (LECTIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 41.02 642.07 Tm 0.001 Tc (130)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 41.62 637.99 m 419.5 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0.047 Tw (have called for mass uprising, others advocate the continued use of negotiations)Tj 0 -1.28 TD -0.009 Tc -0.063 Tw [(and international intervention and it is the latter who have won the day)111(. The position)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.055 Tw (of the leadership on key issues is not only contradictory but also antagonistic or)Tj 0 -1.28 TD [(irr)18(econcilable.)]TJ 2.171 -1.291 TD 0.018 Tw (The issue of leadership is one of the key challenges for the MDC. Most of its)Tj -2.171 -1.28 TD -0.011 Tw [(leaders occupy their positions because of the ur)19(gent need to defeat Mugabe in the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.01 Tc -0.063 Tw [(elections. The negative consequence of this factor is that their democratic cr)14(edentials,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.025 Tc 0.125 Tw [(integrity and capacity have never been interr)14(ogated. 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Kagor)19(o \(2003, p 24\) concludes)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.042 Tw [(that the MDC \324has missed many good opportunities to r)15(egain the upper hand in)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (the political contest in Zimbabwe\325.)Tj 2.171 -1.291 TD 0.039 Tc 0.125 Tw [(The theor)18(etical and practical weaknesses of the MDC have led some)]TJ -2.171 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(or)15(ganisations and individuals to conclude that even if Zimbabwe wer)14(e to comply)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.012 Tc -0.062 Tw (fully with all the Principles and Guidelines Governing Democratic Elections adopted)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.027 Tw [(by the Southern )28(African Development Community \(SADC\) Summit in Mauritius)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.015 Tw [(in )34(August 2004 \(Zimbabwe Election Support Network 2005, pp 301-31\), the r)8(uling)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.046 Tw (party would win the 2005 elections. The MDC\325s absence of vision and strategy and)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.064 Tw [(its lack of capacity to lead Zimbabwe\325s r)6(econstr)19(uction and development pr)12(ocess)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.014 Tw [(have led many)100(, among them South )49(Africa\325s )26(African National Congr)27(ess, to believe)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.051 Tw [(that the r)15(esolution to the country\325s pr)14(oblems lies within the r)14(uling party)99(, not the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (MDC \(Dawes 2005, p 10\).)Tj 2.171 -1.291 TD -0.006 Tc -0.062 Tw [(This position is captur)22(ed in Godfr)20(ey Kanyenze\325s contention that people should)]TJ -2.171 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.042 Tw [(focus on Mugabe and the ruling party)113(, not T)89(svangirai and the MDC and that the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.021 Tw [(\324gr)18(eatest thr)17(eat to Zanu-PF right now is Zanu-PF itself, not the MDC\325 \(Kanyenze,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (in Rukuni 2005, p 2\).)Tj 2.171 -1.291 TD 0.008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Critics of the r)11(uling party)117(, including some MDC members, maintain that)]TJ -2.171 -1.28 TD 0.007 Tc [(Mor)10(gan T)100(svangirai does not have the intellectual capacity to lead an ef)10(fective)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.043 Tw [(opposition party)105(, particularly one that is challenging a hegemonic party which has)]TJ ET endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 35 0 obj << /Length 5576 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 422.88 642.07 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc (131)Tj -36.048 -0.132 TD (V)Tj 7 0 0 7 69.6 640.75 Tm 0 Tc (OLUME)Tj 10 0 0 10 95.64 640.75 Tm 0 Tw ( 4 N)Tj 7 0 0 7 116.52 640.75 Tm (O)Tj 10 0 0 10 122.04 640.75 Tm ( 2)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 62.4 637.99 m 437.88 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 59.52 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0.008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(been in power since 1980 and whose leaders have pr)17(ovided it with enormous)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.076 Tw [(intellectual capacity and r)20(esour)12(ces in its quest for the continued exer)14(cise of state)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.004 Tw [(power)66(. T)88(svangirai, they aver)82(, is not a shr)22(ewd leader)64(. He lacks \324a degr)23(ee of political)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.005 Tc -0.063 Tw [(imagination and r)10(uthlessness\325 \()]TJ /F11 1 Tf 13.486 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.611 0 TD [( 2001, p 4\). In 2000 T)101(svangirai made)]TJ -21.097 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.106 Tw [(a crucial political mistake when he allowed international media to r)17(ecor)24(d white)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.006 Tw (farmers, many of them soldiers in the Rhodesian army that had fought against the)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.054 Tw [(for)17(ces of national liberation, handing cheques to him. The film made him appear)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.008 Tw (either to be hungry for money or \324na\225ve\325. Mugabe\325s advisors used the incident in a)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.001 Tw [(pr)13(opaganda war that pr)26(esented the MDC as the servant of the white minority and)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.063 Tw (of Britain \()Tj /F11 1 Tf 4.583 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.703 0 TD [( 2003, pp 4-5\). T)89(svangirai\325s association with the farmers)]TJ -12.286 -1.291 TD -0.006 Tc [(isolated him fr)13(om pr)21(ogr)15(essive people nationally and internationally \(Kanhema 2003,)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.001 Tw (p 5\).)Tj 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.003 Tc 0.125 Tw (Jonathan Moyo, who some people thought might joint the MDC upon his)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.009 Tw [(expulsion fr)11(om the Cabinet and the r)10(uling party)120(, declar)11(ed that he would not join it)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw [(because it was \324immatur)11(e and ideologically shallow\325 \(Moyo, in Rukani 2005, p 1\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.28 TD 0.114 Tw [(T)87(r)18(evor Ncube, the Zimbabwean chief executive of)20(ficer and owner of South)]TJ -2.16 -1.291 TD -0.012 Tc -0.062 Tw [(Africa\325s M&G Media Ltd, wr)8(ote immediately befor)25(e the 2005 elections that T)88(svangirai)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.027 Tc 0.125 Tw (was no match for Mugabe and that the MDC was divided, \324paralysed\325 and)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.061 Tw [(\324inef)20(fective\325, lacking vision and strategy)106(. 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He also maintained that Zimbabwe \324faces an acute leadership crisis)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.027 Tw [(that only Mugabe has the capacity to r)11(esolve, if he so decides\325 and that if the r)16(uling)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.019 Tw (party won the elections Mugabe could \324undo some of the damage he has inflicted)Tj 0 -1.28 TD -0.022 Tw (on Zimbabwe and lay the foundation for a stable political dispensation that would)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw [(deliver economic development and gr)12(owth\325 \(Ncube 2005, p 29\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.28 TD -0.004 Tc -0.062 Tw (Pointing out that the possibility of an MDC victory in the 2005 elections \324cannot)Tj -2.16 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.02 Tw [(be totally discounted\325 or \324completely r)9(uled out\325, pr)15(ovided the MDC mobilised the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.019 Tw [(people\325s anger against the ruling party to deliver its victory)105(, Ncube concluded that)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.104 Tw [(an MDC victory would be \324a frightening pr)18(ospect for Zimbabwe\325, which would)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.047 Tw [(find itself faced with the pr)12(ospect of \324a hugely divided and inexperienced gr)23(oup\325)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.017 Tw [(trying to solve pr)13(oblems of \324mor)16(e than two decades of misr)11(ule\325 \(Ncube 2005, p 29\).)]TJ 2.16 -1.28 TD 0.005 Tc 0.125 Tw (Newton Kanhema, a Zimbabwean journalist, maintains a similar position,)Tj -2.16 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.036 Tw [(contending that T)90(svangirai and his advisers do not constitute leadership material)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.06 Tw [(for Zimbabwe. T)88(svangirai\325s position on the land question is not clear and he has not)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.021 Tc 0.125 Tw [(articulated a feasible plan for solving the country\325s economic pr)15(oblems. His)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.05 Tw [(contribution to the debate about how best to solve Zimbabwe\325s economic pr)13(oblems)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.017 Tw [(has been his position that the economic situation will impr)18(ove once Mugabe is no)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.012 Tc -0.063 Tw [(longer in power)73(. Instead of building alliances or working r)18(elationships with Southern)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.045 Tw (African leaders he has \324elected to insult them and, at the same time, court favour)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.011 Tw [(with W)94(estern leaders\325. 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It was also intended to pr)17(essurise SADC leaders to coer)29(ce)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.061 Tw [(Pr)16(esident Mugabe to adopt and implement electoral r)20(eforms, a fact acknowledged)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.002 Tc 0.125 Tw [(by T)93(svangirai when he maintained that: \324W)96(e have suspended [participation in)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.011 Tc -0.063 Tw [(elections] to give SADC leaders time to r)23(ectify pr)14(oblems so we may have a legitimate)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.06 Tw [(outcome\325 \(T)86(svangirai, in Katzenellenbogen and Muleya 2004, p 1\). It was clear that)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw [(any boycott would be temporary as, indeed, it pr)25(oved to be.)]TJ 13 0 0 13 75.96 397.63 Tm (D)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 86.04 397.63 Tm (IVISION)Tj 13 0 0 13 121.2 397.63 Tm ( O)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 134.76 397.63 Tm (VER)Tj 13 0 0 13 153 397.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 156.24 397.63 Tm (THE)Tj 13 0 0 13 174.84 397.63 Tm ( MDC\325)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 213.36 397.63 Tm (S)Tj 13 0 0 13 218.04 397.63 Tm ( P)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 229.2 397.63 Tm [(AR)35(TICIP)94(A)79(TION)]TJ 13 0 0 13 294.6 397.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 297.84 397.63 Tm (IN)Tj 13 0 0 13 308.52 397.63 Tm ( )Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 311.76 397.63 Tm (THE)Tj 13 0 0 13 330.48 397.63 Tm ( S)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 340.56 397.63 Tm [(ENA)84(TE)]TJ 13 0 0 13 371.16 397.63 Tm ( E)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 382.44 397.63 Tm (LECTIONS)Tj -20.756 -1.49 TD (OF)Tj 13 0 0 13 205.8 384.07 Tm ( 26 N)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 236.04 384.07 Tm (OVEMBER)Tj 13 0 0 13 281.16 384.07 Tm ( 2005)Tj 10.5 0 0 10.5 64.68 363.55 Tm 0.026 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Elections for the r)21(e-established Senate, cr)19(eated in terms of a constitutional)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.117 Tw [(amendment enacted on 30 )43(August 2005, wer)15(e held on 26 November 2005. The)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.039 Tw (upper house has 50 senators elected by ballot to five-year terms. In addition, six)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw [(members and ten chiefs ar)23(e appointed by the pr)11(esident.)]TJ 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.057 Tw (The divisions within the MDC over its participation in the Senate elections)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD [(highlighted its theor)25(etical and practical weaknesses. Its failur)14(e to make an early)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.125 Tw (announcement about its participation demonstrated its lack of a clear political)Tj 0 -1.28 TD -0.015 Tw (strategy and tactics. It was evident that the delay in taking a decision on the issue)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.011 Tw (would cost it a number of seats should it decide to participate and it had failed to)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.017 Tw [(learn fr)20(om past experience \320 it had lost a number of seats during the Mar)25(ch 2005)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.108 Tw (parliamentary elections because of its late announcement that it would contest)Tj 0 -1.28 TD (them.)Tj 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.048 Tw (The very fact that the party had participated in the parliamentary elections)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD -0.009 Tc -0.063 Tw [(made nonsense of T)93(svangirai\325s opposition to the party\325s National Council\325s decision)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.071 Tw [(to take part in the Senate elections. In a secr)18(et ballot of the National Council 33)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (members voted in favour of participation, and 31 against.)Tj 2.16 -1.291 TD 0.105 Tw (Less than 15 per cent of the electorate voted in the Senate election. Public)Tj -2.16 -1.28 TD 0.106 Tw (confusion about the purpose of the upper house of Parliament, the inability of)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.013 Tw [(many people to r)21(each the polling stations because of the national petr)20(ol shortage)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.009 Tw [(and the dif)19(fer)18(ences within the MDC over participation in the election ar)15(e some of)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.007 Tw [(the factors r)19(esponsible for the low turnout. Of the 50 pr)19(ovincial constituencies 31)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.006 Tc -0.063 Tw [(wer)21(e contested and 19 r)9(uling party candidates wer)12(e not opposed. Only 26 members)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.044 Tw [(of the MDC r)17(egister)24(ed their candidacy)114(. The r)11(esults gave the r)8(uling party contr)24(ol of)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.002 Tc -0.063 Tw (43 of the 50 elected seats, with The MDC winning 7. Given the fact that 16 members)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(of the Senate ar)25(e appointed by the pr)11(esident, the r)10(uling party has 59 senators.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R /F11 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Length 5222 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 292.66 642.19 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (J)Tj 7 0 0 7 295.9 642.19 Tm (OURNAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.1 642.19 Tm ( )Tj 7 0 0 7 329.5 642.19 Tm (OF)Tj 10 0 0 10 338.86 642.19 Tm -0.046 Tc 0 Tw ( A)Tj 7 0 0 7 348.7 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (FRICAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 375.82 642.19 Tm -0.009 Tc ( E)Tj 7 0 0 7 384.46 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (LECTIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 41.02 642.07 Tm 0.001 Tc (134)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 41.62 637.99 m 419.5 637.99 l S 0 0 0 0.15 k 42.5 395.7 377.05 -16.15 re f* 0 0 0 0.15 K 1000 M 42.74 580.86 376.57 -23.37 re B* BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 322.15 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0 Tc -0.044 Tw (A key consequence of the divisiveness within the MDC over its participation is the)Tj 0 -1.291 TD -0.008 Tc -0.063 Tw [(possibility that party may split \320 an event which will seriously damage the pr)15(ospects)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(of the opposition and further entr)14(ench the ruling party\325s hegemony)121(.)]TJ 13 0 0 13 118.66 262.15 Tm (T)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 126.58 262.15 Tm (HE)Tj 13 0 0 13 139.66 262.15 Tm ( MDC\325)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 178.18 262.15 Tm (S)Tj 13 0 0 13 182.86 262.15 Tm ( \324M)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 202.06 262.15 Tm (UGABE)Tj 13 0 0 13 234.34 262.15 Tm ( M)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 249.82 262.15 Tm (UST)Tj 13 0 0 13 267.22 262.15 Tm ( G)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 280.42 262.15 Tm (O)Tj 13 0 0 13 287.62 262.15 Tm (\325 S)Tj 9.1 0 0 9.1 301.3 262.15 Tm [(TRA)81(TEGY)]TJ 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 241.63 Tm 0.002 Tw [(The developed countries, which ar)10(e r)18(esponsible for the MDC\325s \324Mugabe must go\325)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.05 Tw [(strategy)111(, r)19(egar)10(ded the r)14(esolution of the land question as the means by which the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.022 Tw [(r)6(uling party and its leader won elections and consolidated power)68(. Experts on the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD -0.043 Tw (Zimbabwean socio-historical situation contest this position \(Moyo, in Chirambo &)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.072 Tw (McCullum 2000; Thompson 2000; Thompson 2003\). The MDC criticises the land)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0.004 Tw [(policy on the gr)19(ounds that it is not popular with the masses of the )34(African people)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.062 Tw [(of Zimbabwe. 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They hoped that T)79(svangirai would defeat Mugabe in the 2002)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.011 Tw [(pr)13(esidential election and when this failed to materialise they declar)19(ed the election)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 17.68 54 TD -0.002 Tw [(T)107(able 2)]TJ -6.72 -1.28 TD 0 Tw (Results of the Senate Elections)Tj 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 565.63 Tm [(Province)-11958(Zanu-PF)-7058(MDC)-7858(T)106(otal)]TJ ET 0 0 0 1 K 10 M /GS3 gs 42.46 557.83 m 419.5 557.83 l 42.46 539.95 m 419.5 539.95 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 545.35 Tm /GS2 gs -0.002 Tw [(Bulawayo Metr)13(o)-10373(0)-10111(5)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 523.87 m 419.5 523.87 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 529.27 Tm /GS2 gs -0.001 Tw [(Harar)12(e Metr)24(o)-11735(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 507.79 m 419.5 507.79 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 513.19 Tm /GS2 gs [(Manicaland)-12495(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 491.83 m 419.5 491.83 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 497.23 Tm /GS2 gs 0.001 Tw [(Mashonaland Central)-8144(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 475.75 m 419.5 475.75 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 481.15 Tm /GS2 gs [(Mashonaland East)-9565(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 459.67 m 419.5 459.67 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 465.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tw [(Mashonaland W)85(est)-9283(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 443.59 m 419.5 443.59 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 448.99 Tm /GS2 gs [(Masvingo)-13331(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 427.63 m 419.5 427.63 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 433.03 Tm /GS2 gs 0.002 Tw [(Matebeleland South)-8869(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 411.55 m 419.5 411.55 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 416.95 Tm /GS2 gs -0.002 Tw [(Matebeleland North)-8775(3)-10111(2)-9451(5)]TJ ET /GS3 gs 42.46 395.47 m 419.5 395.47 l S BT 8.55 0 0 9.5 50.98 400.87 Tm /GS2 gs [(Midlands)-13483(5)-10111(0)-9451(5)]TJ /F13 1 Tf 0 -1.693 TD 0.001 Tc [(T)107(otal)-14949(43)-10115(7)-8945(5)1(0)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 42.46 362.35 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Sour)14(ce: Zimbabwe Election Commission)]TJ ET 1000 M /GS3 gs 42.74 580.86 376.57 -201.07 re S 10 M 334.78 581.11 m 334.78 379.51 l 245.26 581.11 m 245.26 380.11 l 157.9 580.63 m 157.9 379.51 l S endstream endobj 47 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R /F11 6 0 R /F13 21 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Length 5324 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 422.88 642.07 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc (135)Tj -36.048 -0.132 TD (V)Tj 7 0 0 7 69.6 640.75 Tm 0 Tc (OLUME)Tj 10 0 0 10 95.64 640.75 Tm 0 Tw ( 4 N)Tj 7 0 0 7 116.52 640.75 Tm (O)Tj 10 0 0 10 122.04 640.75 Tm ( 2)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 62.4 637.99 m 437.88 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 62.4 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0.055 Tw [(not to be fr)19(ee and fair and the Zimbabwean government to be illegitimate. They)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.034 Tc 0.125 Tw [(embarked upon various pr)23(ogrammes of action to isolate the Zimbabwean)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc (government.)Tj 2.16 -1.28 TD -0.035 Tw [(Mugabe is r)23(egar)22(ded by his opponents as authoritarian, corr)7(upt and a dictator)]TJ -2.16 -1.291 TD -0.02 Tw [(who has been stealing elections since the MDC posed a challenge to his r)19(ule in the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.01 Tc -0.062 Tw [(2000 elections. He is seen as a thr)22(eat to the socio-political and economic development)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.046 Tw [(and pr)25(ogr)11(ess not only of his country and the Southern )39(African r)14(egion, but of the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.009 Tc -0.063 Tw [(whole )41(African continent as well as of )41(Africa\325s initiatives such as the New Partnership)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.047 Tw [(for )39(Africa\325s Development. 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The fact that the MDC is)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0.089 Tw (supported by \324big business and white farmers at home and imperialism and its)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.002 Tc 0.125 Tw (institutions\325 has \324undermined its support among the masses in Zimbabwe and)Tj 0 -1.291 TD [(thr)21(oughout Southern )43(Africa\325. Its support fr)16(om white farmers \324who continue to)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.017 Tw [(oppr)29(ess and exploit farm labour)12(ers\325 has helped to undermine its r)14(ural support. It)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.024 Tc 0.125 Tw [(has r)29(efrained fr)17(om mobilising mass action against the government and has)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc 0.035 Tw [(concentrated on appealing to external for)26(ces to exert pr)12(essur)16(e upon Mugabe and)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.001 Tc 0.125 Tw [(the r)16(uling party)109(. This has enabled Mugabe to maintain that the survival of his)]TJ ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text ] /Font << /F9 5 0 R /F11 6 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS2 7 0 R /GS3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 5493 >> stream BT /F9 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 292.66 642.19 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS2 gs (J)Tj 7 0 0 7 295.9 642.19 Tm (OURNAL)Tj 10 0 0 10 327.1 642.19 Tm ( )Tj 7 0 0 7 329.5 642.19 Tm (OF)Tj 10 0 0 10 338.86 642.19 Tm -0.046 Tc 0 Tw ( A)Tj 7 0 0 7 348.7 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (FRICAN)Tj 10 0 0 10 375.82 642.19 Tm -0.009 Tc ( E)Tj 7 0 0 7 384.46 642.19 Tm 0 Tc (LECTIONS)Tj 10 0 0 10 41.02 642.07 Tm 0.001 Tc (136)Tj ET 0 0 0 1 K 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS3 gs 1 i 41.62 637.99 m 419.5 637.99 l S BT 10.5 0 0 10.5 42.46 606.07 Tm /GS2 gs 0.011 Tc 0.125 Tw [(administration is a struggle against external interfer)15(ence in defence of \324white)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.043 Tc [(minority business and farming inter)12(ests\325 and to pr)14(esent the MDC as the)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [(or)15(ganisational agent of imperialism \(Hamilton 2002, p 2\).)]TJ 2.171 -1.28 TD -0.003 Tc -0.063 Tw [(The \324r)24(eal thr)19(eat\325 to Mugabe and his party is \324the desperate state of the economy)]TJ -2.171 -1.291 TD -0.012 Tc -0.062 Tw [(and its ef)8(fects on Zimbabwe\325s long-suf)27(fering people\325 \(Hamilton 2002, p 2\). \324Economic)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0 Tc -0.013 Tw [(failur)13(e confr)22(onts Mugabe mor)8(e sharply than opposition parties and for)24(eign critics)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0.022 Tw [(and the \324government\325s main foe is the shrinking economy)104(, an everyday r)20(eminder)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD 0.009 Tc 0.125 Tw (of mismanagement and corruption which makes most Zimbabweans long for)Tj 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tc -0.03 Tw [(political change \320 even those who could never vote for Mor)13(gan T)94(svangirai and the)]TJ 0 -1.28 TD -0.002 Tw [(MDC, damned by British Prime Minister T)84(ony Blair)-71(\325s claim to be working closely)]TJ 0 -1.291 TD 0 Tw (with it\325 \()Tj /F11 1 Tf 3.771 0 TD (Africa Confidential)Tj /F9 1 Tf 7.76 0 TD ( 2004b, p 3\).)Tj -9.36 -1.28 TD 0.012 Tw [(T)99(svangirai, on the other hand, sees his strategy \(articulated to Joseph W)52(inter)]TJ -2.171 -1.291 TD 0.09 Tw (of the BBC\) as \324to wait while Mr Mugabe mismanaged the economy to such an)Tj 0 -1.28 TD 0.047 Tw [(extent that he was for)9(ced out of of)23(fice\325. 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