Total alkalinity

Experiments for evaluating growth, survival and production performance of Indian Major Carp (IMC) fry were conducted in three creeks of Kaptai Lake viz., Islamabad, Hazachara and Vaittapara of Bangladesh for a period of eight weeks. Five-days-old IMC hatchling was stocked at a rate of one million/ha in all the three creeks and the feasibility of IMC fry raising was checked. Results indicated a significant spatial variation in specific growth rate (SGR) of IMC fry despite uniform stocking densities, attributable to variation in environmental parameters. Rohu was found to have comparatively higher SGR of 2.92±0.86 in Hazachara whereas Vaittapara creek was reported with higher SGR of 3.17±0.64 for mrigal. Islamabad creek was found to be conducive to catla with a SGR of 3.71±1.91. In general, higher gross and net productions of IMC fry were reported from Vaittapara creek, suggestive of its suitability for developing IMC fry raising techniques. Findings from the present study might have important implications for enhancing fish production and in designing economically viable IMC seed production under polyculture management in Kaptai Lake.

The present work evaluate the chemical conditions of the Murucupi river with relationship to the physical-chemical parameters and the presence of chemical elements in the water and correlations. The Murucupi river is located in the amazon region close the aluminum production area. Were analyzed the major, minor and trace elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, Al, Ba, Mn, Sr, Zn, Ni, Pb e Cu), and physical-chemical parameters, acidity, total alkalinity, organic matter, pH, turbidity, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen (OD) and total hardness. 13 collection points were selected along this river. In relation to the physical-chemical parameters the pH and OD only presented values in non conformity with the strip of values established by the resolution 357/05 of CONAMA. In relation to the chemical elements were found only the aluminum (Al: 356.04µg/L) and the iron (Fe: 1080.80µg/L), were in non conformity with the legislation. This results shows the anthropogenic influence in the contamin...

In order to study the effect of aquaculture activities in a rainbow trout breeding and cultivation farm on water physicochemical properties of Daryasar Stream (North of Iran), 5 sampling sites were selected inside the stream. The first station located at 35 m before the outlet was selected as the reference station and others were at the distance of 35, 125, 400 and 750 m after the outlet (50 m before the adjacent farm). A 15-day sampling intervals was selected and sampling survey was conducted in summer 2011. Physicochemical parameters including temperature, pH, EC, TDS, turbidity, DO, NO , NO , TAN and PO were measured. The results showed 3 2 4 that farm activities caused no significant changes in physical parameters of the water (P>0.05) while the difference of nitrogen and phosphorous compounds between before and after the outlet was significant (P<0.05). The latter compounds showed increasing trend at stations located near the outlet while indicated a downward trend at other stations implicating self-purification capacity of the stream for the pollutants.

Rhodolith beds are the dominant submerged calcifying aquatic vegetation in some coastal marine environments worldwide but few quantitative data are available regarding their physiology. In the Gulf of California (Mexico), Lithophyllum margaritae (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae) is the most abundant nongeniculate, rhodolith-forming coralline species. Over their gulf-wide distribution, rhodoliths are exposed to a wide range of seasonal temperatures (~8-32ºC). The effect of

Patients with epilepsy and treated with antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may develop metabolic bone disease; however, the exact pathogenesis of bone loss with AEDs is still unclear. Included were 75 adults with epilepsy (mean age: 31.90 ± 5.62 years; duration of treatment with AEDs: 10.57 ± 3.55 years) and 40 matched healthy controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral densities (BMD) of the femoral neck and lumbar spine were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Blood samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and OPG/RANKL ratio (markers of bone remodeling). Compared to controls, patients had lower BMD, BMC, Z-score, and T-score at the femoral neck and lumbar spine (all p < 0.001). Seventy-two percent and 29.33% of patients had osteoporosis of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Patients had significantly lower serum calcium, 25(OH)D, and OPG and higher ALP, sRANKL levels, and sRANKL/OPG (all p < 0.001). Fifty-two percent of patients had hypocalcemia, 93% had hypovitaminosis D, 31% had high levels of sRANKL, and 49% had low levels of OPG. No differences were identified between DEXA and laboratory results in relation to the type, dose, or serum levels of AEDs. BMD at the femoral neck and lumbar spine were found to be correlated with the duration of illness (p = 0.043; p = 0.010), duration of treatment with AEDs (p < 0.001; p = 0.012), and serum levels of 25(OH)D (p = 0.042; p = 0.010), sRANKLs (p = 0.005; p = 0.01), and OPG (p = 0.006; p = 0.01). In linear regression analysis and after adjusting for gender, age, weight, duration, and number of AEDs, we observed an association between BMD, 25(OH)D (p = 0.04) and sRANKL (p = 0.03) concentrations. We conclude that AEDs may compromise bone health through disturbance of mineral metabolism and acceleration of bone turnover mechanisms.

The present study was focused to determine the distributional patterns of the functional feeding groups (FFG) benthic macroinvertebrate in assessment of river health of the river Bhagirathi. The benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected bi-monthly at seven stations (S1–S7) during November 2023 to October 2024. Scrappers (31%) were most dominant group at S1, while gathering collectors (37%), filtering collectors (36%), predators (30%) and shredders (13%) at S7, S6, S3 and S4, respectively. Longitudinally, scrapers declined from S1 to S7, while gathering collectors increased from S1 to S7. However, no definite patterns were observed for filtering collectors, predators and shredders. Shredders, scrappers, gathering collectors, filtering collectors and predators were found significantly different among the stations. Longitudinally, scraper decreased while filtering collector increased from headwater to mouth, shredder, gathering collector and predator did not exhibit any pattern. The functional state of the river exhibited two groups; shredder-scraper and collector-predator.

The Baltic-C project aims at building predictive capability regarding the Baltic Sea organic/inorganic carbon and oxygen systems during present and future climate conditions. This modeling framework will be used for the predictive analysis of the functioning and dynamics of the Baltic Sea organic/inorganic carbon and oxygen systems. Significant components of the Baltic Sea carbon and oxygen systems relates to the uptake/release to the atmosphere. Air-sea exchange is controlled by the difference in concentration between the water surface and the atmosphere, but also by the efficiency of the transfer. Combination of surface water cooling and a deep ocean mixed layer generates convective eddies scaling with the depth of a mixed layer that enhances the efficiency of the air-sea transfer of CO2 (and possibly other gases). This enhancement is explained by the convective eddies disturbing the molecular diffusion layer and inducing increased turbulent mixing in the water (Rutgersson and Sme...

We estimated the net annual air-sea exchange of CO2 using high-quality monitoring data from the Gotland Sea, Bornholm Sea, and Kattegat for the 1993-2007 period. Sea surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2w), was calculated from pH, total alkalinity, temperature, and salinity. The pCO2w, daily wind speed, and three parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity (k) were used for the flux calculations. Direct pCO2 measurements from research cruises and data collected with an automated pCO2 measurement system deployed on a cargo ship were used to validate the calculated pCO2 data. The uptake and release of CO2 over the southern Baltic Sea and the Kattegat display large seasonal and inter-annual variations as well as regional differences. We demonstrate that regions in the southern Baltic Sea and the Kattegat alternate between being sinks (-) and sources (+) of CO2 within the +4.5 to -5 mol m-2 y-1 range. The average air-sea exchange over the period was -0.07 mol m-2 y-1 in the Gotland S...

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and Mineral-Bone
Disorders (MBD) are important health problems. According to the
KDIGO CKD-MBD guideline, bone loss and fracture risks are higher in
CKD patients than in age-matched controls throughout all the stages, with
the highest incidence among dialysis patients. Bone densitometry (BMD)
is a preferred method for diagnosing osteopenia/osteoporosis. Interpreting
bone densitometry in End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients requires
careful assessment.
Aim of the study: To determine the pattern of bone mineral density
in optimal skeletal measurement sites in patients of both genders on
maintenance hemodialysis using the DEXA method.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Nephrology
department of Dhaka Medical College Hospital from October 2020 to
October 2021. A total of 60 ESRD patients (Group A, 30 male and Group
B, 30 female patients) fulfilling the selection criteria were included in this
study. All the subjects were evaluated clinically, and relevant data were
recorded in a structured questionnaire. Bone Mineral Densitometry (BMD)
test was done in every study population. Laboratory data was collected
after measuring serum calcium, phosphate and iPTH levels. Statistical
analysis of the clinical, densitometric and laboratory data was obtained
using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Packages
for Social Sciences (SPSS-23). Results were expressed in various tables.

Experiments were conducted in laboratory to observe periphytic growth on four types of plastic sheets, such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) and acrylic placed inside the glass aquaria filled with fertilized freshwater for 45 days. Observations were made in every 15th day for growth of periphyton both qualitatively and quantitatively on the plastic sheets, and physico-chemical properties of aquaria water were recorded during periphyton samplings. Significant difference (P&lt;0.05) in periphyton quantity per unit area of the plastic sheets was found among the treatments and the volume from FRP sheet was higher (7.10±0.26 ml/0.1 m2) than the polyethylene (4.43±0.35 ml/0.1 m2), polypropylene (3.35±0.20 ml/0.1 m2) and acrylic sheet (2.32±0.31 ml/0.1 m2). Total 38 periphytic microalgae (Chlorophyceae– 4 types, Cyanophyceae – 11 types, Bacillariophyceae – 15 types and Desmidiaceae – 8 types) were recorded from these sheets. Polyethylene sheet had mo...

High biomass and heavy particle loads may interfere with carbonate chemistry analyses of samples from experimental aquaria and cultures used to investigate the impact of ocean acidification on organisms, as well as from biologically productive coastal regions. For such samples, a filtration method is needed that does not change the dissolved CO2 content, and consequently does not alter the total dissolved inorganic carbon and pH of the sample. Here, a filtration method is presented in which the sample seawater is pumped by a peristaltic pump through a replaceable 0.45 µm filter in a 50 mm polycarbonate filter holder and then into the sample bottle. Seawater samples of known carbonate composition were filtered to confirm that the filtration method did not alter the CO2 content, and compromise the subsequent sample analysis and data usefulness. Seawater samples with added phytoplankton concentrations in the range of 1–5 × 105 cells mL−1 were also filtered successfully. Finally, seawat...

Ocean liming, OL is proposed as a geoengineering technic with the intention to artificial increase ocean alkalinisation. Enhanced alkalinity will increase the acid neutralizing capacity and thereby reverse ocean acidification. The increased alkalinity is predicted to originate from CO2, making OL a tool to sequester atmospheric CO2. This study tries to clarify the mechanisms taking place in OL by measuring pH, total alkalinity, particular formation and actual ions development using two types of CaO (coarse and fine). From comparing rate for different concentrations of fine CaO (0.01-, 0.015-and 0.02 g L -1 ) the reaction rate appears to follow first order. The extent of particular formation which unfolds the first 10-20 minutes after an addition is related to CaO dose. The magnitude of the formation could be important in OL contexts as it might cause biological consequences. The absolute pH and alkalinity for different grain size CaO is comparable, but coarse grained showed a slower reaction rate and only a small immediate peak of precipitation. Total alkalinity increased 1.68 mole per mole CaO (0.01 g L -1 fine CaO), but OL potential to sequester CO2 should be investigated further in an open system experiment with constant pCO2. OL's global contribution in removing CO2 is however closely linked to the scale of production as well as carbon capture technologies, emissions from mining, transportations and heating. OL can however be a possible solution to reverse ocean acidification.