Spot Test

Cotton-extracted cellulose nanocrystals are spin-coated from aqueous suspension (0.6 wt%) onto glass slides to give ca. 40 nm thick films. Impregnation with LiCl and redox active Fe(CN)6 3-/4-into this film gives extremely thin redox active layers (typically 170 nm at 60% relative humidity), which were investigated with a 4-point or 3-point probe electrochemical system based on 250 m diameter platinum wire probes. Both voltammetry and impedance measurements were performed and effects from humidity, concentrations, and time domain on measurements are reported. Only a pico-litre volume under the working electrode was "active" to give a novel electroanalytical "spot test".

This study investigates the expansive nature of soils from various regions in Indonesia, focusing on their natural and poststabilization characteristics. The research aims to bridge the gap in understanding the relationship between Methylene Blue Value (MBV) and soil expansivity, both in natural and stabilized states. Soil samples were systematically collected from seven locations across three Indonesian islands and subjected to a range of laboratory tests, including X-ray diffraction analysis, to determine their properties and mineral composition. Compaction and swell tests were conducted to establish Maximum Dry Density (MDD) and Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), as well as swell pressure and free swell parameters. The study further explored soil improvement techniques using cement and lime stabilizers at varying concentrations from 5% to 15%. The results indicated that both cement and lime significantly reduce swell pressure and free swell, with a 15% additive concentration being optimal for mitigation. The analysis revealed a strong correlation between MBV and soil expansivity, with higher MBV values indicating greater expansivity. Regression analysis showed a non-linear relationship between MBV and swell pressure, explaining 97.8% of the variation in swell pressure. Additionally, a linear relationship between MBV and the expansive mineral content was identified, suggesting that the Methylene Blue Test can serve as a cost-effective and rapid substitute for identifying expansive minerals in the soil. The findings highlight the reliability of MBV as an indicator of soil behavior and its potential application in predicting soil expansivity.

Shoor Vir Singh*, Bjorn John Stephen, Manju Singh, Saurabh Gupta, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Sahzad, Tarun Kumar Sachan, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Kuldeep Dhama, S Y Mukartal and Zahra Hemati Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO-Farah, Mathura 281 122, India Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur 303 002, India Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, India Department of Patho-biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

El desarrollo cultural Capacha se ubicó en el Valle de Colima a finales del Preclásico Temprano y principios del Preclásico Medio. Este es uno de los grupos humanos más enigmáticos del Occidente de México a consecuencia de que no conocemos contextos más allá de sus ofrendas funerarias, ricas en materiales cerámicos. Es por ello que para este trabajo se realizó el análisis de residuos químicos mediante spot tests de 50 vasijas Capacha de 11 formas distintas, todas ellas recuperadas por Kelly en las décadas de 1960 y 1970, y resguardadas en el Museo Nacional de Antropología de la Ciudad de México. Los resultados mostraron que posiblemente en gran parte de los recipientes se ofrendaron alimentos ricos en proteínas correspondientes a una variedad de caldos, bebidas y guisos. La forma, tamaño y residuos en algunas vasijas indicaron que pudieron.
///
///
The Capacha culture developed in the Colima Valley at the end of the Early Preclassic and beginning of the Middle Preclassic. This is one of the most enigmatic human groups of Western Mexico, because there are not known contexts beyond their funerary offerings, which are rich in ceramic materials. We conducted spot-test chemical residue analysis of 50 Capacha vessels of 11 different shapes, all of them recovered by Kelly in the 1960s and 1970s and kept in the National Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. Results might be associated with diverse preparations of
foodstuff rich in protein, according to the presence of protein residues. The archaeological context from where the vessels were obtained, the size, and the chemical residues suggested that some pieces might have been used to offer blood.

Shoor Vir Singh*, Bjorn John Stephen, Manju Singh, Saurabh Gupta, Kundan Kumar Chaubey, Sahzad, Tarun Kumar Sachan, Jagdip Singh Sohal, Kuldeep Dhama, S Y Mukartal and Zahra Hemati Animal Health Division, Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, PO-Farah, Mathura 281 122, India Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur 303 002, India Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar 243 122, India Veterinary College, Hebbal, Bengaluru 560 024, India Department of Patho-biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

The Varniai depression situated in theSamogitian Highland was formed during the Baltija Stadial of the Last Glaciation. The highest terraces of the mentioned depression have got their shape at the very beginning of the Late Glacial. Several lower terraces might have been formed in the Allerd. The low Preboreal/Boreal level of the lake were changed by the Atlantic transgression, however, without exceeding +155 m NN. At about 3250-3300 14 C years BP, when water level dropped down to +150 m NN, bogging of the large areas started. Inves tigated lacustrine cores have reached as far back as Preboreal. At about 8900-8700 l4 C years BP deciduous trees migrated in the territory and broad-leaved trees prospered at about 7000-6000 14 C years BP. Spruce, widespread in the region at about 5200 Įvadas Žemaičių aukštumos centrinėje dalyje plytinčiose vaizdingose Biržulio ežero apylinkėse aptikta ypač daug akmens ir geležies amžiaus paminklų (1 pav.). Išsiski riantis gamtine aplinka bei gyventojų ūkinės veiklos istorija regionas yra labai svarbus nustatant svarbiau sius ūkio ir gamtinės aplinkos raidos etapus šiaurės vakarų Lietuvoje. Biržulio ežeras yra centrinėje Žemaičių aukštumos dalyje, Varnių depresijoje, kuri formavosi paskutinio-Nemuno-apledėjimo veikiama 1. Egzistuojantis nuo pat ankstyviausių vėlyvojo ledynmečio etapų, Biržu lio ežeras yra puiki vieta tirti gamtinės aplinkos rai dai per pastaruosius 13-14 tūkstančius metų 2. Auga lijos kaita ežero apylinkėse, vandens lygio pokyčiai И С years BP, two thousand years later became the prevailing component of local forests. The earliest insignificant traces of the human interference and formation of the forest glades are pronounced in the vicinities of Mesolithic sites dated back to 7600-7900 И С years BP. As early as the Late Neolithic, agri culture became an important part of the local economy. In creasing intensity of the agriculture activities is confirmed by the rising representation of the farming indicators and thin ning of the forest cover throughout the Late Bronze Age. Pe riod of the intensive husbandry and land cultivation coincides with the historical times when formation of the new landscape in the environs of the Biržulis Lake started.

XX amžiuje ekologijos mokslui susiskaidžius į smulkesnes mokslo sakas, tarp kurių yra ir paleoekologija, pastaroji dažnai nepelnytai nustumiama į antrą planą (arba visai ignoruojama). Tuo tarpu nuolatinis, nuoseklus ir tikslus paleoaplinkos tyrimų rezultatų fiksavimas, koreliuotos interpretacijos regioniniu mastu, gali būti naudingos sprendžiant dabarties ekologines problemas, padėti atskirti natūralią gamtine kaitą nuo technogeninio poveikio sukeltos aplinkos kaitos. Naudojant kompleksinius tyrimus jau kelis desimtmecius yra bandoma suvokti ekosistemų evoliucijos dėsningumus. Siekiant nustatyti pagrindinius natūralius paleoaplinkos kaitos parametrus pietrycių Lietuvoje vėlyvajame ledynmetyje, atlikti kompleksiniai detalūs tyrimai Ūlos upės atodangoje, kurioje po eolinio smėlio sluoksniu slūgso gitijos ir molingos gitijos sluoksniai. Tyrimų rezultatai bei naujos 14 C (AMS) datos leidžia teigti, jog nuosėdos formavosi vėlyvojo ledynmecio metu, jo silciausio intervalo, biolingo–alerod...

The Varniai depression situated in theSamogitian Highland was formed during the Baltija Stadial of the Last Glaciation. The highest terraces of the mentioned depression have got their shape at the very beginning of the Late Glacial. Several lower terraces might have been formed in the Allerd. The low Preboreal/Boreal level of the lake were changed by the Atlantic transgression, however, without exceeding +155 m NN. At about 3250-3300 14 C years BP, when water level dropped down to +150 m NN, bogging of the large areas started. Inves tigated lacustrine cores have reached as far back as Preboreal. At about 8900-8700 l4 C years BP deciduous trees migrated in the territory and broad-leaved trees prospered at about 7000-6000 14 C years BP. Spruce, widespread in the region at about 5200 Įvadas Žemaičių aukštumos centrinėje dalyje plytinčiose vaizdingose Biržulio ežero apylinkėse aptikta ypač daug akmens ir geležies amžiaus paminklų (1 pav.). Išsiski riantis gamtine aplinka bei gyventojų ūkinės veiklos istorija regionas yra labai svarbus nustatant svarbiau sius ūkio ir gamtinės aplinkos raidos etapus šiaurės vakarų Lietuvoje. Biržulio ežeras yra centrinėje Žemaičių aukštumos dalyje, Varnių depresijoje, kuri formavosi paskutinio-Nemuno-apledėjimo veikiama 1. Egzistuojantis nuo pat ankstyviausių vėlyvojo ledynmečio etapų, Biržu lio ežeras yra puiki vieta tirti gamtinės aplinkos rai dai per pastaruosius 13-14 tūkstančius metų 2. Auga lijos kaita ežero apylinkėse, vandens lygio pokyčiai И С years BP, two thousand years later became the prevailing component of local forests. The earliest insignificant traces of the human interference and formation of the forest glades are pronounced in the vicinities of Mesolithic sites dated back to 7600-7900 И С years BP. As early as the Late Neolithic, agri culture became an important part of the local economy. In creasing intensity of the agriculture activities is confirmed by the rising representation of the farming indicators and thin ning of the forest cover throughout the Late Bronze Age. Pe riod of the intensive husbandry and land cultivation coincides with the historical times when formation of the new landscape in the environs of the Biržulis Lake started.

Expansive clays cause problems throughout the earth, in particular for the locations in arid or semi-arid climate. Ankara (Turkey) is in semi-arid climate and change in moisture content of the reddish-brown expansive Ankara clay causes swell-shrink related movements and damages on lightweight structures. Over-estimation of undrained shear strength of an expansive clay without considering swell amount can lead to failures (i.e., bearing capacity, slope stability, and pile capacity). Since the existence of water significantly affects the engineering properties of the swelling soils, the effect of swell on the undrained shear strength of Ankara clay was researched in this laboratory study. To verify this effect, tests were done on three expansive Ankara clay samples with distinct degree of expansiveness. Expansive clay samples were taken from several sites in Ankara. Before swell-shear test cycle, index properties of the samples were determined. Swelling of the specimens in designed molds and shearing process including 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of ultimate vertical swell and 100% swell were followed it. It has been determined that undrained shear strength of the expansive Ankara clay is considerably affected by the amount of swell depending on the test results. The undrained shear strength decreases with increasing water content. It was observed that the shear strength of the specimens was decreased to nearly 70% of its initial value, even at the 10% of ultimate swell, and the undrained shear strength of expansive Ankara clay specimens was lost to a degree of almost 90% of their initial value (i.e., almost complete loss of strength due to swelling), this is one of the major factors causing failure of structures in/on the expansive Ankara clay due to wetting in the depth of active zone. Keywords Expansive clay. Free swell index. Methylene blue test. Swell percentage. Rate of swell. Undrained shear strength

A cemented limonite deposit and sunken features recorded at the Mikniškiai settlement site (mid-1st century BC-early 3rd century AD) have been interpreted as potential signs of shallow opencast ore mining. Inhabitants of this area of Lithuania maintained close relations with the Bogaczewo culture, through which knowledge of iron metallurgy spread. However, the archaeometallurgical investigation revealed that the tested samples represent natural bog ore that was insufficiently Fe-enriched material for iron smelting. There were no attempts to increase the iron content by proper pre-processing of the ore. Moreover, the archaeological investigation revealed no traces of ore roasting and not a single piece of iron slag was found at the site. This implies that to assume the occurrence of ore-rich sediments in the vicinity of Iron Age settlements as an indication of iron bloomery might be premature and the circumstances of their discovery allow more than one alternative interpretation. bog iron ore-limonite-archaeometallurgy-Iron Age settlement-Southern Lithuania Ložisko stmeleného limonitu a zahloubené objekty zachycené v rámci sídliště Mikniškiai (polovina 1. století př. n. l.-počátek 3. století n. l.) byly interpretovány jako potenciální známky mělké povrchové těžby rudy. Obyvatelé této oblasti Litvy udržovali úzké vztahy s kulturou Bogaczewo, jejímž prostřednictvím se šířily znalosti o metalurgii železa. Archeometalurgický průzkum však ukázal, že testované vzorky předsta vují přírodní bahenní rudu, která nebyla dostatečně obohacena pro tavení železa. Nebyly zaznamenány žádné pokusy o zvýšení obsahu železa vhodným předzpracováním rudy. Archeologický průzkum navíc ne odhalil žádné stopy po pražení rudy a v lokalitě nebyl nalezen ani jeden kus železné strusky. Z toho vyplývá, že předpokládat výskyt sedimentů bohatých na rudu v okolí sídliště z doby železné jako známku hutnění železa by mohlo být předčasné a okolnosti nálezu umožňují více než jednu alternativní interpretaci. bahenní ruda-limonit-archeometalurgie-sídliště doby železné-jižní Litva

More than 500 datasets from the literature have been used to evaluate the relationships of specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC) and activity versus the liquid limit (LL). The correlations gave R 2 values ranging between 0.71 and 0.92. Independent data were also used to validate the correlations. Estimated SSA values slightly overestimate the measured SSA up to 100 m 2 /g. Regarding the estimated CEC values, they overestimated the measured CEC values up to 20 meq/(100 g). A probabilistic approach was performed for the correlations of SSA, CEC and activity versus LL. The analysis shows that the relations of SSA, CEC and activity with LL are robust. Using the LL values, it is possible to assess other basic engineering properties of clays.

Recent studies indicate that an analysis of geochemical and geophysical properties of sediments can contribute towards the detection of human occupation beyond the archaeological remains. This is because anthropogenic activity, including food preparation, fireplaces, middenning or craft-working, alters the natural sediments in recognizable ways, forming new soil characteristics that can be traced and measured through multi-analytical methodologies. To date, elevated levels of Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mg, K, Na, Zn, etc., have been commonly found in archaeological soils and associated with specific inputs (

Kultūros paveldo tyrimai ir išsaugojimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių šių dienų visuomenės iššūkių, susijusių su daugelių šiandienos socialinių, kultūrinių, technologinių aktualijų. Šiomis sąlygomis daugumai orga­nizacijų kyla išteklių, būtinų visaverčiam paveldo monitoringui ir išsaugojimui, problema. Ypač tai ryšku šalyse, kurių BVP yra mažesnis ar politinė situacija ne tokia stabili. Straipsnyje aptariamas vienas galimų šios problemos sprendimų: informacijos valdymo metodologija grįsto požiūrio ir 3D lazerinio skenavimo technologijų taikymas kultūros paveldo srityje. Straipsnyje aptariami du tirti paveldo atvejai (pilkapiai ir Vilniaus senamiestis), siejami su dviem skirtingo informacinio pobūdžio uždavinių sprendimais – pusiau automatinės paveldo objektų paieškos natūraliame kraštovaizdyje ir paveldo objektų kaitos monitorin­go metodologijos.

Ante la incógnita de la función y los contenidos de las vasijas Capacha (1500-800 a.C.), en esta investigación se realizó un análisis de residuos químicos mediante spot tests a 50 vasijas cerámicas de esta sociedad, todas ellas procedentes de la colección recuperada por Isabel Kelly en el Valle de Colima durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970.

The identification of chemical activity residues on archaeological surfaces requires the analysis of large numbers of samples, which can be costly and time consuming. Researchers wishing to apply sediment chemistry often are confronted with a dilemma of which technique to use and how to accommodate sediment chemistry into their budget. We propose an approach to the identification of chemical activity residues in which semiquantitative spot tests, which are cheap, quick, and easy to apply, are employed as an initial phase of analysis in order to leverage the results of more timeconsuming and costly instrumental techniques. Three examples that pair spot tests with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis show that spot tests successfully identify areas of interest. This approach can save both time and research funds.

As drug overdose deaths across the United States continue to rise, there is increasing interest in field testing of illicit substances. This work discusses a paper-based analytical device (idPAD) that can run a library of 12 colorimetric tests at the same time, each detecting different chemical functional groups and materials found in illicit drugs, distractor substances, and cutting agents. The idPAD requires no electricity, costs less than $2 USD, and requires minimal training to operate. The results of the 12 tests form a color barcode which is "read" by comparison to standard images. The accuracy of the idPAD was assessed using samples of heroin, cocaine HCl, crack, and methamphetamine at concentrations of 25%−100% in a lactose matrix, as well as pure lactose. Based on 840 "reads" by three different users, the idPAD showed 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity for detecting these drugs; the most common error was mistaking cocaine HCl for crack or crack for cocaine HCl. In a second step, samples of heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine (n=30) and distractor substances (pharmaceuticals, cutting agents, and other illicit drugs, n=64) were tested by two readers, yielding a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 97%. Targeted substances were detected reliably at 55-180 μg/lane, and the idPAD was found to be stable for at least 3 months when stored at room temperature. The library approach used in the idPAD may provide the accuracy and robustness necessary for a presumptive field drug test. Keywords paper analytical device and PAD; presumptive test; field test; illicit drug; controlled substance; field drug analysis Street drugs consist of unregulated and highly variable mixtures of illicit drugs and cutting agents, making them difficult to evaluate under field conditions. We designed a paper analytical device (idPAD) to run multiple chemical color tests on illicit drugs at the same

A qualitative spot-test and tandem quantitative analysis of dipyrone in the bulk drug and in pharmaceutical preparations is proposed. The formation of a reddish-violet color indicates a positive result. In sequence a quantitative procedure can be performed in the same flask. The quantitative results obtained were statistically compared with those obtained with the method indicated by the Brazilian Pharmacopoeia, using the Student's t and the F tests. Considering the concentration in a 100 µL aliquot, the qualitative visual limit of detection is about 5×10-6 g; instrumental LOD ≅ 1.4×10-4 mol L-1 ; LOQ ≅ 4.5×10-4 mol L-1.

The identification of chemical activity residues on archaeological surfaces requires the analysis of large numbers of samples, which can be costly and time consuming. Researchers wishing to apply sediment chemistry often are confronted with a dilemma of which technique to use and how to accommodate sediment chemistry into their budget. We propose an approach to the identification of chemical activity residues in which semiquantitative spot tests, which are cheap, quick, and easy to apply, are employed as an initial phase of analysis in order to leverage the results of more timeconsuming and costly instrumental techniques. Three examples that pair spot tests with gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry analysis show that spot tests successfully identify areas of interest. This approach can save both time and research funds.

The swelling potential analytics and the ion exchange reaction of highly expansive soils in a soil stabilization process have been reviewed. The importance of these factors in deciding suitable construction materials and chemical additives utilized as alternative or supplementary binders in clayey soil stabilization has been discussed also. The outcome of this study has shown that Al 3+ , Si 4+ , and Ca 2+ are the most suitable exchangeable cations with OH-as the suitable exchangeable anion leading to the formation of C-AS -H, which is the compound responsible for strengthening. The swelling potential analytics also proposed the expression w sT = 0.00216 × as the total swelling potential with respect to the depth of a foundation material constructed with clayey soil. This study revealed that during the wet season, hydraulically bound foundation materials experience undesirable volume changes with the highest swelling potential expected at the surface within the active (unstable) zone of the foundation. Generally, the treatment of highly expansive soil with very high swelling potential should be concentrated at the surface and reduced along the depth of the foundation matrix. With this proposed guide, the utilization of alternative or supplementary cementing materials as construction materials in the stabilization of clayey soil to improve swelling can be conducted with a more sustainable approach.

Kultūros paveldo tyrimai ir išsaugojimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių šių dienų visuomenės iššūkių, susijusių su daugelių šiandienos socialinių, kultūrinių, technologinių aktualijų. Šiomis sąlygomis daugumai orga­nizacijų kyla išteklių, būtinų visaverčiam paveldo monitoringui ir išsaugojimui, problema. Ypač tai ryšku šalyse, kurių BVP yra mažesnis ar politinė situacija ne tokia stabili. Straipsnyje aptariamas vienas galimų šios problemos sprendimų: informacijos valdymo metodologija grįsto požiūrio ir 3D lazerinio skenavimo technologijų taikymas kultūros paveldo srityje. Straipsnyje aptariami du tirti paveldo atvejai (pilkapiai ir Vilniaus senamiestis), siejami su dviem skirtingo informacinio pobūdžio uždavinių sprendimais – pusiau automatinės paveldo objektų paieškos natūraliame kraštovaizdyje ir paveldo objektų kaitos monitorin­go metodologijos.

Tyrimu siekiama nustatyti, kaip renatūralizacijos metu kinta žemapelkės durpžemio PDž (Terric Histosol, HSs) cheminė sudėtis. Išanalizuoti dirvožemio ėminiai paimti 2012 m. buvusioje Radviliškio bandymų stoties tyrimų vietoje (0-30 cm) trimis pakartojimais. Nustatyta, kad dėl skirtingo dirvožemio naudo jimo, dirbimo ir tręšimo Terric Histosol turėjo nevienodą kiekį C, N, K ir P. Skir tingai naudojamo žemapelkės durpžemio pH svyravo nuo 5,5 iki 7,5. Didžiausi C org , N, P bei judriųjų humuso ir huminių rūgščių kiekiai nustatyti žemapelkėje su nepašalintu durpių sluoksniu, palyginti su nukastos žemapelkės durpžemiu, naudotu skirtingoms žemės ūkio reikmėms. Dėl intensyvios mineralizacijos nenukastame durpiniame dirvožemyje nustatyta didžiausia P koncentracija bu vusiame sėjomainos lauke (0,17 %) ir nenaudojamoje žemapelkėje (0,16 %), kur nustatyta mažiau humuso ir huminių rūgščių. Tyrimų vietoje pastaruosius 12 metų vykstant renatūralizacijai tarp skirtingos žemėnaudos laukų yra pastebi mi dirvožemio cheminių savybių skirtumai. Jie yra tiesiogiai susiję su dirvožemio naudojimo žemės ūkio tikslams skirtumais.

The aim of the paper is preliminary analysis of specific features of gated communities' development in Lithuania (on the example of Vilnius and its environs). First part of the paper discusses the appearance of gated communities in Vilnius and its environs, inventories these communities and shows their main distinguishing features. The second part is devoted to the main features of gated communities in Lithuania and discussion of their possible development trends based on the interview data obtained in the gated communities. References 12. Figs. 5. Tables 8. In English, summary in Lithuanian.

Este trabalho descreve um método para a determinação quantitativa de ácido acetilsalicílico (ASA) utilizando procedimento "spot test" e reflectância difusa. O método é baseado na formação do complexo de cor roxa intensa entre o ácido salicílico, obtido a partir da hidrólise alcalina do ASA, e íons Fe(III). O procedimento proposto permite a análise de medicamentos contendo ASA de forma fácil e simples, uma vez que não é necessário fazer separações. A reflectância da mistura final, colocada sobre um disco de papel de filtro, é medida diretamente. Foram analisados nove medicamentos comerciais contendo ASA cujos resultados apresentaram um desvio padrão relativo médio de 0,9%. O limite para a determinação quantitativa é de 0,6 mg de ASA na solução de trabalho. As análises feitas com o método proposto foram comparadas com outras análises, das mesmas amostras, segundo o procedimento recomendado pela "United States Pharmacopoeia", onde se observou um desvio padrão relativo de 0,6%. Compararam-se os dois métodos utilizando-se o teste t de Student. Para um grau de liberdade ν = 4 (ν = n 1 + n 2 -2) e um limite de confiança α = 0.05, onde t = 2,78, todos os resultados foram concordantes. This paper describes a quantitative reflectance spot test procedure for the determination of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in pharmaceutical preparations. The method is based on the reaction of salicylic acid, obtained from the hydrolysis of ASA, with Fe(III) forming a deep blue-violet compound. Medicines containing ASA can be easily analyzed by the proposed method as it is not necessary to do any separation. The final mixture is placed on a sheet of filter paper, and the reflectance is directly measured. Nine commercial medicines containing acetylsalicylic acid were analyzed with the proposed method. The mean RSD was 0.9%. Results were compared with those obtained with the United States Pharmacopoeia recommended procedure (RSD 0.6%). The quantitative detection limit is 0.6 mg ASA in the working solution. For a degree of freedom ν = 4 (ν = n 1 + n 2 -2) and a confidence coefficient α = 0.05 all the results agree under the tabulated t-Student test value (2.78).

A procedure based on a spot test for salicylate is presented. The method is simple, rugged and is based on the salycilate native fluorescence measurement on the surface of a filter paper by using optical fibers for light conduction. The fluorescence was linear at concentration range of 0.01-0.4 mmol l 21. The relative standard deviation of 5% (n ¼ 10) was observed. Detection and quantification limits were 4 and 14 mmol l 21 , respectively. The results obtained in pharmaceutical salicylate determinations showed that practically no statistical difference existed with the pharmacopeical method (95% confidence level). The recovery studies in biological samples spiked with salicylic acid at overdose concentration levels showed that the matrix sample did not interfere in the method.

The lack of archaeological data in Trans-Nemunas region is a huge problem for archaeologists to this day. There are some hillforts, settlements, former village sites extant but most of the burial sites are already gone or destroyed due to agricultural work. Even less of these sites are researched. Therefore, it is difficult to know and understand Trans-Nemunas region development based on archaeological data. The main aim of this article is to sort out when the Prehisotrical times in this region ended, and when the Historical times began, what happened during this time in the territory, while speaking about it‘s accommodation difference. Article contains various theories of historians, archaeologists and linguists about region‘s development during 13th-16th centuries, also the archaeological data was taken from Register of Cultural Property. Based on historians‘ (D. Baronas, A. Dubonis, J. Kiaupienė, R. Petrauskas) opinion, the prehistorical times in Trans-Nemunas ends within 13th ce...

The article offers a comparison of two visual texts, maps which use different means of expression to visualize a single phenomenon, namely the projected change in rainfall in Europe in the period from 2071 to 2100. These are projections of qualitative data that reflect the relation between a natural phenomenon and a particular geographic location. Rainfall described in figures is presented to the viewer via graphic, verbal, and even material means of expres-sion that help create the impression of the phenomenon’s exist-ence. Map 1 (fig. 1) is a visualisation of rainfall on a completely flat surface created mostly through abstract graphic means of expression. Map 2 (fig. 2, 3, 3a) is a three-dimensional installation consisting of a horizontal map, made of moss and their life-support infrastructure. The latter ensures proper dosage of water and light, thus creating a local ecosystem to control the growth of the moss.The semiotic method of analysis is used to disclose and compare the s...

Paveldo tvarkybos reglamentas nustato, kad plauti archeologinių sluoksnių gruntą privalu povandeninės archeologijos ekspedicijose, sijojimo arba plovimo metodą rekomenduojama taikyti tiriant uždarus archeologinius kompleksus, degintinius kapus, archeologinius sluoksnius, kur daug smulkių radinių (PTR 2.13.01:2011 „Archeologinio paveldo tvarkyba“, str. 19.8 ir 23.3). Deja, praeityje ir šiandien archeologinių sluoksnių gruntas Lietuvoje plaunamas itin retai, o apie metodo taikymą, priemones ir tokių tyrimų eigą trūksta net bendros informacijos.

A procedure based on a spot test for salicylate is presented. The method is simple, rugged and is based on the salycilate native fluorescence measurement on the surface of a filter paper by using optical fibers for light conduction. The fluorescence was linear at concentration range of 0.01-0.4 mmol l 21. The relative standard deviation of 5% (n ¼ 10) was observed. Detection and quantification limits were 4 and 14 mmol l 21 , respectively. The results obtained in pharmaceutical salicylate determinations showed that practically no statistical difference existed with the pharmacopeical method (95% confidence level). The recovery studies in biological samples spiked with salicylic acid at overdose concentration levels showed that the matrix sample did not interfere in the method.

Dėl pastaruoju metu vis dažniau pasitaikančių ekstremalių upių nuotėkio režimo pokyčių mokslinėje literatūroje aptariami nuotėkio formavimosi ypatumai. Atliekami darbai nagri nėjant klimato pokyčius, taip pat daug dėmesio skiriama žemėnaudos struktūroms. Šiame straipsnyje išsamiai išnagrinėjus upių baseinų litologinę struktūrą atskirais priekrančių ruožais siekiama įvertinti upių nuotėkio formavimosi ypatybes. Baseinų litologinis veiks nys buvo skaičiuojamas remiantis Lietuvos kvartero M 1 : 200 000 ir upių M 1 : 50 000 žemėlapiais ArcGis programine įranga. Nagrinėjamų teritorijų išsamesnei litologijos įtakai analizuoti išskirti 0-50 m, 50-200 m, 200-500 m, 500-800 m, 800-1000 m ir >1000 m iki takoskyros ruožai, skaičiuojant atstumu metrais nuo kranto. Atrinkti ir ištirti 8 tipingos li tologinės struktūros (smėlingi, priemolingi, molingi) upių baseinai. Analizuoti 1960-2007 laikotarpio metai, kuriais iškrito daugiausia kritulių (iki 33 % tikimybės), bei nustatyti de bito ir kritulių ryšiai, o suformavus hidromodulį-ir litologinės struktūros. Tyrimai parodė, kad daugiau negu 50 % smėlių plotai baseinuose, atskirose baseinų dalyse ar ruožuose atvirkščiai proporcingai veikia upės nuotėkį. Didesni (daugiau kaip 12 km 2) vienalyčiai molingi plotai nuotėkį veikia dvejopai: tiesiogiai-11,78-55,17 % ir atvirkščiai proporcingai-69,63-98,55 % kritulių tikimybės laikotarpiu. Esant mažiau kaip 70 % priemolio upės baseino, baseino dalies ar ruožo ploto, kritulių ir nuotėkio pri klausomumo savybės yra panašios kaip smėlingų baseinų grupių, o per 70 %-kritulių ir nuotėkio ryšys panašus kaip molinguose baseinuose.

Kultūros paveldo tyrimai ir išsaugojimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių šių dienų visuomenės iššūkių, susijusių su daugelių šiandienos socialinių, kultūrinių, technologinių aktualijų. Šiomis sąlygomis daugumai orga­nizacijų kyla išteklių, būtinų visaverčiam paveldo monitoringui ir išsaugojimui, problema. Ypač tai ryšku šalyse, kurių BVP yra mažesnis ar politinė situacija ne tokia stabili. Straipsnyje aptariamas vienas galimų šios problemos sprendimų: informacijos valdymo metodologija grįsto požiūrio ir 3D lazerinio skenavimo technologijų taikymas kultūros paveldo srityje. Straipsnyje aptariami du tirti paveldo atvejai (pilkapiai ir Vilniaus senamiestis), siejami su dviem skirtingo informacinio pobūdžio uždavinių sprendimais – pusiau automatinės paveldo objektų paieškos natūraliame kraštovaizdyje ir paveldo objektų kaitos monitorin­go metodologijos.

akademija, Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas; tel., faks.: (8~37) 36 35 05 2 Veterinarinės medicinos katedra, Agrotechnologijų fakultetas, Vilniaus kolegija J. Jasinskio g. 15, LT-01111 Vilnius; tel. (8~5) 219 1600; faks. (8~5) 219 1622 el. paštas: [email protected] Santrauka. Analizuojant skirtingo kalcio ir fosforo santykio įtaką vištų dedeklių lesalų sąnaudoms, dėslumui ir kokybiniams kiaušinių rodikliams, su 60 Hy-Line Brown linijų derinio vištų, suskirstytų į tris grupes, atliktas lesinimo bandymas. Kontrolinės grupės vištos lesintos kombinuotaisiais lesalais, kurių sudėtyje buvo 0,6 proc. monokalcio fosfato, absorbuojamojo fosforo kiekis-0,40 proc., Ca ir P santykis-9:1. Į tiriamųjų grupių kombinuotuosius lesalus pridėta 1,60 proc. ir 2,60 proc. monokalcio fosfato, absorbuojamojo fosforo kiekis buvo atitinkamai 0,60 proc. ir 0,80 proc., Ca ir P santykis-6:1 ir 4,5:1. Skirtingas monokalcio fosfato kiekis, kai Ca ir P santykis 4,5-9:1, lesalų s...

Naujas požiūris į Dubičių mikroregiono neolitines gyvenvietes taikant GIS erdvinę analizęStraipsnyje analizuojamas akmens amžiaus gyvenviečių gausa ir įvairove išsiskiriantis Dubičių mikroregionas, pristatomos GIS erdvinės analizės teikiamos galimybės rekonstruoti šio mikroregiono neolito laikotarpio kraštovaizdį, ištirti sąlygas, nulėmusias akmens amžiaus gyvenviečių vietos pasirinkimą, ir nustatyti vietas, kuriose didžiausia tikimybė aptikti naujų, dar nežinomų neolitinių gyvenviečių.

02; faks. +370 37 32 79 16; el. paštas: [email protected] Santrauka. 325 Listeria monocytogenes izoliatai iš žmogaus, maisto ir gamtinės aplinkos šaltinių išanalizuoti automatine "DuPont Qualicon RiboPrinter®" sistema, naudojant EcoR1 fermentus. Visi žmogaus izoliatai (n=137) paimti 1992-2005 metais iš ligonių. Maisto ir gamtinės aplinkos izoliatai surinkti Norvegijoje 1989-2002 metais iš skirtingų su maistu susijusių šaltinių. Iš viso identifikuotos 37 L. monocytogenes padermės. Dažniausiai aptinkamos padermės išskirtos tiek iš žmogaus, tiek ir iš maisto bei aplinkos. Išimtis-padermės DUP-1062D ir 1058A, rastos maiste ir aplinkoje (atitinkamai 14 ir 5 atvejai), o DUP-1042A aptikta tik ligonių izoliatuose. DUP-1030A daržniausiai randama tarp žmogaus izoliatų, o DUP-1042B, DUP-1042C, DUP-1049B ir DUP-1062B-visuose šaltiniuose. Iš ligonių, maisto ir aplinkos išskirtų izoliatų dažniausios padermės buvo DUP-1039C (n=54) ir DUP-1045B (n=27). Izoliatai pagal gautus rezulta...

Um método micro-analítico, "spot-test" foi desenvolvido para a determinação de potássio em soro sangüíneo. A precipitação de potássio é feita em meio alcalino com o reagente tetrafenilborato de sódio. A medida turbidimétrica é realizada diretamente com esta solução, sem a necessidade de diluição, usando uma micro-cela turbidimétrica desenvolvida neste trabalho. O soro sangüíneo é misturado com o tampão e a solução do regente analítico. A turbidância é medida num espectrofotômetro à 700 nm. A curva de calibração é uma linha reta, na faixa de concentração de trabalho. O coeficiente de correlação é 0,9998. Os resultados analíticos obtidos com este método foram comparados com aqueles obtidos usando eletrodo seletivo de potássio. Foi observada total concordância entre os dois métodos num nível de confiança de 99%. O desvio padrão relativo médio obtido foi 3,8%. A spot test quantitative turbidimetric method was developed for the determination of potassium in blood serum. The precipitation of potassium is done in basic medium with the classical analytical reagent sodium tetraphenylborate. The measurement of the turbidity is directly performed in this solution without further dilution using a micro-turbidimetric cell developed in this work. Blood serum was mixed with the buffer and the analytical reagent solution. The turbidity is measured in a spectrophotometer at 700 nm. The calibration curve is a straight line in the working concentration range, presenting a correlation coefficient equal to 0.9998. The analytical results obtained with this method were compared with those obtained through the use of a potassium ion selective electrode. Complete agreement was achieved between the two methods at the 99% confidence level. The observed mean RSD was 3.8%.

A general and systematic approach is proposed for the development, optimisation and validation of qualitative spot tests. A simple spot test to control water contamination by nitrite has been developed and was taken as the basis for this purpose. The qualitative information, based on a binary yes/no response, was directly obtained through the visual identification of the colour. Legislation requirements for this parameter in tap waters were selected as the threshold for classifying the samples as positive or negative. The qualitative information provided by this type of test was used for both the optimisation of the test to give a reliable response with respect the threshold and for the validation of the test.

EB svarBos natūralių BuvEinių invEntorizavimo vadovas Buveinių aprašai, būdingos ir tipinės rūšys, jų atpažinimas vii. lauko darbų metodikos atsakingasis redaktorius ir sudarytojas valErijus rašomavičius tekstų autoriai valErijus rašomavičius danas augutis zofija sinkEvičiEnė dalytė matulEvičiūtė vytautas usElis zigmantas gudžinskas

Clays in general and expansive soils in particular have been a major concern to geotechnical engineers for many years. Moisture variations produce big volume changes in these types of soils. Several factors like amount and type of clay minerals, soil structure, dry density, confining pressure, moisture content and climate changes influence the amount of swell and shrinkage. These volume changes finally result in serious damage to the various structures including pavements. In addition, clayey soils are usually stiff when they are dry and give up their stiffness as they become saturated. Soft clays (i.e. illite/kaolinite/ montmorillonite) are associated with low compressive strength and excessive settlement. This reduction in strength due to moisture leads to severe damages to buildings and foundations.

EB svarBos natūralių BuvEinių invEntorizavimo vadovas Buveinių aprašai, būdingos ir tipinės rūšys, jų atpažinimas vii. lauko darbų metodikos atsakingasis redaktorius ir sudarytojas valErijus rašomavičius tekstų autoriai valErijus rašomavičius danas augutis zofija sinkEvičiEnė dalytė matulEvičiūtė vytautas usElis zigmantas gudžinskas

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can be used as a rapid and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of low amounts of aluminum. In this analytical technique, the analyte in samples are extracted onto a solid sorbent matrix loaded with a colorimetric reagent and then quantified directly on the adsorbent surface. Alternatively, colored aluminum complexes formed in solution can also be immobilized onto adsorbent surface and be measured by DRS technique. Octadecyl silica disk, methyltrioctylammonium chloride-naphthalene and MCM-41 were examined as adsorbents. Eriochrome cyanine R and quinalizarin were used as coloring reagents. Optimal sorption conditions were found for each system of analyte-reagent-adsorbent. The concentration of analyte is determined using the appropriate form of the Kubelka-Munk function. We obtained for each of the aluminium-reagent-adsorbent system a calibration curve by plotting the absorbance versus the log 10 2 [Al 3+ ] g ml −1. The linear dynamic range extends over two orders of magnitude within 0.01-15 g ml −1 with little differences in the range and in the correlation coefficients among the adsorbents. We consider that for a rapid determination of aluminum a spot-test-DRS combination with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10 −2 g ml −1 is the more facile and preferred technique.

Lauko eksperimentas atliktas 2017 m. Vytauto Didžiojo universiteto Žemės ūkio akademijos bandymų stotyje, Agroekosistemų ir dirvožemio instituto sėjomainų kolekcijoje, įkurtoje 1967 metais. Dirvožemis drenuotas giliau karbonatingas sek liai glėjiškas rudžemis (RDg8-k2) (Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (sicco) (CMgpwcan). Eksperimentas atliktas žieminių kviečių, rugių ir vasarinių miežių pasėliuose, įvairiose sėjomainose po skirtingų priešsėlių. Žieminiai rugiai (Secale cereale L.) 'Matador' , kviečiai 'Skagen' ir vasariniai miežiai 'Orphelija' buvo pasėti taikant aštuonias skirtingas sėjomainas, po įvairių priešsėlių ir rugių monopasėlyje. Tyrimų tikslas-ištirti ilgalaikės augalų kaitos derinių ir nuolatinio pūdymo poveikį CO 2 emisijai iš dirvožemio ir sliekų kiekiui bei jų biomasei. Žieminiuose javuose ir miežiuose, augusiuose po priešsėlių, paliekančių dide lį augalinių liekanų kiekį dirvožemyje, CO 2 emisijos intensyvumas iš dirvožemio nustatytas didžiausias. Atlikus tyrimą paaiškėjo, kad nuėmus žieminių javų ir vasarinių miežių derlių sliekų kiekiui didžiausią įtaką turėjo augalinės liekanos, likusios po priešsėlio.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive human malignancies with high mortality rates. Low survival rates are due to late diagnosis at advanced stages of the disease. High invasiveness and chemoresistance of pancreatic adenocarcinoma at least partially could be related to the antiapoptotic activity of intracelular ROS generated by Nox4. There are only few studies about Nox4 expression in pancreatic cancer, yet Nox4 is believed to be relevant antiapoptotic factor in pancreatic cancer cells. In this study we have determined the expression of Nox4 in human pancreatic tissue at both protein and mRNA levels. We compared how Nox4 is overexpressed in pancreatic cancer in comparison to human healthy adjacent and healthy donor pancreatic tissue. We have also identified the effect of ROS formation in MiaPaca-2 and Capan-2 cells under treatment with NADPH oxidase inhibitors DPI and apocynin. Our results showed that DPI and apocynin inhibited ROS formation. Moreover, it decreased...

Long-term field experiment was established in 1966 at the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University, in the crop rotation collection of the Institute of Agroecosystems and Soil Science established in 1967. The soil is brown drained deeper carbonic shallow clayey (RDg8–k2) – Endocalcari-Epihypogleyic Cambisol (sicco) (CMg-p-w-can). The experiment was carried out in crops of winter wheat, rye and barley of different crop rotation in sequence of different preceding/catch crops. Crops of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) ‘Matador’, wheat ‘Skagen’ and spring barley ‘Orphelija’ were sown in 8 crop rotations in sequence of different preceding (catch) crop and rye monocrops. The research aim was to investigate the effect of long-term crop rotations on the soil CO2 emission, and on the number and mass of earthworms. After pre-crops, leaving a large amount of plant residues in the soil, the CO2 emission intensity was the highest. It was established that after harvesting of winter cereal...

Kuršių nerijos formavimasis pasižymi nepertraukiama morfolitologinių rodiklių kaita išilgai jūros kranto. Tačiau tam tikrose vietose ši tolydumo sąlyga erdvėje sutrinka. Šiose vietose pastebimas stiprus morfolitologinių rodiklių reikšmių nukrypimas nuo tolydžios kaitos, sąlygotas paleogeografinių, geologinių, hidrodinaminių, meteorologinių bei antropogeninių veiksnių. Remiantis smėlio dalelių dydžio bei paplūdimio ir kopagūbrio morfometrinių rodiklių kaita, išilgai Kuršių nerijos jūros kranto buvo išskirti kranto ruožai, kuriuose nagrinėjami rodikliai „iškrinta“ iš tolygiai kintančios rodiklių eilės. Nustatyti du ruožai, turintys specifinį rodiklių kompleksą, nesisiejantį su gretimais kranto ruožais: pirmas – Kopgalio ruožas, kurio formavimuisi betarpiškos įtakos turėjo Klaipėdos uosto pietinis molas, ir antras  –  Juodkrantės ruožas, kurio formavimąsi galėjo lemti visas kompleksas veiksnių: tiek paleogeografinių, tiek hidrodinaminių, tiek ir kitų. Tačiau dėl duomenų stokos tiksli j...