Oil in Water Analysis

In recent years, it has been determined to exist mature petroleum hydrocarbons in the Karakaya complex units which broadly spread over Northern Turkey and some of the Upper Paleozoic and Triassic sediments in the Karaburun Peninsula have shown similarity with the sandstones of the Karakaya complex. Besides, there are mercury deposits that were operated in the Karaburun Peninsula in the past and the surface and subsurface waters in the regions where mercury deposits are located contain high concentrations of mercury. It is known that the formation waters of gasfields contain high concentrations of mercury as well. For these reasons, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Karaburun Peninsula by conducting Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) analysis on the samples taken from the water resources. As a result of the analyses conducted, the hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The detected nalkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons and the presence of these hydrocarbons is evidence for the existence of a working petroleum system in the study area. The main structure in the maximum depth of 220 m determined in the study area has a very high potential to become an oil and/or gas reservoir according to gravity and magnetic data and because of the presence of waters containing mature petroleum hydrocarbons.

Beypazarı Neogene basin, Reservoir-targeted Petroleum exploration, TPH in water analysis, Hydrocarbon-rich water, Oil shale and coal The Miocene units of the Beypazarı Neogene Basin extensively outcrop and prevalently include oil shale and coal. In the previous studies, it has been determined that the total organic carbon (TOC) values of bituminous shales in the basin are concentrated between 4-8% and algal organic matter (Type I-II kerogen) are dominant. It has also been determined that the bituminous shales have pyrolyzable hydrocarbon content of 83% and a potential source rock feature that can produce oil in a large quantity if exposed to high temperatures. Beypazarı Neogene Basin consists of volcano-sedimentary units. Therefore, as a result of the idea that the immature source rocks can be matured by young volcanic that exhibit widespread outcrops, it has been aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential especially in the northeastern part of the basin by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis performed on the samples taken from the natural cold water resources located in the related part of the basin. As a consequence of the analyses conducted, hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The detected n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). The presence of these mature petroleum hydrocarbons is regarded as evidence for the existence of a working petroleum system in the study area. Due to the presence of waters containing mature petroleum hydrocarbons, the anticlines in the depth of approximately 110 m in fault-propagation folds identified in the investigation area by gravity and magnetic data have a very high potential to become gas reservoirs.

The exploration of hydrocarbons below volcanic rock is a significant challenge in increasing oil and gas reserves in Indonesia. Because mapping using seismic waves does not produce data of good quality in areas of volcanic rock, in this study, the audio-magnetotelluric (AMT) method was used to map the structural trap of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Geophysical surveys were also used to determine the subsurface resistivity values and phase values. The raw data were in the form of time series measurement obtained using equipment from Phoenix Geophysics. The data were processed further into apparent resistivity and phase curves toward frequency. Data processing involved various filtering methods and corrections. The result was a two-dimensional cross-section of the AMT measurement line. The data from the AMT model were interpreted in an integrated manner using geological data. The results showed a relatively good relationship between the AMT data and the geological data. The results indica...

The paper aims to describe Composition and characteristics in hydrocarbons, oil and gas fields. By using descriptive method for primary model, synthesis methods and process analysis and analysis of difficulties and discussion, The study of this problem point that No less active influence on the properties and composition of oil, including their metallogeny, was also exerted by inversion processes. They manifested themselves especially brightly in the Varandey-Adzva zone.
Therefore, when it comes to the unfavorable environmental situation in these areas, then a significant contribution to its formation belongs to the extracted and utilized oil with PTE.

Kızılırmak Graben Reservoir-targeted petroleum exploration TPH in water analysis Hydrocarbon-rich water Salt dome Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by conducting TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis on the samples taken from natural cold-water resources by making use of the thought that hydrocarbon generation may come into existence from those units in the Ayhan basin. As a consequence of the analyses performed, hydrocarbons have been brought into the open in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to find out the source of hydrocarbons determined in the water resources. The disclosed n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). These mature hydrocarbon-rich waters can be regarded as evidence for the availability of a working hydrocarbon system associated with possible salt diapir identified by using gravity and magnetic data obtained from the investigation area.

The current study focused on the phenomenon of the outbreak of fires and their causes in Al-Ruhban Oasis in terms of geologically, its economic importance and its environmental dimensions from the point of view of the Oil Exploration Company, depending on geological and geophysical information, laboratory analyzes and geochemical surveys that were carried out at the site of the phenomenon and the surrounding areas.The region was affected by major fault systems of the usual type that reach the surface, that this type of fault reflects the region’s influence by structural forces represented by the vertical lifting movements of the basement dislocation, in addition to the marking of secondary faults that affected the shallow deflectors, and that these faults The secondary reflects that the region has been affected by other structural forces that have revitalized the old faults.Laboratory analyzes of soil models at the site of the phenomenon and the surrounding areas indicated a clear d...

Research on changes in water levels to the abundance of liptnite and vitrinite maceral has focused on Kuburan Panjang area of the Sumai sub-Basin, Central Sumatra Basin. The subject of this research is shale rock from the Eocene-Oligocene Kelesa Formation. Series of rocks from bottom to top shows repetition between shale, sandstone and mudstone strata bounded by conglomerates at the top and bottom. The composition of organic material consists of vitrinite ranging from 0.20-5.0%, liptinite 0.60-4.70%, pyrite 0.20-16.00%, carbonate maceral 0.20-24.2%, and clay mineral which is the most dominant component, ranging from 71.60-98.00%. Based on the results of TOC analysis, the abundant organic material of the Kelesa Formation shale has a TOC value of 1.18% to 7.17% indicating the ability of shale as a source rock is very good. The presence of organic material in the study area shows that there is a cycle of enrichment of organic material from bottom to top. The smaller the ratio of pristane/phytane (anoxic condition, high water level), the smaller the content of liptinite and the higher the content of vitrinite. Otherwise, the greater the ratio (oxic condition, low water level), the higher the content of liptinite and the lower the content of vitrinite. Change in water level during sedimentation has effect on the quality of shale as a source of unconventional hydrocarbon energy in the Kuburan Panjang area.

Research on changes in water levels to the abundance of liptnite and vitrinite maceral has focused on Kuburan Panjang area of the Sumai sub-Basin, Central Sumatra Basin. The subject of this research is shale rock from the Eocene-Oligocene Kelesa Formation. Series of rocks from bottom to top shows repetition between shale, sandstone and mudstone strata bounded by conglomerates at the top and bottom. The composition of organic material consists of vitrinite ranging from 0.20-5.0%, liptinite 0.60-4.70%, pyrite 0.20-16.00%, carbonate maceral 0.20-24.2%, and clay mineral which is the most dominant component, ranging from 71.60-98.00%. Based on the results of TOC analysis, the abundant organic material of the Kelesa Formation shale has a TOC value of 1.18% to 7.17% indicating the ability of shale as a source rock is very good. The presence of organic material in the study area shows that there is a cycle of enrichment of organic material from bottom to top. The smaller the ratio of pristane/phytane (anoxic condition, high water level), the smaller the content of liptinite and the higher the content of vitrinite. Otherwise, the greater the ratio (oxic condition, low water level), the higher the content of liptinite and the lower the content of vitrinite. Change in water level during sedimentation has effect on the quality of shale as a source of unconventional hydrocarbon energy in the Kuburan Panjang area.

3D inversion modeling of subsurface based on gravity anomaly data and magnetic anomaly data used for identification hydrocarbon potential in "x". Where in the study area there are up dome structures that indicate some possibilities, including igneous rock intrusion, carbonate build up and also mud diapir. 3D inversion modeling of gravity and magnetic anomaly data correlated with two seismic section which available in study location. 3D inversion model is performed on the residual anomaly data on the gravity model and 2D in the magnetic anomaly. The result of 3D inversion modeling of gravity anomaly data shows that the peak up dome is at a depth of study located around 800 meters from the surface, this result corresponds to spectrum analysis and depth on the seismic cross section, while the density value of the up-dome body is approximately 2.78 g/cm 3. While on the magnetic anomaly that has been done, structure of the dome indicates an intrusion structure with anomaly susceptibilities show the structure of igneous rock.

Geochemical mapping based on the stream sediment method has been carried out in the whole of Java Region by the Centre for Geological Survey. The Regional Geochemistry Bandung Quadrangle as part of West Java Region has been mapped in 1:100.000 scale map, base on the Geological Map of Bandung Quadrangle. About 82 stream sediment samples collected and sieved in the 80 mesh sieve fraction during the field work session at 2011. This fraction was prepared and analysed for 30 elements by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry at the Centre for Geological Survey Laboratory. There are some elements indicating significant anomaly in this region, and it is important to determine the present abundance and spatial distribution of the elements for presuming result from natural product or derived from human activities. The volcanic products (Tangkuban Perahu Volcano, Volcanic Rock Complex and Quarternary Volcanic-Alluvial Deposit) are clearly identified on the distribution of As, Ba, Cl, Cu, Zr and La elements. However Mn, Zn, V and Sr are related to precipitation in the Tertiary Sediments, while the influence of human activities are showing from a geochemical map of Cl, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn that show scattered anomalies localized close to the cities, farming and industries.

An Euler deconvolution technique is one of geophysical method for rapidly making depth of anomaly estimated from gravity. Preliminary results from Euler deconvolution of gravity survey (300 meter spacing station) which analyzing on geothermal prospect area, provide confirmation of a structure zone as a geothermal fluid path, such as fault and fracture. In addition, the data allow identification of the location and trend of contact fault that has not been recognized at the surface (satellite mapping). Contact faults can be interpreted from the Euler deconvolution gravity by using SI of 0.0, while dyke use SI of 1.0 and is represented as the boundary of negatif anomaly and positif anomaly on Gravity modelling. The experimental results show that the structure zone distribution of euler deconvolution is localized at a depth of 374 to 579 meters below the surface with a percentage of 59%. Especially, structural zones where are localized near upflow manifestations are at a depth of 374 to 783 meters below the surface, while structural zones where are near outflow manifestations are at a depth of 150 to 570 meters below the surface. This euler deconvolution structures zone are also inline with geology structure

In recent years, it has been determined to exist mature petroleum hydrocarbons in the Karakaya complex units which broadly spread over Northern Turkey and some of the Upper Paleozoic and Triassic sediments in the Karaburun Peninsula have shown similarity with the sandstones of the Karakaya complex. Besides, there are mercury deposits that were operated in the Karaburun Peninsula in the past and the surface and subsurface waters in the regions where mercury deposits are located contain high concentrations of mercury. It is known that the formation waters of gasfields contain high concentrations of mercury as well. For these reasons, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Karaburun Peninsula by conducting Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) analysis on the samples taken from the water resources. As a result of the analyses conducted, the hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The detected n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons and the presence of these hydrocarbons is evidence for the existence of a working petroleum system in the study area. The main structure in the maximum depth of 220 m determined in the study area has a very high potential to become an oil and/or gas reservoir according to gravity and magnetic data and because of the presence of waters containing mature petroleum hydrocarbons.

Keywords: reservoir-targeted oil and gas exploration, TPH in water analysis, hydrocarbon-rich water, mercury deposit, mercury mineralization

The Miocene units of the Beypazarı Neogene Basin extensively outcrop and prevalently include oil shale and coal. In the previous studies, it has been determined that the total organic carbon (TOC) values of bituminous shales in the basin are concentrated between 4-8% and algal organic matter (Type I-II kerogen) are dominant. It has also been determined that the bituminous shales have pyrolyzable hydrocarbon content of 83% and a potential source rock feature that can produce oil in a large quantity if exposed to high temperatures. Beypazarı Neogene Basin consists of volcano-sedimentary units. Therefore, as a result of the idea that the immature source rocks can be matured by young volcanic that exhibit widespread outcrops, it has been aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential especially in the northeastern part of the basin by TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis performed on the samples taken from the natural cold water resources located in the related part of the basin. As a consequence of the analyses conducted, hydrocarbons have been detected in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to determine the source of hydrocarbons detected in the water resources. The detected n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). The presence of these mature petroleum hydrocarbons is regarded as evidence for the existence of a working petroleum system in the study area. Due to the presence of waters containing mature petroleum hydrocarbons, the anticlines in the depth of approximately 110 m in fault-propagation folds identified in the investigation area by gravity and magnetic data have a very high potential to become gas reservoirs.
Keywords: Beypazarı Neogene basin,  reservoir-targeted petroleum exploration, TPH in water analysis, hydrocarbon-rich water, oil shale, coal

Salt formations exist in Kızılırmak Graben (Central Anatolia, Turkey), which consists of volcano-sedimentary units, and it was stated in previous studies that these formations have a diapiric structure. The adjacent basin, Ayhan Basin, contains bituminous shale and operated coal deposits. For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to investigate the oil and gas potential of the Kızılırmak Graben by conducting TPH (Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons) analysis on the samples taken from natural cold-water resources by making use of the thought that hydrocarbon generation may come into existence from those units in the Ayhan basin. As a consequence of the analyses performed, hydrocarbons have been brought into the open in all the water samples. The organic geochemical methods have been used to find out the source of hydrocarbons determined in the water resources. The disclosed n-alkane hydrocarbons are the mature petroleum hydrocarbons derived from peat/coal type organic matter (Type III kerogen, gas-prone). These mature hydrocarbon-rich waters can be regarded as evidence for the availability of a working hydrocarbon system associated with possible salt diapir identified by using gravity and magnetic data obtained from the investigation area.

Keywords: Kızılırmak Graben, Reservoir-targeted petroleum exploration, TPH in water analysis, Hydrocarbon-rich water, Salt dome