Flexible Manufacturing Systems

This paper discusses the construction of a new simulation and control tool that is designed to facilitate the modeling of distributed systems. This tool can be employed to design and implement distributed control architectures for managing large-scale, discrete event systems. Current commercial simulation tools cannot adequately model distributed control architectures. They can only model the system using a single model and therefore cannot adequately predict the performance constraints that these distributed architectures impose on the system. Furthermore, current tools are not designed to control the systems they model. Thus, in modeling and controlling such distributed systems, one must currently write the models using a general-purpose language such as C++. In simulation, the individual models are tied together using a model of the communications network included as part of the tool. This paper discusses this new tool, which is capable of addressing these concerns.

Micro-supercapacitors are important on-chip micro-power sources for miniaturized electronic devices. Although the performance of micro-supercapacitors has been significantly advanced by fabricating nanostructured materials, developing thin-film manufacture technologies and device architectures, their power or energy densities remain far from those of electrolytic capacitors or lithium thin-film batteries. Here we demonstrate graphene-based in-plane interdigital micro-supercapacitors on arbitrary substrates. The resulting micro-supercapacitors deliver an area capacitance of 80.7 mF cm À 2 and a stack capacitance of 17.9 F cm À 3 . Further, they show a power density of 495 W cm À 3 that is higher than electrolytic capacitors, and an energy density of 2.5 mWh cm À 3 that is comparable to lithium thin-film batteries, in association with superior cycling stability. Such microdevices allow for operations at ultrahigh rate up to 1,000 Vs À 1 , three orders of magnitude higher than that of conventional supercapacitors. Micro-supercapacitors with an in-plane geometry have great promise for numerous miniaturized or flexible electronic applications.

The author has granted a non exclusive license allowing Library and Archives Canada to reproduce, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, com m unicate to the public by telecom m unication or on the Internet, loan, distribute and sell theses worldwide, for com mercial or non com mercial purposes, in microform, paper, electronic and/or any other formats. L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, sauvegarder, conserver, transm ettre au public par telecom m unication ou par I'lnternet, preter, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le monde, a des fins com m erciales ou autres, sur support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou autres formats. Reproduced with perm ission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

This paper describes a control logic implementation approach, which is based on discrete event models in form of finite state machines and Petri nets. Such models may be derived during supervisory control synthesis. The approach defines a transformation of the models into an IEC 61131-3 compliant code that can be translated and downloaded into a standard industrial programmable logic controller. This way, the development and implementation phases of industrial automation projects are shortened significantly. A well proven solution libraries may be built by developed and tested models and reused when necessary

This article reviews the currently available literature to examine how clusters provided competitive advantage for small and medium businesses, in what ways it led to economic growth and directs the policy interventions of the Indian government. The evolution of clusters and the contribution of researchable issues in evolution are examined. The role of clusters in creating competitive advantage and the research related to redefining the evolution is presented. External economies are the benefits that occur to a business from the external environment of the business, which are beyond its control and results in cost benefits. The firms in cluster promoted the establishment of suppliers around their customers. This in turn benefitted both the supplier and the firm by reduced transportation cost and increased physical accessibility. The firms are also able to avail customized and specialized inputs from the supplier. Cost economies benefitted the firms and led to improved economic growt...

Исследованы  технологические  операции  производственных  модулей  и  стандартных активных элементов гибкого автоматизированного участка (ГАУ) отжига и механической обработки металлических заготовок (ОМОМЗ). Проведен математический  анализ,  основанный  на  применении  N-ориентированных  гиперграфов.  С учетом функциональных связей активных элементов в компоновочной  схеме  ГАУ  и  информационных  связей  между  активными  элементами определена  матрица  инцидентности.  В  соответствии  с  компоновкой  технических единиц в двумерной координатной системе определены основные свойства компоновочной схемы ГАУ ОМОМЗ для трехмерной координатной системы и  построен  гиперграф.  На  основе  компоновочной  схемы  разгрузки  конвейера печи отжига алюминиевых заготовок и загрузки их на конвейер производственного модуля шлифовальных станков выбраны типы датчиков для обслуживающего  промышленного  робота.  Предложен  алгоритм  выбора  информационно-
измерительных элементов АСУ участка отжига и механической обработки металлических заготовок.

Al-Quran secara eksplisit tidak menjabarkan tentang bagaima penciptaan wanita pertama. Berbeda dengan penciptaan adam yang dijelaskan secara eksplisit di dalam al-Quran. Hal inilah yang dapat melahirkan perbedaan dikalangan para ulama dalam menafsirkan tentang penciptaan wanita. Dari berbagai ayat-ayat al-Quran yang berkaitan tentang penciptaan wanita, yang menjadi pokok persoalan adalah mengenai lafadz min, nafs, zawj, para ulama berbeda pandangan dalam memahami lafadz tersebut didalam al-Quran. Mayoritas ulama khususnya ulama klasik memahami bahwa kata min nafs wahidah adalah “Adam as� yang artinya bahwa wanita tercipta dari bagaian tubuh Adam yaitu tulang rusuknya, sedangkan ulama kontemporer memahami bahwa min nafs wahidah berarti “jenis yang satu/sama� yang berarti bahwa wanita itu tercipta sama dengan bahan penciptaan Adam yaitu dari tanah. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk meneliti bagaimana metodologi Ibnu Katsir tentang ayat-ayat penciptaan wanita, serta bagaimana pena...

To my parents, whose sacrificial support, unconditional love, and exemplary work ethic have, throughout the decades of my life, sustained and motivated. Thank you. iii My advisor, Dr. William Singhose, has provided insights, shaped by pragmatic experience, which have served to guide all aspects of this research. Additionally, his foundational work in the field of command shaping provided the framework upon which this work was constructed. I have also tremendously appreciated our frequent discussions on life, weightlifting, and vegetables. Doctors Ye-Hwa Chen, Steven Dickerson, Thomas Morley, and Bruce Walker served as committee members, providing valuable perspectives on math, controls, and human factors. My collaboration over the years with Dr. Keith Hekman have also contributed to the completion of this work. Help provided to me by my graduate and undergraduate collogues permitted the completion of far more work than would have been completed otherwise.

The problem of grouping Printed Circuit Board (PCB) components to minimize the total component and PCB loading cost subject to a capacity constraint on the number of types of components per group is formulated as an integer linear programming problem. The problem is shown to be NP-complete. Characteristics of the solution are outlined and a heuristic algorithm is discussed. For the case in which it is optimal to load each PCB exactly once, the solution characteristics can be used to obtain a lower bound on the objective function for any set of constraints on pairs of PCBs that must be produced using the same group of components. The bounds and the heuristic procedure are used to develop a branch and bound algorithm. Computational results are given for four test problems derived from industrial contexts. Printed circuit boards (PCB) assembly involves mainly the insertion and soldering of electrical components into printed circuit boards. Signi® cant cost savings have resulted from the automation of the process of PCB assembly (Boothroyd 1992). Rockwell and summarized the production of PCBs in some detail. In this work we consider the short range production planning of the automatic assembly of PCBs. The focus in short-range (operational) planning is mostly on the sequencing problem. This is because a clear trade-o exists between the sequence that completes each PCB type once it is loaded on to the machine (minimizing the number of times each PCB is loaded on to the machine), and a sequence that simultaneously loads all PCBs using the same group of components loaded onto the machines (minimizing the number of times each component type is loaded onto the machine). For a thorough review on automated process planning for PCB assembly and list of references, related to the many possible strategies for managing PCB assembly resources, see McGinnis, et al. (1992). We assume that we are given a number of di erent PCB types that are to be produced. Associated with each PCB type is a list of the component types that must be inserted into the PCB. Underlying the problem formulation are the following assumptions: (1) components are to be inserted into the PCBs by a machine that has a ® nite capacity for di erent types of components but that e ectively has an

Loading is one of the vital issues in flexible manufacturing system (FMS) production planning which deals with assignment of the necessary operations and tools among various machines in an optimal manner. Such a problem is combinatorial in nature and found to be NP-complete. In this paper, an attempt has been made to address such problems using mutation in particle swarm optimization (PSO) to avoid premature convergence with the objective of minimization of system unbalance. Promising results have been obtained when the solution is compared with existing techniques for ten standard problems available in literature representing three different FMS scenarios.

El paradigma de la Industria 4.0 plantea el uso de herramientas y tecnologías que aumenten la eficiencia y la capacidad de adaptación de los procesos productivos para hacer frente a un mercado globalizado y con una alta competitividad. El concepto de Gemelo Digital es clave en el contexto de la Industria 4.0, y ha sido objeto de interés para la industria y la academia. Sin embargo, no hay consenso en la definición de este concepto, existiendo principalmente tres interpretaciones: la primera define un Gemelo Digital como un modelo de simulación de alta precisión; la segunda lo interpreta como una representación virtual del estado y el comportamiento de un activo de fabricación para su integración en la Industria 4.0; y la tercera, de reciente aparición, plantea la combinación de las anteriores. En este trabajo, se propone una metodología para la implementación de Gemelos Digitales que se ajusten a esta tercera interpretación. De esta forma, se proponen acciones concretas para la impl...

Manufacturing enterprises today have to face the volatility of markets, characterized by a decreasing production volume and an increasing number of product variants to meet customer expectations. Traditional dedicated manufacturing lines (DML) have been replaced by flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) and, recently, by the systems that combine features of DML and FMS, i.e., by reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMS). Appropriate manufacturing support and optimization systems for FMS and RMS will advance the quality and effectiveness of reconfigurable manufacturing. This paper proposes an original mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for decision support in configuration and reconfiguration of the manufacturing system. The modeled problem is a certain development of the known machine loading problem MLP. In this approach, we generate a highly parameterized model based on a set of constraints and a set of questions. Different mathematical programming (MP) -based solvers are proposed to solve this model.

Flexibility in manufacturing system is one of the most important issues of present scenario, to fulfill the desired customer’s requirement & getting low cost and high quality of product that enforced to adopting the flexible manufacturing system for various modern manufacturing enterprises. The basic of FMS is to convert & increases positivity throughout the manufacturing process for achieving higher productivity and best quality of product. Flexible manufacturing system consist of an integrated system of computerized numerically controlled (CNC) machine tool , automated material handling system operating under the controlled computer , workstation, storage etc. This paper highlights the merits, demerits, application of FMS and also overviewed of other aspect of FMS. Keyword:Computer Numerical Control, FMS Layout, Flexibility, Flexible Manufacturing System

The current dynamic advances in the field of artificial intelligence (AI), smart computation, M-commerce, and fast internet are transforming the landscape of engineering and manufacturing. The rise of AI-enabled fully automated smart engineering and smart manufacturing brings great challenges and opportunities to engineering and manufacturing practitioners. The mastery of effective transformation and applications of AI and ultra-smart computational technologies in the field of engineering and manufacturing is essential for decision makers in the industry.

AI-Driven Approaches for Fully Automated Smart Engineering explores the current state of automated engineering and manufacturing. This book discusses the innovation and development of next generation of ultra-smart fully automated engineering and manufacturing. Covering topics such as deep learning, manufacturing, and sustainability, this book is an excellent resource for engineers, industry decision makers, practitioners, researchers, innovators, developers, educators, academicians, and more.

Dengan penuh rasa syukur, penulis akhirnya dapat menyelesaikan makalah berjudul Takhrij Hadis dan Metode-Metodenya. Makalah ini disusun sebagai salah satu sarana untuk memperluas wawasan dan memperdalam pemahaman mengenai Takhrij Hadis dan metodemetodenya . Penulis berharap isi makalah ini dapat memberi manfaat baik bagi diri sendiri maupun bagi para pembaca. Penulis menyampaikan apresiasi yang tulus kepada semua pihak yang telah memberikan dukungan bantuan dan informasi selama proses penyusunan makalah ini. Tanpa dukungan berbagai sumber dan kontribusi banyak pihak, penyusunan makalah ini tentu tidak akan terlaksana dengan baik. Penulis juga menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh sempurna Oleh karena itu penulis sangat mengharapkan kritik dan saran yang membangun demi perbaikan dan penyempurnaan karya ini pada kesempatan berikutnya.

Consider a language, English or French, or maybe Perl or Java; however, there is a conventional definition that is significantly broader. It includes these dialects, and other theoretical dialects like the indivisible numbers, or the legitimate verifications of the 4-shading hypothesis. Start with a limited set, which is known as the letters in order. Think about all limited, arranged strings, i.e., limited tuples, drawn from this letter set. A language is any clear-cut subset of these strings. Each limited string in the language is known as a word. Since you have found out about strings, letter sets, words, and punctuation in the previous units, it will be simpler for you to comprehend the subject of conversation in this unit, which is formal language. You will see that dialects fall into different classes, as per their intricacy. A few dialects can be parsed, i.e., deciphered, by a basic state machine.

The specifics of today's business environment in the era of Industry 4.0 - focused on very dynamic development, global cooperation and the fight for customers - requires companies to implement mechanisms for close and effective cooperation. It is also necessary to continuously implement projects for the development and production of innovative products. However, in order to effectively achieve these goals, the integration of many business and IT systems used by the company on a daily basis is required. One of the most important IT systems, aside from the long-established CAx and ERP solutions, is the class of PLM systems. Howev-er, the implementation of a PLM system is a major challenge for enterprises. Each PLM system implementation project in an organization proceeds in a slightly dif-ferent way and there is also no single established and proven way to successfully carry out an implementation project. Moreover, due to the wide range of PLM systems application in many areas of the company, the level of complexity and their level of integration with other systems in the organization, an unambiguous identification of the benefits that organizations derive from using PLM systems is an extremely complex task. It is also worth noting that the literature lacks reliable and concrete information, including figures, on the effects of implementing PLM systems. The paper presents the characteristics of PLM systems and the role they play in modern enterprises. The procedure for the implementation of PLM sys-tems is also presented, as well as examples and effects of implementations in de-sign, construction and technology departments and in the supply chain area in en-terprises operating in Poland and worldwide.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Aynı okuldan, aynı sınıftan veya aynı mahalleden öğrencilerin yapılan oturma düzenlerinde yan yana veya arka arkaya gelmesi istenmeyen yardımlaşmalara ve kopya çekilmesine sebep olabilmektedir. Öğrencilerin sınıf ve salonlara en uygun şekilde yerleştirilmesi amacıyla çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Ancak yapılan çalışmalar sadece sınıf düzeyinde kalmış olup sınırlı bir öğrenci gurubunun sınıf içi oturum düzenlerinin öğrencinin başarısı üzerine etkileri gibi konulara odaklanmıştır. Yüksek Lisans tez çalışması ile sınavların güvenirliliğini arttırmak amacıyla, birbirini tanıyan veya herhangi bir biçimde ilişkili öğrencilerin salonlara arka arkaya veya yan yana gelmeyecek şekilde yerleştirilmesi için Genetik Algoritma yöntemi kullanımı hedeflenmiştir. Genetik algoritmalar karmaşık düzeydeki problemlerin çözümü için kullanılan sezgisel yöntemlerinden biridir. Doğal yaşam örnek alınarak iyi nesillerin yaşatılması kötü nesillerin yok edilmesi üzerine çalışan bir algoritmadır. Belirleyeceğ...

This research study aims to estimate the impact of market orientation and brand orientation on strengthening brand performance. The study tests whether elements of market orientation like customer orientation, competitor orientation and internal marketing function affects brand orientation and in turn whether brand orientation affects brand performance in beverage industry of Pakistan. A standardized questionnaire was distributed among different people pertinent to beverage industry (distributors, whole sellers, retailers, sales force and employees etc). A total of 2000 questionnaires were sent through emails and 483 effective responses were collected. The response rate is 24%. A model with hypotheses of the relationships between the constructs was built. The results of the structural equation model suggest that customer orientation and interfunctional coordination, has positive effect on brand orientation, while competitor orientation has a non-significant effect. Moreover, the study concludes that brand orientation has a substantial impact on strengthening brand performance.

A computationally feasible procedure for the generation of all invariants satisfying a given homogenous linear Diophantine system C x --0 is presented, where C is the flow matrix of an associated P/T net. The computation will be considered on five levels. In order to generate all invariants the introduction of some new concepts (@+-generators,/N-generators) is required. Using geometrical aspects a short description of the new concepts with a new algorithm is shown. The efficiency of our methods is demonstrated by an application.

El texto es una introducción a la obra “Sombras en la Huaca”, ambientada en el norte del Perú, una región donde el paisaje árido y lleno de huacas (antiguos templos) no solo conserva vestigios del pasado, sino también secretos y promesas ocultas. Esta zona, cargada de historia y simbolismo, se convierte en el escenario de una narrativa que combina historia, mito, memoria y resistencia.
La obra se desarrolla en tres niveles o viajes interconectados, todos centrados en la misteriosa Huaca Signan, y que ocurren en una sola noche en medio de una tormenta provocada por el fenómeno de El Niño, en 1998.

he purpose of this study is to determine the existence, types and the cardinality of the solutions for the diophantine equation x⁴ + y⁴=z³ and x⁴ + y⁴=pᵏz³ for p a prime, 2≤ p≤13 and k∈Z+in the rings of integers Z and Gaussian integers Z(i). Another aim of this study was to develop methods of finding all solutions to these equations. In finding solutions for the diophantine equation x⁴ + y⁴=pᵏz³ in the rings of integers and Gaussian integers, the values of (p,k) are restricted to (p,k) = {(1,1),(2,1),2,k),(3,k).(5,k),(7,k),(11,k),(13,k}. Our research begins by determining the patterns of solutions to these equations. Based on our observation on these patterns, we determine the general form of solution to the equations. Tools and methods in number theory such as divisibility, congruences, properties of prime numbers and method of proof by contradiction are applied in solving these types of iv diophantine equations. Our result shows that there exist infinitely many solutions to these ...

Additive manufacturing, commonly referred to as 3D printing, or layer manufacturing is a very dynamically
developing direction
In the development of manufacturing technology. The article presents considerations on the possibilities of using 3D printing
Technology for the production of prototypes of innovative solutions. The special advantage of using 3D printing relies in its
Ability to produce directly based on the CAD model, whose file is the source of information for generating the incremental
Control file.

Roald Dahl, uno de los autores más queridos y leídos, sitúa la acción de este relato en un idílico escenario campestre. Un valle, tres granjas, tres malvados granjeros y un bosque… Y en él, don Zorro, quien, con gran astucia, será capaz de enfrentarse con éxito a los vicios y malas costumbres de algunos humanos.

Shifts in customer needs coupled with highly competitive markets and technological advances, means that product families evolve over time. Product family evolution has an effect not only on how the current and future manufacturing requirements are defined but also on the manufacturing system design process itself and represents one of the main difficulties in designing manufacturing systems. Two types of factory life cycle consequences have been identified which may occur as a result of design decisions during the manufacturing system synthesis design activity. This research therefore contributes a novel changeability knowledge based product development approach framework to reveal and analyse the consequences of commitments made during manufacturing system design on future product capability, hence on product evolution, and factory changeability. This approach was implemented in a computational tool for virtual product development which exploits changeability knowledge to assist, g...

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Resumen: este artículo presenta el desarrollo, la implementación, la construcción y la validación de una estación de control de calidad orientada a la inspección y verificación de calidades de fabricación de piezas mecanizadas, basada en visión artificial y acoplada a un sistema de manufactura integrada por computador. El sistema analiza las piezas con base en una plantilla configurada previamente con ayuda

Isletmeler olusan kati rekabet kosullarina ayak uydurmak icin isletme icinde degisim sureclerine gereksinim duymaktadirlar. Karliliklarini arttirmak icin fiyatlarda degisiklik yapmak yerine maliyetlerini dusurme ve kalite cabasi uzerinde durmaktadirlar. Siparise dayali uretim yapan isletmelerde her musterinin istedigi urunler farkli olmakta, bu da uretilecek urunlerin sayisinin ve cesidinin fazla olmasina neden olmaktadir. Urun cesitliligi artarken bu kadar cesitteki urunun musterinin istedigi tarihte uretiminin tamamlanmasi da zorlasmaktadir. Tum bu zorluklari hafifletmek ve musteri odakli olarak uretim yapabilmek icin grup teknolojisi ve hucresel uretim gibi uretim felsefelerine yonelim olmaktadir. Urun gruplarinin olusturulmasi genellikle karmasik bir karar verme problemidir ve farkli matematiksel ve sezgisel yaklasimlarla cozulebilir. Bu calismada, grup teknolojisi ve hucresel uretimin avantajlarindan yararlanmak icin urun gruplarinin olusturulmasinda operasyon surelerindeki sap...

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) can apply the efficiencies of large-scale production to small batch production. The coordination of FMS activities is a complex task; this paper presents a decentralized pricing mechanism that can be used to estimate the activity-based costs and manage the activities of the FMS efficiently. The pricing mechanism described in this paper does not require systemwide information to compute prices; instead, the pricing mechanism samples and uses the demand information at each CNC machine to compute rental prices at that machine. We derive the theoretical formula for rental prices supporting the optimal performance and propose simulation studies to estimate the rental prices for real-time price changes in a decentralized manner. Results from a preliminary simulation study indicate that stable rental prices can be estimated and significant improvements can be realized by using the pricing mechanism.

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the target positioning and tracking are very important topics. There are many different methods used in target positioning and tracking, for example, angle of arrival (AOA), time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), and received signal strength (RSS). This paper uses an artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) and the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) channel model for indoor target positioning and tracking. The performance of eight different method combinations of fixed or adaptive steps, the region segmentation method (RSM), Hybrid Adaptive Vision of Prey (HAVP) method, and a Dynamic AF Selection (DAFS) method proposed in this paper for target positioning and tracking is investigated when the number of artificial fish is 100, 72, 52, 24, and 12. The simulation results show that using the proposed HAVP total average positioning error is reduced by 96.1%, and the positioning time is shortened by 26.4% for the target position. Adopting HAVP, RSM, and DAFS in target tracking, the positioning time can be greatly shortened by 42.47% without degrading the tracking success rate.

The problem of failure occurrence tends to increase according to the complexity of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) leading to time-consuming tasks as the localization, identification and repairing. The occurrence of failures during the exploitation stage can deeply modify the FMS performances or its availability. We want to investigate the problem of triggering the maintenance integrated to a supervision system, so as to improve production time and minimize unplanned costly breakdowns of FMS. It gives also a useful decision support tool to evaluate the system availability since the control system's early design stage. This paper proposes a control-monitoring-maintenance architecture (CMM) for FMS based on Petri nets with objects (PNO), where the modelling of maintenance planning is taken into account from the conception stage. This framework is based on a modular and hierarchic model structured in CMM modules.

Over the past decade, Ag 2 Se has attracted increasing attention due to its potentially excellent thermoelectric (TE) performance as an n-type semiconductor. It has been considered a promising alternative to Bi-Te alloys and other commonly used yet toxic and/or expensive TE materials. To optimize the TE performance of Ag 2 Se, recent research has focused on fabricating nanosized Ag 2 Se. However, synthesizing Ag 2 Se nanoparticles involves energy-intensive and time-consuming techniques with poor yield of final product. In this work, we report a low-cost, solution-processed approach that enables the formation of Ag 2 Se thin films from Cu 2Àx Se template films via cation exchange at room temperature. Our simple two-step method involves fabricating Cu 2Àx Se thin films by the thiol-amine dissolution of bulk Cu 2 Se, followed by soaking Cu 2Àx Se films in AgNO 3 solution and annealing to form Ag 2 Se. We report an average power factor (PF) of 617 AE 82 mW m À1 K À2 and a corresponding ZT value of 0.35 at room temperature. We obtained a maximum PF of 825 mW m À1 K À2 and a ZT value of 0.46 at room temperature for our best-performing Ag 2 Se thin-film after soaking for 5 minutes. These high PFs have been achieved via full solution processing without hot-pressing.

In production systems, input materials (educts) pass through multiple sequential stages until they become a product. The production stages consist of different machines with various dynamic characteristics. The coupling of those machines is a non-linear distributed system. With a distributed control system based on a multi-agent approach, the production system can achieve (almost) maximum output, where lot size and lot sequence are the most important control variables. In most production processes high throughput and low stock are conflicting goals. In order to compare and compensate between these multiple goals, a fuzzy decision making approach is employed here that decides about the material flow and machine states, based on variables like working load or order queue length.

Background: At the heart and depth of building a strong and prosperous brand in the marketplace, is brand orientation. A few studies have investigated the conceptualisation of brand orientation in relation to brand loyalty, as well as the involvement of brand commitment and brand trust in mediating this association in the business-to-business (B2B) environment.Objective: It is the objective of this study to examine the impact of brand orientation on brand loyalty and the roles played by brand commitment and brand trust in mediating the impact in the South African B2B environment.Method: Questionnaires were completed by 261 top and senior managers of a B2B organisation in South Africa. Structural equation modelling and smart partial least squares were employed in this study to examine the relationships between the constructs.Results: This study provides empirical evidence that brand orientation has a positive and significant relationship with brand commitment and and brand trust. Als...

Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk menentukan bilangan angkut (transport number) ion dalam larutan elektrolit melalui pendekatan dinamika kimia yang terintegrasi dengan konsep STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). Secara ilmiah, praktikum mengkaji fenomena perpindahan ion dalam medan listrik, khususnya bagaimana masing-masing ion (kation dan anion) berkontribusi terhadap penghantaran arus listrik. Teknologi diaplikasikan melalui penggunaan elektroda perak (Ag) dan peralatan pengukuran massa dan volume secara digital untuk meningkatkan akurasi hasil. Dalam aspek rekayasa, perancangan sel elektrolisis dilakukan secara sistematis agar dapat memisahkan ion-ion yang bergerak ke masing-masing elektroda tanpa terjadi pencampuran. Matematika digunakan untuk menghitung bilangan angkut berdasarkan data eksperimental menggunakan persamaan Faraday dan hukum konservasi massa. Sementara itu, elemen seni diwujudkan dalam visualisasi data, diagram sel, dan grafik hubungan massa elektroda dengan waktu elektrolisis yang mempermudah pemahaman.

Inflasi harga yang diatur pemerintah merupakan salah satu komponen disagregasi inflasi yang pergerakannya dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan pemerintah, seperti penyesuaian harga bahan bakar minyak (BBM), tarif listrik, dan tarif angkutan umum, sehingga memiliki karakteristik volatilitas yang berbeda dibandingkan komponen inflasi lainnya. Menggunakan data sebanyak 36 data dan bersifat time series yang besumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara deskriptif perkembangan inflasi harga yang diatur pemerintah dan inflasi umum di Indonesia selama periode Januari 2021 hingga Desember 2023. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan statistik deskriptif,distribusi frekuensi,tedensi sentral,ukuran Lokasi serta ukuran dispers. Temuan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi dalam perumusan kebijakan ekonomi, khususnya dalam menjaga stabilitas harga dan mengelola dampak kebijakan inflasi harga yang diatur pemerintah terhadap inflasi umum di Indonesia.

This paper discusses data presentation as a part of mathematics learning for upper-grade elementary school students. Data presentation is an essential skill for understanding numerical information systematically and visually, through tables, diagrams, and charts. The study explains the concept of data presentation, various types such as row-column tables and contingency tables, as well as how to read and interpret them. The purpose of this paper is to provide both theoretical and practical understanding to students and educators on how to effectively present and interpret data in the context of elementary school mathematics education.

Bilangan angkut

Praktikum ini menggunakan metode batas gerak untuk menentukan bilangan angkut ion dalam larutan HCl. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ion H⁺ memiliki mobilitas lebih tinggi dibanding Cl⁻, dengan nilai bilangan angkut tertinggi sebesar 0,8247.

Flexible manufacturing systems as technological and automated structures have a high complexity for scheduling. The decision-making process is made difficult with interruptions that may occur in the system and these problems increase the complexity to define an optimal schedule. The research proposes a three-stage hybrid algorithm that allows the rescheduling of operations in an FMS. The novelty of the research is presented in two approaches: first is the integration of the techniques of Petri nets, discrete simulation, and memetic algorithms and second is the rescheduling environment with machine failures to optimize the makespan and Total Weighted Tardiness. The effectiveness of the proposed Soft computing approaches was validated with the bottleneck of heuristics and the dispatch rules. The results of the proposed algorithm show significant findings with the contrasting techniques. In the first stage (scheduling), improvements are obtained between 50 and 70% on performance indica...

Using a patented matrix formulation, a Discrete Event (DE) controller is designed for a manufacturing cell. The DE controller can directly be implemented from standard manufacturing tools such as the Bill of Materials or the assembly tree. The matrices also make it straightforward to actually implement the DE controller for sequencing the jobs and assigning the resources. We use virtual places to interact with our machine resources to control and supervise the DE system as a transient timed place Petri Net (PN) system. This modified PN together with marking transition equation provides a complete dynamical description of a Discrete Event System (DES). In this paper, we include to our DE supervisor several new structures that contain all decision making attributes for each part and resource jobs in the Manufacturing processes. The versatility of this DE controller permits implementing different methodologies for decision making and conflict resolution, including artificial intelligence techniques, as well as optimization of the resource assignment and part throughput. This paper shows an example of such versatility included in the supervisor by showing a hybrid decision making development.

Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji prinsip dasar elektrolisis dan hukum Faraday melalui pendekatan STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, Mathematics). Dalam percobaan, dilakukan elektrolisis larutan CuSO₄ dan KI menggunakan elektroda tembaga dan karbon, serta pengukuran muatan listrik dengan coulometer. Hasil menunjukkan adanya perubahan massa elektroda Cu yang menunjukkan terjadinya reaksi reduksi, serta perubahan warna larutan KI yang mengindikasikan pembentukan I₂. Diperoleh muatan listrik sebesar 54 C dan jumlah mol elektron sebesar 0,00055 mol. Praktikum ini menunjukkan keterkaitan kuantitatif antara listrik dan jumlah zat yang bereaksi, serta menekankan integrasi teori dan praktik dalam konteks pembelajaran interdisipliner.