Economic policy

The objective of this study is to clarify the prevailing vague and sometimes misguided understanding regarding the articulation of economic policy, especially in the context of socioeconomic systems in structural crisis.The distortions of the economic policy are keep reproducing and spreading usually because of three disorientating conceptual sources: a) the view of economic policy supposedly as a de-ideologized construction, or as a de-technicalized voluntarism, b) the view of economic policy supposedly as a de-strategized synthesis, c) the view of economic policy as a supposedly automatic, ungradated and timeless procedure.For a socioeconomic system to exit from its crisis and by applying these concepts to the Greek case, we see as a prerequisite the interruption of this vicious circle of misconceptions, towards the trajectory of a virtuous circle of valid understanding the meaning of economic policy.

The problem of the progressive dysfunctionalization of social and economic systems is the starting point for intellectual exercise undertaken in the article. The origins and course of the 2008 global financial crisis show that the notion that the capacity to self-stabilize (to keep disequilibria under control) in the case of every complex dynamic system deteriorates over time is the pivotal issue. However, social systems interact with one another in numerous ways, for instance by communicating which is one of the most important interactions. We call the space of intersystem communication a "modality." That term, explained in this article, describes mechanisms in which deliberation helps stabilize social systems by changing the rules of the game, through the efforts of social agents acting as observers of various social systems of which they are part. We argue that the communication space is visibly deteriorating, by being captured by a particular set of economic ideas. We see this as a threat because "variety is the spice of life," and robustness of the economy depends on existence of a diverse portfolio of ideas, together with actors being ready and institutionally encouraged to defend them. We suggest some solutions that may bring more vigor to modality.

In the digital era, women's participation in the labor market is undergoing significant transformations. While digitalization and remote work offer new opportunities, challenges such as the digital gender gap and the need for reskilling persist. Public policies play a crucial role in addressing these challenges and fostering gender-inclusive labor markets. This study aims to explore how public policies can enhance women's labor market participation by promoting digital skills development, ensuring equitable access to technology, and supporting flexible work arrangements. The research employs a qualitative, desk-based comparative analysis of secondary data from international organizations, including the OECD, World Bank, and ILO, focusing on four diverse countries: Estonia, Germany, Albania, and Rwanda. The findings reveal that integrated, genderresponsive policies-such as digital literacy programs, childcare support, and incentives for flexible work-are most effective in empowering women. For instance, Estonia's "Digital Skills for All" initiative and Rwanda's gender-sensitive policies have increased women's inclusion in ICT sectors, while Germany's childcare infrastructure and Albania's external projects highlight the importance of policy coherence. Persistent barriers include the digital gender divide, unpaid care burdens, and workplace discrimination. The study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive, crosscountry analysis that integrates feminist and intersectional perspectives, offering actionable insights for policymakers, researchers, and practitioners to design inclusive and equitable labor market strategies in the digital age.

According to OECD definitions of rural regions, around one in five Canadians live in Canada's rural regions, which accounts for 97.1% of total Canadian landmass and over a third (36.4%) of the OECD's overall rural regional landmass. Like most countries, rural regions have lower aggregate gross domestic product (GDP) than urban areas. Nevertheless, rural areas show signs of progress in Canada. The rural-urban income gap in 2020 was half the size it was in 2000 and, in 2019, average annual labour productivity in rural areas (116 000 GDP per worker) was higher than urban areas (112 000 GDP per worker). Inequalities in hightechnology innovation between rural and metropolitan regions are also relatively low compared to OECD countries. From 2016 to 2020, the difference in average patenting intensity, measured as the number of patents per capita, between rural remote regions and metropolitan regions was 0.08 in Canada, compared to an OECD average of 0.15. However, this largely reflects relatively poor overall national innovation performance if we use patenting as a proxy for high-technology innovation. In 2020, patenting intensity in Canada, for example, stood at only 0.09 patent applicants per 1 000 inhabitants compared to an OECD average of 0.14. Mirroring this is relatively weak investment in research and development (R&D). Canada's gross domestic expenditure on R&D was 1.7% of GDP in 2021, well below the OECD average of 2.7% and lower than its share in 2010 (1.83%). The share of firms reporting R&D investment is also weaker in rural areas (0.8% in 2018) than in urban (1.1%) areas. While rural areas are underperforming relative to the rest of the OECD and the national average regarding high-technology innovation statistics, much of this reflects the different characteristics of firms in rural areas as well as more challenging labour supply conditions. In that sense, it is important to stress broader notions of innovation that are more pertinent to rural areas, in particular, innovation closely rooted in entrepreneurship and, in turn, policies to support the formation of new firms and scale-up of existing firms, as well as upskilling programmes for the labour force. Strengthening rural innovation is especially important in Canada because rural regions are dually impacted by demographic change, with slower population growth and an ageing population, and climate change, with places in the Canadian Arctic warming at close to twice the global rate. There is scope to boost innovation to address these challenges, including adapting federal, provincial and territorial programmes to better support rural entrepreneurs and green innovation initiatives, calling on good practices from Indigenous knowledge and exemplary rural firms. This report draws on lessons from similar research in other OECD countries to provide a diagnosis of rural innovation in Canada as well as policy recommendations to support it, with a particular emphasis on innovation to address climate change.

To encourage participation, it is proposed that each stabilizing their carbon emissions at 1990 levels by the non-OECD country be allocated permits equivalent to its year 2000, and some to reducing emissions to 80-90 projccted baseline emissionsand that OECD countries percent of 1990 levels by the years 2005 or 2010. be allocated permits equivalent to the world emissions Most non-OECD countries are reluctant to reduce target minus the permit allocations to the non-OECD emissions to combat global climate change. They argue countries. Such a scheme recognizes that OECD that suck policies would forestall their development, that countries have a higher willingness to pay for increasing the stock of greenhouse gases in the air is primarily from reductions and that non-OECD countries have a smaller historical emissions from OECD countries and the historical "global emissions debt.' former Soviet Union, and that those countries should be Under that proposed regime, Larsen and Shah find chat made to bear the cost of such abatement policies. the cost of emissions reductions for OECD countries Larsen and Shah evaluate alternative permit allocations would be about 50 percenr lower than unilateral for a global tradeable permit regime designed to reductions would be, and that non-OECD countries minimize the costs of stabilizing world carbon en-issions would also realize substantial net gains from participating from fossil fuel combustion at 1987 levels by the year in such a global treaty. 2000. Moreover, that global treaty would be 68 percent less They find that an important cross-section of countries cosrly worldwide than would realizing the same target would have little incentive to participate in a treaty based through unilateral reductions by the OECD countries. on such widely discussed forms of permit allocations as permit allocations by GDP, by population, or by some combination of the two. This papera produca of the Public Economics Division, Policy Research Departmentis part of a larger effort in the department to examine economic policy instruments for global environmental protection.

Developing counltries with heavy foreign direct investment need not worry about providing special tax incentives for foreign investment. But they must be sure that their tax system is competitive with the home tax regime of a marginal investor who has access to toreign tax credits against domestic tax liabilities. L ; \ b l he Policy. Rcseareh, and I tcrema A! !ars (rrrrnpex r d te, l'R I UA i-kIr:g Pa pers 1}d:sscmnina: te LCfindings ozf wik pors to encourage the excfhange Of ideas among Bank s:aff an*' al ohcr, rwrcstn,ed in devclorment issucs Ihcse papers carry the names of the authorm reflet O their N IC." ad 6 m d *i a -d (Ii a Pchrdng:i Ihe find:ngi. Lrtcrpretaju ns. and c,rncl.sions are r he authiirs Own 0 Ies sFriui' n"i Ih aI:nr :c,4 " Ic \i -!, 1 -li rI (f 1 ) f r rirs r,.a aagarneri. or arrn ofrs o r r errNrr Countries

Focusing on the case of Mongolia during the Cold War, this article analyses how the goals of resource extraction and socialist development shaped urban and regional planning in the country. The article examines the negotiations for development assistance between Mongolia, the Soviet Union, East Germany and Czechoslovakia since 1962, with a particular focus on the foundation of the mining city of Erdenet in 1973 as a key outcome of these negotiations. It demonstrates that mineral extraction was the central aspect of socialist assistance. The requirements and scale of mining infrastructure provided a distinct logic to urban and regional planning in the country. The article argues that in the socialist development vision, extraction was integral to urban thinking. The socialist approach to resource development in Mongolia employed a heavy-handed approach of extensive urbanization, contrasting sharply with post-socialist urban patterns shaped by investments from private extractive industries.

Previous research has explored the nexus between economic policy uncertainty (EPU) and exchange rates, yielding inconclusive results due to varying findings of negative and positive effects. However, there remains a lack of research focusing on individual African countries. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the connection between EPU and exchange rates in Nigeria. Utilizing the newly developed Nigeria EPU index (2023), the analysis spans from 2010 to 2020 using monthly time series data. Employing the dynamic Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach, the study reveals a long-run relationship between EPU and exchange rates in Nigeria. The study thus shows that increase in EPU, interest rate and inflation worsen the exchange rate situation, both in the short and long run in Nigeria. We hereby recommend that a coordinated policy response be put in place in order to lessen the negative impact of economic policy uncertainty, fluctuating interest rates, and inflation on exchange rate dynamics. The study therefore highlights the need of clear and reliable economic policies to increase market confidence and reduce volatility caused by uncertainty.

We discuss the current state of stockownership among households in major European countries (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the UK), drawing parallels and contrasts with the US experience. We use detailed microeconomic datasets and explore the extent to which observed international differences in stockholding can be attributed to differences in household characteristics. Statistical analysis finds (1) an increase in stock market participation in all countries; (2) persistent differences across countries, with the US, the UK and Sweden having considerable more participation than France, Germany, Italy; (3) a robust correlation between the participation decision on the one hand, and wealth and education on the other; (4) a relatively small effect of education and wealth on the asset share invested in stocks, conditional on participation. Interestingly, international differences in stock market participation remain large even when we control for household characteristics. As our empirical results point to the relevance of participation costs, we probe into a number of indicators of such costs, and we find that these are consistent with the observed pattern of participation across countries. Since the lowering of such costs brings into the market households with different characteristics than incumbents, we discuss their likely impact, policy concerns, and types of policies that could mitigate their adverse impact on the future workings of the market.

Neoclassical theory holds that economic order and stability owe to a spontaneous tendency toward general optimality. Formal descriptions of this tendency are variously subsumed as the ‘economic calculation’ (or ‘socialist computation’ or ‘Vienna’) problem, which is presumably complicated beyond any possibility of solution. This paper, with its related desk-top prototypes, are presented as counterexamples to the non-computability premise. Together they demonstrate a general, international I/O structure’s advance through all the chaotic physical states and disequilibrium prices leading to Pareto optimality. Stated in the familiar terminology of DSGE modeling, the SFEcon algorithm maximizes value subject to the constraint of mass being conserved. Conservation of mass is imposed by loci of technical indifference that are everywhere expressive of diminishing marginal utility. SFEcon models emulate the continuous building-up and working-off of physical assets via ordinary engineering dyna...

This chapter argues that a new, permanent EU fiscal capacity can contribute to meeting the green-transition challenges and providing countercyclical macroeconomic stabilisation. While the Recovery and Resilience Fund (RRF) is not large enough to address the current challenges, its introduction was an essential step forward in providing an operational blueprint for a permanent EU investment fund. The reform of EU fiscal rules is set to provide insufficient scope for the additional public climate investment required to meet the climate targets. Furthermore, the EU sovereignty fund proposed by the European Commission in the form of the Strategic Technologies for Europe Platform (STEP) adds little new money, focuses on green-tech subsidies instead of public investment, and falls short of providing a realistic vision of meeting public investment

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In this disclaimer a reference to "SRA" means Sugar Research Australia Ltd and its directors, officers, employees, contractors and agents. This document has been prepared in good faith by the organisation or individual named in the document on the basis of information available to them at the date of publication without any independent verification. Although SRA does its best to present information that is correct and accurate, to the full extent permitted by law SRA makes no warranties, guarantees or representations about the suitability, reliability, currency or accuracy of the information in this document, for any purposes. The information contained in this document (including tests, inspections and recommendations) is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any information contained in this document without first conducting independent inquiries and obtaining specific and independent professional advice as appropriate. To the full extent permitted by law, SRA expressly disclaims all and any liability to any persons in respect of anything done by any such person in reliance (whether in whole or in part) on any information contained in this document, including any loss, damage, cost or expense incurred by any such persons as a result of the use of, or reliance on, any information in this document. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of SRA. Any copies made of this document or any part of it must incorporate this disclaimer.

Rapid and radical digitalization and the “fourth industrial revolution” are generally associated with progress, but also pose significant risks to privacy rights and democracy. This article proposes a public law reading of the South African Constitution to respond to the dangers posed by disruptive technological change, in light of the constitution's rights-orientated and rule-of-law-centred approach to interpreting the right to privacy. It examines the legal resources available in the South African legal system and, specifically, its constitution. The article emphasizes the way South African privacy jurisprudence infuses the right to privacy with the value of dignity, and how this allows an interpretation that sees privacy as a public, as well as private, right. The article concludes that this rights jurisprudence, alongside the constitutional principles of proportionality, subsidiarity and supremacy, has established a working foundation to articulate the right to privacy in a ...

Nowadays, image is radically important for any product, and even more so for a country. The image that a country displays to the world influences the attitude and perception of the other countries and people in general about itself. Romania is currently facing a brick wall in this area. Although the country is in a continuous change, the same cannot be said about the way others perceive it. Throughout this paper, we would like to point out the importance and part of branding in the development and positioning of a country, by trying to answer questions such as what a country should and should not do in order to have a good and representative image towards the exterior.

Áprilisban a baloldal elvesztette parlamenti képviseletét, de hiteles baloldal eddig sem volt a Parlamentben-mondja Éber Márk Áron szociológus, aki szerint csak olyan baloldal lehet életképes a jövőben, amelyik a dolgozó emberek millióinak tapasztalatai és érdekei köré szerveződik. Hogy a Tisza mennyiben képviseli a baloldali gondolatot, azon múlik, hova helyezkedik a kormányzat munkáltatók és munkavállalók érdekellentétében. Az ELTE Társadalomtudományi Karának oktatójával, a Helyzet Műhely kutatócsoport tagjával a Tisza technopopulizmusáról, a NER baloldali intézkedéseiről, az elkésett Komjáthi Imréről és arról is beszélgettünk, miért nem elegendő copypaste-tel lemásolni, ami a nyugati baloldalon éppen menő.

Históricamente el grado de intervención del Estado en los asuntos económicos depende de la estructura, del modelo vigente y del interés del mismo en ser agente activo o pasivo de las actividades económicas. Para el caso concreto de  la articulación de los sectores agropecuario e industrial para definir el sistema  agroindustrial el Estado pasó de un alto nivel de intervención a una mínima  expresión, destacándose el modelo proteccionista a través de la Industrialización  por sustitución de importaciones hasta finales de la década de los años ochenta,  adoptando a partir de los noventa un proceso de apertura económica que  generó cambios en el sector agropecuario dadas las medidas arancelarias y las

International commodity agreements (ICAs) fit uneasily provided the impetus for resolving some of the problems in a world in which markets are becoming globalized and that intervention threw up. Since the collapse of the tin increasingly competitive. Development policyboth as market in 1985, the belief that commodity market preached by international agencies and as practiced by stabilization cannot work has undermined producers' typically democratically elected and nonsocialist willingness to try to resolve difficulties within existing ICAs governments in the major producing countriesand has reinforced the suspicion of consumer governments emphasizes productive efficiency, product quality, and that these agreements were in no one's interests. effective marketing. In the current climate, encouraging competitive This is a long way from the ideology that gave central markets, state interventions are seen as requiring clear place to supply restrictions operating through central justification in terms of market failure. The existence of marketing boards and quota allocations. active futures markets in all of the industries that have In today's less centralized, more competitive world, commodity agreements makes justification along these the winners and losers from commodity stabilization are lines problematic. more evenly distributed across producing and But the "commodity problem" has not disappeared, consuming countries. Commodity policy is no longer a and producers may look for other mechanisms to raise matter of redistribution from consumers to producers. prices from often very low levels in industries This institutional change has been reinforced by the experiencing excess capacity. Developed country widespread beliefevidenced, for example, by the governments may be forced to decide whether they collapse of the international tin and coffee agreements-prefer to see markets controlled by producer cartels that commodity market stabilization through (where they will lack representation) or under the international agreements cannot succeed. auspices of international commodity agreements. In earlier decades, the belief that stabilization could and would improve the position of commodity producers An earlier version of this papera product of the Commodity Policy and Analysis Unit, International Economics Departmentwas prepared as a background working paper for Global Economic Prospects 1994.

Hexomie de Dori DUMBI-Article empirique Résumé Cet article teste économétriquement l'Hexomie de Dori DUMBI, définie comme une théorie macroéconométrique de l'équilibre économique élargi. L'approche prolonge le carré magique de Kaldor par une architecture hexagonale articulant six sommets : croissance économique, emploi, stabilité des prix, équilibre extérieur, stabilité monétaire et du taux de change, soutenabilité budgétaire et financière. L'étude applique ce cadre à la République démocratique du Congo sur la période 2002-2024 à partir d'une base consolidée de données macroéconomiques publiques complétée, lorsque nécessaire, par des séries simulées calibrées et explicitement identifiées. La stratégie empirique combine une estimation séquentielle des six transitions, une lecture systémique de la boucle, une formalisation mathématique et la construction d'un Indice d'Équilibre Hexomique. Les résultats exploratoires confirment la pertinence du schéma hexomique : la croissance exerce un effet favorable sur l'emploi, la dépréciation du change alimente l'inflation, les tensions nominales détériorent l'équilibre extérieur, les réserves stabilisent la monnaie, la volatilité monétaire fragilise la soutenabilité budgétaire et les finances publiques influencent le retour vers la croissance. L'article conclut que l'Hexomie constitue un cadre robuste pour analyser la cohérence des politiques économiques dans une économie ouverte, vulnérable aux chocs de change, à l'inflation importée et aux contraintes budgétaires.

This article explores, through the lens of competence creep, the European Union's (EU) growing reliance on financial conditionality to achieve its policy objectives and encourage reforms in its Member States. It focuses on the application of conditionality in enforcing the rule of law as a case study to examine the potential and shortcomings of integration through funding as a means to broaden the reach of EU law into areas where the Union has limited competence. To this end, it analyses three key instruments of rule of law conditionality: the Conditionality Regulation 2020/2092, Next Generation EU, and the Common Provisions Regulation. The article argues that spending conditionality represents a new form of competence creep and dissects its primary emerging components. It also highlights the constitutional implications of conditionality as a governance tool, advocating for increased scholarly attention to this matter.

Sektor rolny Ukrainy stanowi strategiczny element gospodarki narodowej, zapewniając bezpieczeństwo żywnościowe państwa oraz kształtując znaczną część jego potencjału eksportowego, co sprzyja zatrudnieniu na obszarach wiejskich i stabilizacji społeczno-gospodarczego rozwoju terenów wiejskich. Uwagę poświęcono dyskursowi na temat zrównoważonego charakteru produkcji rolnej w warunkach wojny, adaptacji polityki do nowych zagrożeń, a także miejscu krajowego rolnictwa w międzynarodowych perspektywach strategicznych, w tym postanowieniom Europejskiego Zielonego Ładu oraz Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej UE.

This article is expressing the authors' point of view as regards the economic and social evolution of Romania during 2005. After highlighting the basic elements of the general frame to consider for Romania in 2005, the article develops the analysis by the main sectors of activity. The Gross Domestic Product analysis is performed both in comparison with the year 2004 and by its structure, pointing out the influence of the factors which contributed to its achievement. Furthermore, there are the significant developments by branches of activity which are analyzed in a sectorial manner. The analysis is performed in correlation with the situation which is going to be imposed by the adhesion of Romania to the European Union. The basic aspects are suggestively supported and underlined by the synthetic tables and diagrams included in the text.

With the Lisbon Treaty, the European Parliament (EP) obtained codecision rights in economic governance for the first time. Soon afterwards, the outbreak of the eurozone crisis required a reform of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). When negotiating EMU reform, the EP sought to push its rights beyond the Lisbon provisions, so as to obtain an informal institutional change to its benefit. How and under which conditions did the EP extend its informal powers successfullyand when did it fail? By focusing on two crucial strategiesdelaying and arena-linkingwe compare instances of EMU reform where the EP succeeded in reaching an informal empowerment to cases where it failed. We find that the urgency of decision-making and its distributional consequences influence the EP's chances of success. While urgency plays a crucial role in times of crisis, distributional consequences come to bear in policies where core state powers are at stake.

This paper conducts an empirical investigation of the effects of temporary versus persistent fiscal policy shocks. Using data from the US I show that short lived fiscal expansions have a positive effect on output and consumption; while persistent fiscal shocks generate negative effects on consumption and -to a lesser extent -on output. Persistent fiscal expansions are associated with an increase in precautionary savings, collapse in consumers' confidence and an increase the yield curve's term premium. Consistently with consumption smoothing, short-lived fiscal expansions generate a temporary deficit in the current account, while persistent fiscal shocks leave the external balance unaffected. I find evidence of nonlinearity in the effects of temporary and persistent fiscal shocks according to (i) the level of public debt and (ii) the state of the business cycle. Persistent fiscal shocks have larger negative effects on consumption and output if they take place at high levels of public debt, possibly due to the higher costs of fiscal stabilization. The state of the business cycle is also very relevant. Persistent fiscal shocks generate negative multipliers in times of economic boom, but these negative multipliers disappear in periods of recession when credit constraints are more likely to bind. On the other hand, temporary fiscal shocks have positive effects both in times of expansion and in times of recession, but with the multipliers being way larger in the latter case. Differently with what hypothesized by the earlier literature on \non-Keynesian" _scale effects, I find little evidence that these effects are asymmetric depending on the size of the shocks.

This paper conducts an empirical investigation of the effects of temporary versus persistent fiscal policy shocks. Using data from the US I show that short lived fiscal expansions have a positive effect on output and consumption; while persistent fiscal shocks generate negative effects on consumption and -to a lesser extent -on output. Persistent fiscal expansions are associated with an increase in precautionary savings, collapse in consumers' confidence and an increase the yield curve's term premium. Consistently with consumption smoothing, short-lived fiscal expansions generate a temporary deficit in the current account, while persistent fiscal shocks leave the external balance unaffected. I find evidence of nonlinearity in the effects of temporary and persistent fiscal shocks according to (i) the level of public debt and (ii) the state of the business cycle. Persistent fiscal shocks have larger negative effects on consumption and output if they take place at high levels of public debt, possibly due to the higher costs of fiscal stabilization. The state of the business cycle is also very relevant. Persistent fiscal shocks generate negative multipliers in times of economic boom, but these negative multipliers disappear in periods of recession when credit constraints are more likely to bind. On the other hand, temporary fiscal shocks have positive effects both in times of expansion and in times of recession, but with the multipliers being way larger in the latter case. Differently with what hypothesized by the earlier literature on \non-Keynesian" _scale effects, I find little evidence that these effects are asymmetric depending on the size of the shocks.

Das Zentrum für soziologische Forschung (CIS) beobachtet die Dynamiken des Wahlverhaltens in Spanien seit der demokratischen Transition in den späten 1970er Jahren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verschiedene Schätzmethoden eingesetzt. Seit 2019 wird jedoch eine einheitliche Methode angewendet, die auf der Nutzung von Szenarien basiert und sich auf die wichtigsten Theorien des Wahlverhaltens stützt, um empirisch fundierte Simulationen zu erzeugen (Alaminos und Tezanos). Dieser Ansatz, formalisiert durch das bifaktorielle Trägheits-Unsicherheits-Modell, wurde von den Professoren Antonio Alaminos (Universidad de Alicante) und Antonio F. Alaminos-Fernández (CIS) für zahlreiche Anwendungen operationalisiert: von der Spieltheorie und der Analyse der Auswirkungen von Wahlkampagnen bis hin zur Diagnose manifester und latenter Wahlunterstützung, einschließlich der Sensitivitätsanalyse bei der Umrechnung von Stimmen in Sitze. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Messung und Konfiguration der Wahlunterstützung für die analysierte soziologische Erhebung.

Das Zentrum für soziologische Forschung (CIS) beobachtet die Dynamiken des Wahlverhaltens in Spanien seit der demokratischen Transition in den späten 1970er Jahren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verschiedene Schätzmethoden eingesetzt. Seit 2019 wird jedoch eine einheitliche Methode angewendet, die auf der Nutzung von Szenarien basiert und sich auf die wichtigsten Theorien des Wahlverhaltens stützt, um empirisch fundierte Simulationen zu erzeugen (Alaminos und Tezanos). Dieser Ansatz, formalisiert durch das bifaktorielle Trägheits-Unsicherheits-Modell, wurde von den Professoren Antonio Alaminos (Universidad de Alicante) und Antonio F. Alaminos-Fernández (CIS) für zahlreiche Anwendungen operationalisiert: von der Spieltheorie und der Analyse der Auswirkungen von Wahlkampagnen bis hin zur Diagnose manifester und latenter Wahlunterstützung, einschließlich der Sensitivitätsanalyse bei der Umrechnung von Stimmen in Sitze. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Messung und Konfiguration der Wahlunterstützung für die analysierte soziologische Erhebung.

Das Zentrum für soziologische Forschung (CIS) beobachtet die Dynamiken des Wahlverhaltens in Spanien seit der demokratischen Transition in den späten 1970er Jahren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden im Laufe der Jahrzehnte verschiedene Schätzmethoden eingesetzt. Seit 2019 wird jedoch eine einheitliche Methode angewendet, die auf der Nutzung von Szenarien basiert und sich auf die wichtigsten Theorien des Wahlverhaltens stützt, um empirisch fundierte Simulationen zu erzeugen (Alaminos und Tezanos). Dieser Ansatz, formalisiert durch das bifaktorielle Trägheits-Unsicherheits-Modell, wurde von den Professoren Antonio Alaminos (Universidad de Alicante) und Antonio F. Alaminos-Fernández (CIS) für zahlreiche Anwendungen operationalisiert: von der Spieltheorie und der Analyse der Auswirkungen von Wahlkampagnen bis hin zur Diagnose manifester und latenter Wahlunterstützung, einschließlich der Sensitivitätsanalyse bei der Umrechnung von Stimmen in Sitze. Der vorliegende Bericht beschreibt die Messung und Konfiguration der Wahlunterstützung für die analysierte soziologische Erhebung.

Le Linee Guida AGID del 21 dicembre 2022 sull'accessibilità degli strumenti informatici impongono requisiti tecnici precisi per ogni categoria di prodotto ICT acquisito dalla pubblica amministrazione. Questi requisiti non sono optional da inserire se e quando conveniente: sono criteri di conformità che devono essere recepiti nei capitolati tecnici di gara, nei contratti di fornitura e nei processi di collaudo. La prassi diffusa di relegare l'accessibilità a una clausola di stile, o di ometterla del tutto, genera inadempimenti contrattuali e responsabilità che si accumulano silenziosamente. Il contributo esamina come le Linee Guida incidono sulla struttura dei contratti ICT pubblici e quali obblighi ne derivano per le stazioni appaltanti.

This paper reviews hybrid and electric vehicle (EV/HEV) battery waste management, focusing on global and Malaysian best practices, sustainability issues, and alignment with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study highlights recycling technologies, policy frameworks, and circular economy strategies essential to reducing environmental impact. The worldwide transition toward hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs/EVs) has increasingly highlighted the environmental and economic challenges associated with managing end-of-life (EoL) lithium-ion batteries. This review evaluates global and Malaysian battery waste management practices, examines recycling and second-life strategies, and explores sustainability implications aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings indicate that although countries such as the European Union, China, Japan, and the United States have implemented comprehensive policies and efficient recycling systems, Malaysia remains in early development stages. However, Malaysia's National Automotive Policy (NAP 2020), pilot recycling programs, and circular-economy initiatives indicate promising progress. The review concludes that successful battery waste management must integrate policy, technology innovation, circular-economy practices, and SDG alignment to ensure sustainable EV growth.

These articles were presented at a conference in December 2004, convened to consider the disparity in job growth between the United States and Canada-namely, while the United States was struggling to create jobs, the number of Canadian jobs was increasing. The conference was cosponsored by the Canadian Consulate General in New York, the Centre for the Study of Living Standards,

This paper draws lessons from post-World War II Western European economic performance for the current U.S. economy. We document that much of Western Europe grew very quickly from the end of World War II up to the mid-1970s, reflecting policies that incentivized technology adoption and investment in physical and human capital. But since then, European policies have changed considerably, with higher tax rates and increased regulatory barriers that have reduced competition and new business formation. We discuss how the U.S. has shown signs of becoming like Europe over the last decade, and argue why policy reforms are key to restoring U.S. growth.

This paper draws lessons from post-World War II Western European economic performance for the current U.S. economy. We document that much of Western Europe grew very quickly from the end of World War II up to the mid-1970s, reflecting policies that incentivized technology adoption and investment in physical and human capital. But since then, European policies have changed considerably, with higher tax rates and increased regulatory barriers that have reduced competition and new business formation. We discuss how the U.S. has shown signs of becoming like Europe over the last decade, and argue why policy reforms are key to restoring U.S. growth.

As the leading energy source, oil price volatility has crucial effects in energy markets, and geopolitical risks (GPRs) and economic policy uncertainties contribute to its volatility. Further, chaos, long-range dependence, fractionality, and complexity significantly reduce modeling and forecast performances. At the first stage, daily oil prices, and monthly global and USA-based GPRs, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) are examined with a battery of tests for chaos, entropy, fractionality, complexity, and volatility, followed by a second stage that focuses on modeling daily oil prices with mixed-frequency deep neural networks (DNNs) GARCH-mixed-frequency data sampling (MIDAS)-long short-term memory (LSTM) for 28 December 1995-30 October 2023, a period including USA-China Trade War, Russia-Ukraine War, and COVID-19 as prominent GPR and policy uncertainty factors. Findings indicate R/S = 33.2 and modified R/S = 3.42, along with fractionality parameter estimates d = 0.93, 0.94, 0.88, with heteroskedasticity-robust estimators confirming long-range dependence and fractionality. Lyapunov exponents are estimated as λ = 0.91 and λ = 0.89, which identify type of chaos with moderate level of dependence on initial conditions. Shannon entropy (SE) and Tsallis entropy (TE) and Kolmogorov-Sinai complexity (KSC) measures are calculated as 6.41, 9.25, and 10.04, whereas Hurst exponent (HE) is estimated as 0.99, highlighting low level of entropy and predictability and high level of complexity for oil prices. At the modeling stage, LSTM-augmented mixed-frequency model estimates indicate θ parameters equal to 0.16 for monthly EPU with the highest effect, followed by θ = 0.139 and 0.088 for global and USA-based GPRs, contributing to upsurges in price volatility. The % RMSE error reduction of models in one-step-ahead forecasts ranges between-15.67% and-41.77%. Most importantly, outof-sample forecast RMSE reduction reaches-59.56% to-78.08% indicating significant forecast gains, and results are robust for various forecast horizons. These findings have important implications for policymakers and investors in energy markets.

Fiscal problem is the most severe problem facing public institutions in Nigeria particularly the local government. This problem had been provoked by a number of factors including "over dependence" on statutory allocations from both the state and federal governments; deliberate tax evation by local citizenry, creation of non-viable local government areas, differences in the status of local governments in terms of ruralness and urbanism; "inadequate revenue and restricted fiscal jurisdiction". These factors and their attendants' problems, implications and effects are examined within the purview of fiscal federalism in this paper in line with the provision of the 1999 Federal Republic of Nigeria's constitution. We went further to argue that for a financially healthy local government to exist, there is need for the allocation of responsibilities and functions in accordance with their taxing power and ability to internally generate fund. The constitutional provision that recognizes local governments' power in this regard must give them full freedom to operate and this must be well guaranteed and adequately protected. These, coupled with the need to review revenue sharing formula, granting of fiscal autonomy, fiscal discipline as well as making local government responsive, responsible and accountable to the people will, in our view, set our local government free from the manacle of fiscal stress promoted and strengthened by the 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. * Independent revenue * Others (including share of VAT, grants, etc.) Subtotal % of Total State Govts and FCT, Abuja * Statutory allocation from the federation account * Internally generated revenue * Others (including share of VAT, grants, etc.) Subtotal % of Total Local Governments * Statutory allocation from the federation account * Internally generated revenue * Others (including share of VAT, grants, etc.) Subtotal % of Total Grand Total for all govts

Many developing countries have suffered under the personal rule of "kleptocrats", who implement highly inefficient economic policies, expropriate the wealth of their citizens, and use the proceeds for their own glorification or consumption. We argue that the success of kleptocrats rests, in part, on their ability to use a "divide-and-rule" strategy, made possible by weaknesses in the institutions in these societies. Members of society need to cooperate in order to depose a kleptocrat, yet such cooperation may be defused by imposing punitive rates of taxation on any citizen who proposes such a move, and redistributing the benefits to those who need to agree to it. Thus the collective action problem can be intensified by threats which remain off the equilibrium path. In equilibrium, all are exploited and no one challenges the kleptocrat. Kleptocratic policies are more likely when foreign aid and rents from natural resources provide rulers with substantial resources to buy off opponents; when opposition groups are shortsighted; when the average productivity in the economy is low; and when there is greater inequality between producer groups (because more productive groups are more difficult to buy off).

El presente artículo analiza modelos exitosos de comercialización de vehículos eléctricos implementados en diversos países y regiones, con el propósito de identificar estrategias replicables que puedan adaptarse al contexto del estado de Tabasco, México. A través de una revisión comparativa de estudios de caso internacionales, incluyendo experiencias en Noruega, China, y algunos estados pioneros de América Latina, se examinan factores clave como políticas públicas, incentivos fiscales, alianzas público-privadas, infraestructura de carga y estrategias de financiamiento. Posteriormente, se realiza un análisis situacional de Tabasco para detectar barreras y oportunidades en el ámbito económico, social y tecnológico. Los hallazgos permiten proponer una adaptación contextualizada de las mejores prácticas identificadas, con base en un modelo de negocio sostenible que considera la asequibilidad, la educación del consumidor, y la participación de actores locales. Se concluye que la adecuada adaptación de estas experiencias puede contribuir significativamente al impulso de la movilidad eléctrica en la región, promoviendo tanto beneficios ambientales como económicos en el marco de la sostenibilidad y los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible.