Developmental Tasks

Рассмотрены вопросы формирования личностной суверенности подростка в нарративном тренинге. Нарратив понимается как текст, знаковая система, первоначально разделенная между людьми и в последствии интериоризируемая. Обосновывается возможность использования нарратива как психотехнического средства в работе с личностной суверенностью подростка. Ее формирование связывается с освоением рефлексивного действия, направленного на смысловое упорядочивание подростком опыта (событий) своего успешного автономного поведения. Основным содержанием нарративного тренинга выступает конструирование нарратива (нарративной метафоры). Рассмотрены два аспекта нарративной метафоры: «ландшафт действия» и «ландшафт смысла», помогающие подростку означить и придать смысл уникальным эпизодам собственной жизни, структурировать разрозненный опыт своего успешного независимого поведения. Ключевые слова: психологическая суверенность личности, психотехническое средство, нарратив, подростковый возраст. Елфимова М.М. Нарратив как психотехническое средство в работе... Elfimova M.M. Narrative as a Psychotechnical Tool in Working with Personality Sovereignty... the adolescent. Its formation is connected to the adolescent's mastering of reflexive action aimed at the meaningful organization of his/her experience of successful autonomous behavior. The essence of the narrative training is constructing the narrative (narrative metaphor). We consider two aspects of the narrative metaphor: the domain of action landscape and the domain of meaning, that help the adolescent to signify and make sense of the unique episodes of his/her life and to structure the fragmented experiences of his/her successful independent behavior.

Objectives Transferring an elderly parent to a nursing home is a challenging process for children. This study aims to explore the factors affecting the nursing home placement of elderly parents by adult children in Iran. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative research utilizing grounded theory. The participants were 13 individuals from Ahvaz and Lorestan provinces of Iran who had placed their elderly parents in a nursing home within the past two years. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, continuing until theoretical saturation was achieved. Data analysis was done using Strauss and Corbin's method. Results The main phenomenon identified was "A challenging path and a prudent decision to have peace and stability". Causal factors included the child's inability to meet the needs of an elderly parent and the child's perception of parents' ongoing suffering. The contextual factors included cultural/religious barriers, the child's insecure attachment, and physical/mental/financial limitations. Intervening factors (facilitators and inhibitors) included parents' unusual and inconsistent behaviors, caregiving-related injuries, siblings' lack of responsibility in caregiving, family consensus on transferring the parents, parents' consent to transfer, fear of inadequate acceptance and care for the elderly parent, and difficulties/conflicts during the transfer process. To address these challenges, participants employed strategies such as ensuring the maintenance and improvement of parents' health, approval of parent transfer from others, committing to maintaining continuous relationships with the elderly, and engaging in positive self-talk. The outcomes of the phenomenon included satisfaction of both parent and child with the transfer, improvement in the parent's condition post-transfer, and the persistence of the child's internal conflicts post-transfer. Conclusion The adult children's decision to place an elderly parent in a nursing home is challenging, and can be affected by various factors, having both positive and negative outcomes. The findings can be helpful for counselors, psychologists, and geriatricians in Iran.

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Autor
Reiner, Martina
Language
German
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Wie kann der Glaube an Kristalle einer Ministrantin dabei helfen, durch die »harte Schale der Kirche« wieder zum Glauben an einen liebenden Gott zu finden? Martina Reiner schlüsselt religiöse Diskrepanzerfahrungen von Jugendlichen und ihren Umgang damit auf. Anhand von narrativen Biografiekarten und den dazugehörigen Erzählungen macht sie deutlich, dass religiöse Aneignung ein Prozess ist, der in Abhängigkeit von verschiedenen Parametern höchst individuell und dynamisch gedacht werden muss. So entsteht eine inhaltlich aufschlussreiche und methodisch innovative Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema, die auch über die Grenzen der Religionsforschung hinaus Interessierte anspricht.

Il y a six décennies déjà, Robert J. a proposé, dans une perspective appliquée de compréhension et d'optimisation du développement psychosocial de l'être humain, le concept de « tâche de développement » (developmental-task). Ce concept est toujours utilisé par les psychologues anglo-et germanophones et mériterait, selon nous, d'être plus connu en France. L'objectif de cet article est par conséquent d'exposer différentes facettes de ce concept et de souligner son intérêt pour la psychologie du développement.

The developmental task concept has been useful to study adolescent development for more than 50 years. However, some facets of this concept remain unexplored. In this article, the author presents a cross-cultural and intercultural study comparing the developmental tasks of adolescents of native and foreign origin in France (French and North African origin) and Germany (German and Turkish origin). The results suggest that developmental tasks are not identical for adolescents in the national cultures (France and Germany) and furthermore that they are not the same depending on the acculturation framework to which adolescents of foreign origin are exposed in these two European countries.

The article presents the findings of the research concerning the period of emerging adulthood, in other words the transition phase between adolescence and early adulthood, conducted in the years 2010-2011. It has been demonstrated that becoming an adult, both in the objective dimension (taking on adult social roles – family and vocational ones) and subjective dimension (feeling of adulthood, identity characteristics and identity status, feeling of being on-time and off-time) is closely related to factors external to the individual as well as to the individual’s psychological profiles. A crucial point in entering adulthood is the completion of education. Non studying individuals assume more social roles related to adulthood, consider themselves to be more adult and to a greater extent undertake identity commitments than studying persons. People with various levels and kinds of physical disability not only take on fewer roles related to adulthood than nondisabled persons but they also...

Es erscheint selbstverständlich, dass Megalithanlagen wie Göbekli Tepe, Newgrange und Stonehenge in Europa, Asien und Afrika sehr markante und bedeutende „Symbole“ waren. Der enorme Aufwand und die Organisation, die für die Errichtung dieser Anlagen nötig waren, sind ein deutlicher Hinweis auf ihre Bedeutung für den Menschen. Elzbieta Halas erklärt: „Gruppen existieren nur auf der Grundlage gemeinsamer Symbolisierung ihrer Mitglieder … Die Prozesse der Symbolisierung … schaffen eine soziale Ordnung, drücken Bedeutung aus und steuern Handlungen. Symbole sind nicht autonom. Sie sind Handlungsmittel, die soziale Beziehungen aufzeigen und dramatisieren.“ D. Balaganapath bemerkt: „Die Grundlage jeder Kultur und jeder Identität wird durch ihre etablierte gemeinsame Symbolik bestimmt.“

Ich argumentiere, dass die Verehrung von Steinen als eine Form sozialen Bewusstseins entsteht – als universelle kulturelle Antwort auf das Bedürfnis nach Ordnung, Identität und Transzendenz. Megalithische Monumente wurden zu dauerhaften Symbolen sozialer Verträge, kosmologischer Überzeugungen und ritueller Macht. Meine zentrale These lautet, dass die Verehrung von Steinen weniger als isolierter Aberglaube, sondern vielmehr als soziale Technologie verstanden werden sollte, als adaptiver Prozess, durch den Symbole Gemeinschaften organisieren, die Beziehung zwischen Mensch und Umwelt vermitteln und die Entwicklung spirituellen Bewusstseins fördern.

Was also ist soziales Bewusstsein? Moitreyee Raju, eine indische Dichterin, Künstlerin und Geschichtenerzählerin, kommentierte vor einigen Jahren meinen Essay über soziales Bewusstsein. Charlie Peck bemerkte: „Ja, was mich an diesem Text besonders beeindruckt, ist die Aussage, dass Religion eine Lebensweise ist. Und nichts, was man zu bestimmten Zeiten oder an bestimmten Orten praktizieren muss. Ich glaube fest daran und unterstütze das von ganzem Herzen. Meine Religion lebt in meiner Arbeit. 🌹 Vielen Dank noch einmal fürs Teilen.“

Die Auffassung von spirituellen und religiösen Überzeugungen als Weltanschauung und Lebensweise deckt sich mit Erica Hills Beschreibung spiritueller Überzeugungen in Bezug auf Tiergeister als „dynamische soziale Verhaltensweisen“. Hills Modell dieser Überzeugungen betont die „dynamischen sozialen Verhaltensweisen, die in den Alltag arktischer Jäger und Sammler eingebettet sind“ – als „menschliche Beziehung zur Natur“.

Komplexität und Umstände

Das menschliche Gehirn und das menschliche Bewusstsein sind unglaublich komplex und umfassen eng miteinander verbundene und sich überschneidende Prozesse. Das neurowissenschaftliche Modell der Moral: „Moral ist ein Gefüge komplexer emotionaler und kognitiver Prozesse, das sich in vielen Hirnregionen widerspiegelt … Einige der verarbeiteten Emotionen sind für die Moral zentraler als andere, aber alle Emotionen tragen in bestimmten Kontexten zur moralischen Beurteilung bei … Die neuronalen Schaltkreise der an der Moral beteiligten Hirnregionen überschneiden sich mit denen, die andere Verhaltensprozesse regulieren …“ (Gehirnarchitektur der menschlichen Moral, Funk und Gazzanigna, Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2009). 19:678-681). Die Umstände sind entscheidend für die Beurteilung der „Realitäten“ einer gegebenen Situation – insbesondere im spirituellen Bereich.

Th e article attempts to present emerging adulthood, i.e. experiences during the transition from adolescence to the full adult status from the perspective of the social role theory. Th e empirical basis is a survey research carried out on a random, nationwide sample of people aged - (n=), stratifi ed by gender and size of their town of residence. Th e aim of the analysis is to answer questions about identifi cation with roles, and change in the multiplicity of roles depending on age, gender, and self-identifi cation with the status of an adult. Th e results indicate that in the period of emerging adulthood, the professional role becomes particularly important, and the set of roles related to the status of an adult overshadows the roles typical of adolescence. In addition, it has been shown that women identify with more roles than men and more oft en include the parental role and the role of wife/ partner in the set of roles.

Termin "tożsamość ego" (ego identity) wprowadzony został do psychologii przez Erika H. Eriksona (por. 1964Eriksona (por. , 1968)), stając się w kolejnych latach jednym z najpopularniejszych i najczęściej badanych konstruktów psychologicznych. Najbardziej znanym kontynuatorem myśli Eriksona, iż proces kształtowania się tożsamości, aczkolwiek trwa od dzieciństwa przez całą dorosłość, to swą kulminację osiąga w okresie dorastania, a jakość osiągniętej wtedy tożsamości w dużym stopniu decyduje o jakości startu w rolach człowieka dorosłego, jest James . Jest on uważany za twórcę podejścia (często określanego wręcz jako paradygmat) mówiącego o tzw. statusie tożsamości (identity-status paradigm). Według niego tożsamość powstaje w dwóch wyraźnie odmiennych etapach. Etap pierwszy, w jego wczesnych pracach określany jako "doświadczanie kryzysu" albo "bycie w kryzysie", polega na aktywnym poszukiwaniu alternatyw działań, różnych ze względu na cel i leżące u ich pod-

Objectives Although loneliness can occur in any life stage, its is higher among older adults. The present study aimed to explore the experience of loneliness in single older women in Tehran, Iran. Methods & Materials This qualitative study was conducted from 2020 to 2021. Sampling was performed using the snowball method. The participants were 23 older women aged 60-70 years remained permanently single unmarried, and had lived alone for at least one year, in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured individual interviews and the collected data were analyzed using the conventional content analysis. Results The mean age of women was 62.1 years. After coding and analyzing the data, three main themes were extracted as the participants' experiences of loneliness: Coping with loneliness (with two categories of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies), consequences of living alone (with two categories of perceived benefits and perceived disadvantages) and mediators of coping with loneliness (with three categories of social factors, physiological factors, and socioeconomic factors) were recognized. Conclusion The experiences of older women remained unmarried and are living alone, explored in this study, can significantly clarify their needs. Necessary planning is required to address their needs and challenges.

The article presents the findings of the research concerning the period of emerging adulthood, in other words the transition phase between adolescence and early adulthood, conducted in the years 2010-2011. It has been demonstrated that becoming an adult, both in the objective dimension (taking on adult social roles – family and vocational ones) and subjective dimension (feeling of adulthood, identity characteristics and identity status, feeling of being on-time and off-time) is closely related to factors external to the individual as well as to the individual’s psychological profiles. A crucial point in entering adulthood is the completion of education. Non studying individuals assume more social roles related to adulthood, consider themselves to be more adult and to a greater extent undertake identity commitments than studying persons. People with various levels and kinds of physical disability not only take on fewer roles related to adulthood than nondisabled persons but they also...

Rund 70% aller Ostdeutschen gehören keiner Kirche oder Religionsgemeinschaft an, und sind somit überwiegend konfessionslos. Die Konfessionslosen sind jedoch keine homogene Gruppe. Zudem ist Konfessionslosigkeit ein Negationsbegriff, der lediglich besagt, was jemand nicht glaubt. Um die konfessionslosen Ostdeutschen besser mit dem Evangelium zu erreichen, ist es jedoch hilfreich zu wissen was sie glauben. Denn in dieser Untersuchung wird davon ausgegangen, dass auch Konfessionslose an etwas glauben. Der Fokus dieser Studie, richtet sich auf die Glaubensvorstellungen der ostdeutschen jungen Erwachsenen, im Alter von 18-26 Jahren, die nach der Wende 1989 geboren und sozialisiert wurden und somit "postsozialistisch" sind. Von Interesse ist die inhaltliche Füllung, die sinnstiftenden Elemente, die Prägung, sowie die Lebens-und Alltagsrelevanz des Glaubens dieser jungen Erwachsenen, als auch die missionarische Ansprechbarkeit auf der Grundlage dieser Ergebnisse. Dazu wurde in der brandenburgischen Stadt Cottbus, auf die sich diese Studie beschränkt, eine qualitative Studie mit halbstandardisierten Leitfadeninterviews durchgeführt.

Middle and old age are two of the most important periods in human life, and people in this period face some physical, sexual and mental disabilities. Due to the increasing population of the middle and old age people in Iran, paying attention to this important period seems necessary. Therefore, the present study was to identify the lived experiences of middle and old age married people. To this end, 16 participants (based on the principle of data saturation) were selected by purposive sampling method among the middle and old age people living in Tehran. Participants were interviewed using semi-structured in-depth interviews to identify their lived experiences. Finally, the interviews were analyzed using the Van Mannen method (interpretive phenomenological approach). Findings were divided into two categories: "challenges" and "developmental tasks". The main themes in the challenges section were "concerns about family's future", "spouse relationship", "individual challenges", and "taking new roles by spouses". The main themes obtained in developmental tasks included "developmental tasks focused on children", and "developmental tasks focused on couples". As a result, it can be concluded that the challenges and developmental tasks middle and old age people facing appear to be more focused on family and relationship. Applying the results of the present study, experts can design educational packages based on the challenges and developmental tasks these people facing in their lives, in order to increase the quality of life in middle and old age people. Besides, therapists working in the field of the elderly can take advantages of the findings of the present study to lead the process of therapeutic sessions.

In this paper we put together data from various projects focused on the construction of nontraditional family projects in Spain: (1) a multi-sited ethnographic study on the construction of singleparent families by choice in Spain; (2) a qualitative comparative study of adoptive families in Madrid and Chicago; (3) an on-going multi-sited ethnographic project on disclosure processes in families formed via gamete donation. Across the data of these studies, involving a wide variety of family configurations (single and two-parent families, heterosexual and homo-parental families, international and interracial adopted children, partially-related biological offspring, etc.), we have identified a series of socialization strategies that are explicitly pointed out by parents as playing a role in socializing children into understanding their non-conventional family experience. Some of these strategies include creating socialization, support and leisure spaces with families of similar character...

The article presents the findings of the research concerning the period of emerging adulthood, in other words the transition phase between adolescence and early adulthood, conducted in the years 2010-2011. It has been demonstrated that becoming an adult, both in the objective dimension (taking on adult social roles – family and vocational ones) and subjective dimension (feeling of adulthood, identity characteristics and identity status, feeling of being on-time and off-time) is closely related to factors external to the individual as well as to the individual’s psychological profiles. A crucial point in entering adulthood is the completion of education. Non studying individuals assume more social roles related to adulthood, consider themselves to be more adult and to a greater extent undertake identity commitments than studying persons. People with various levels and kinds of physical disability not only take on fewer roles related to adulthood than nondisabled persons but they also...

Odroczona dorosłość: fakt czy artefakt? Wprowadzenie W wyniku przemian politycznych i ekonomicznych, demograficznych oraz społecznokulturowych, często gwałtownych, jakie dokonały się w Polsce, Europie i na świecie w ostatnich 20-30 latach proces stawania się dorosłym członkiem społeczeństwa zmienił się w sposób znaczący (por. Arnett, 1997, 2000; Byner, 2005). Urynkowienie edukacji, zmiany na rynku pracy, w tym jego rozchwianie, rosnące zapotrzebowanie na dobrze wykształconych specjalistów sprawiło, że pojawiła się ogromna możliwość wyboru własnej ścieżki rozwoju i autonomicznego kreowania własnego życia. Ten kierunek zmian na ogół spostrzegany jest jako pozytywny. Dorastanie w dzisiejszych czasach ma jednak także drugie oblicze. Wraz z zachęcaniem do podejmowania wyzwań i naciskiem na podmiotowość, samodzielność i indywidualizm młodzi ludzie otrzymują mniej niż kiedyś wsparcia ze strony znaczących dla siebie dorosłych, często konkurentów, np. na rynku pracy. Brak adekwatnego do potrzeb wsparcia w momencie budowania projektu swego życia i podejmowania pierwszych prób sprawdzenia własnej samodzielności i niezależności zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo doświadczania niepewności i lęku, wzmaga trudności z jednoznacznym określeniem własnej osoby i utrudnia podjęcie ważnych decyzji życiowych (Luyckx, Schwarz i in., 2008). Być może z tego powodu niektórzy badacze identyfikują wśród młodych ludzi grupy charakteryzujące się tendencją do świadomego unikania podejmowania zobowiązań charakterystycznych dla osób dorosłych (Côté, 2000). W celu opisania tych grup badacze tworzą neologizmy, mające często pejoratywny wydźwięk, jak np. kidults czy adultescents, sugerujące, że są to "dziecinni dorośli" lub "nie w pełni dorośli". Wielu badaczy (m. in. Arnett, 2000; Furstenberg, 2000) zgodnie przyznaje, że wkraczanie w dorosłość zajmuje dziś młodym ludziom całą trzecią dekadę ich życia, a niekiedy trwa jeszcze dłużej. W tym okresie życia tradycyjne style dorosłego życia są tylko jednymi z wielu możliwych, zatem należy uznać, że także bycie kidults czy adultescents

Gratitude in its general connotation can be understood as appreciation for a favour or for simply any other thing, person or a phenomenon that a person may value in their life.  Gratitude has been looked at through several lenses and perspectives. It has strong spiritual and religious correlates. Cross-cultural evidence points to religious involvement. Neuroscience research indicates how gratitude and wellbeing intersect. Within the Child Development framework, developmental, cross cultural and well-being paradigms are the most researched. This paper attempts to provide an overview on gratitude and why should it be used as an intervention for increasing the well-being and positive health of students and teachers. Several studies have been done to establish the positive effects of practising gratitude and how it aids in positive well-being and upkeep.

Die empirische Studie von Gennerich und Zimmermann untersucht Wissen, Nutzung und Verständnis der Bibel und insbes. die Rezeption der Zachäusgeschichte von Jugendlichen im Alter von (hauptsächlich) 10-12 und 15-17 Jahren aus Deutschland (N = 1446), Australien (N = 471), England (N = 160) und Kanada (N = 34) mit Hilfe eines aus geschlossenen und offenen Items bestehenden, neu entwickelten Fragebogens. Das Werk ist in Forschungsstand, Methodik, Ergebnisse und bibeldidaktische Konsequenzen gegliedert. 1. Im "Forschungsstand" werden empirische Untersuchungen zur Bibelrezeption von Jugendlichen (von R. Goldman 1964 bis T. Faix 2016) und eine Untersuchung zum Bibelkanon im RU (J. Enners 2018) ausgewertet (9-29). Danach wird der vierfache theoretische Rahmen der Untersuchung entfaltet (29-56), wovon der erste "Bibelverständnis und Lebensstil" ist. Untersucht werden soll, wie allgemeine Einstellung zur Bibel und Rezeption der Zachäusgeschichte vom Lebensstil abhängen. "Lebensstil" ist ein Konstrukt, das u. a. auf der sog. Wertefeldanalyse (nach Schwartz) basiert. Diese beschreibt die Inhaltsstruktur aller denkbaren Werte anhand zweier Wertedimensionen (Selbststeigerung vs. Selbsttranszendenz / Offenheit für Wandel vs. Bewahrung). Tradition und Konformität stehen hier für Bewahrung, Selbstentfaltung und Hedonismus für Offenheit, Leistung und Macht für Selbststeigerung, Prosozialität und Universalismus für Selbsttranszendenz. Aus den Wertepaaren lassen sich vier Typen von Lebensstilen bilden: die Integrierten, Statussuchenden, Autonomen und Humanisten (31f.). Ein zweiter Rahmen ist die "persönliche Bedeutsamkeit" (48-56). Sie wird mittels des Begriffs der Identität konstruiert, die psychologisch vier Aspekte umfasst: "Ziele" zur Eigenorientierung, "Selbstwert", "Kontrolle" verstanden als Autonomie im Handeln und "Kohärenz" im Sinne des Bedürfnisses, auch angesichts nicht erreichter Ziele sinnvolle Zusammenhänge erfahren zu können. Theologischerseits postulieren die Vf. vier Funktionen der Unterscheidung von Gesetz und Evangelium, die diesen Aspekten entsprechen: usus politicus, usus elenchticus, Evangelium und tertius usus. Durch dieses System werde einsichtig, wie Bibeltexte persönlich bedeutsam werden können. Die anderen beiden theoretischen Rahmen sind "Bibel und Gender" sowie "Bibel und Wahrheit der Schrift" (34-48). 2. Das Kap. "Methodik" informiert über die Konzeption des Fragebogens, der für die Untersuchung eigens entwickelt wurde, sowie über die Durchführung und die Stichprobe (59-74). Leider finden sich weder Angaben zur Höhe der Bearbeitungszeit und ob an allen Einsatzorten

Objectives Andropause is the common term for menopause in older men, which is characterized by a decrease in testosterone levels. Many elderly men with andropause have difficulty or are embarrassed to talk about sexual topics, which causes a lack of information or wrong beliefs and attitudes towards this issue, especially among families. The existing studies in Iran have not had a deep and special attention on this issue. Therefore, this study aims to qualitatively investigate the factors affecting the quality of sexual life in Iranian elderly men with andropause. Methods & Materials This is a qualitative study conducted in 2022 using the content analysis method. Using a purposeful sampling method, 14 elderly men with andropause were selected from among those who visited five health centers in different areas of Mashhad city in Iran. Data were collected using a semistructured interview. Data analysis was done at the same time as sampling by using the conventional content analysis method. MAXQD software was used for data management. Results The mean age of the participants was 70 years. Eight men had primary education, three had middle school education, one had a high school diploma, and two were illiterate. The findings included 290 codes, 19 subcategories, 9 categories, and 3 themes. The themes were perceived sexual impotence, non-sexual feelings and experiences, and the desire to have an active sexual life. Conclusion The result of in-depth interviews with the elderly with andropause showed the components that can be addressed by officials and researchers for facilitating appropriate planning in this area. The knowledge of the existing situation and how the affecting factors can be the basis of new studioes in this field.

Is the influence of religiousness on fearful, depressive and somatic symptoms and psychic traumatization overestimated? A representative cross-sectional study Objectives: The aim of this study is to prove if religious faith, spirituality and religious praxis are joined with lower depression, anxiety and physical pain-level and if subjects with traumatic experiences report more spirituality. Methods: In this consecutive study, 2508 adults of a representative sample in Germany were interviewed about religious faith and spirituality in relation to depression, anxiety, physical disorders as well as traumatic experiences. Results: Unlike our hypotheses people who are charged with mental (PHQ-4; Löwe et al. 2010) or physical disorders (GBB_8; Kliem et al. 2017) report more spirituality and more private religious/spiritual praxis than people without mental or physical problems. As expected people with traumatic experiences in their childhood (CTS; Grabe et al. 2012) describe significantly more spirituality than people without these experiences. Conclusions: Other than expected people with more mental or physical disorders report more spirituality and more private religious/spiritual praxis. It is to discuss if spirituality is less a protective factor for mental or physical disorders than disorders activate to look for spirituality and private religious/spiritual praxis.

This study was conducted to compare the developmental tasks of 3 years-old boys and girls. The study was delimited to only one private school of Lahore city. Sample of 30 boys and 30 girls were selected randomly. A checklist was developed by reviewing related literature and adapting Portage Early Education Programme Checklist Published by Nfer Nelson for 0-6 years-old children. The checklist was comprised of three categories such as motor development, cognitive development and social development. Each category was consisted of 33, 16 and 19 items respectively. Students were observed, interviewed and were asked to perform tasks in order to collect the data. Data were analyzed in terms of percentages and t-test. Results of the study revealed that there was no difference among 3 years-old boys and girls in motor development, cognitive development and social development.

PROLOG 2 ARBEITS-UND LEBENSSITUATION VON SCHAUSPIELER(INNE)N 3 DER SCHAUSPIELBERUF AUS PSYCHOLOGISCHER SICHT 3.1 Allgemeine, explorative Zugänge 3.2 Persönlichkeit: Ein-und mehrdimensionale Zugänge 3.3 Emotionen: Bühnenangst 4 EMOTIONSARBEIT 4.1 Modell der Emotionsarbeit von Grandey 4.2 Konsequenzen der Emotionsarbeit für Engagement und Flow 5 EMOTIONSREGULATION IM SCHAUSPIELBERUF 5.1 Perspektive der Kognitionsforschung 5.2 Schauspieltheoretische Perspektiven 5.3 Emotionsregulation vor dem Hintergrund der Konzepte von Goffman und Hochschild 5.4 Emotionsregulation vor dem Hintergrund des Modells von Grandey

employed women need strategies to maintain their marital relationship due to their extensive responsibilities in the workplace and family. This study was a qualitative study using content analysis in which data were collected using purposive sampling and in-depth semi-structured individual interviews with eight women working in government departments and non -governmental centers in Ilam City, it was collected in 1400. The duration of the interview sessions ranged from 45 to 60 minutes, and the data reached theoretical saturation point after 8 interviews. Data analysis was carried out through conventional content analysis; after the transcription of recorded interviews on paper and immersion in the data, the initial codes were extracted. To determine the main categories, initial codes were reviewed and classified in several steps. The results of the text of interviews resulted in identifying three main themes including 'intra individual and cognitive strategies', 'interpersonal and behavioral strategies' and 'emotional strategies. The results of this study can pave the way for counselors and family therapists in the field of marital education and premarital counseling. Also working women who have a work family conflict or want to maintain and improve their marital relationship can also benefit from these findings.

Was gibt dem Leben Sinn und Bedeutung? Die Religionspsychologen Michael Utsch und Sarah Demmrich untersuchen die menschliche Fähigkeit des Glaubens und werten dazu psychologische, psychoanalytische, neurobiologische und sozialpsychologische Befunde aus. Mit diesem Buch legen sie eine aktuelle Einführung in die Religionspsychologie vor. Dabei kommen sowohl erstaunliche Bewältigungskräfte religiöser Tugenden als auch die Schattenseiten wie Fundamentalismus, Fanatismus und Missbrauch zum Vorschein. Die systematisch angelegte und didaktisch aufbereitete Einführung eignet sich auch für benachbarte Studienfächer und ist darüber hinaus für die Selbsterforschung zur eigenen Standortbestimmung geeignet.

A construção da identidade e de relações de intimidade ou o casamento, entre outras, têm sido consideradas importantes tarefas de desenvolvimento normativo para adolescentes e jovens adultos, respetivamente. É consensualmente aceite que os critérios para um desenvolvimento adaptativo podem ser diferentes em diferentes momentos históricos, sociedades e culturas, e que diferentes pessoas podem entender de modo diverso o seu próprio desenvolvimento ou o dos outros. Neste contexto, o objetivo geral deste estudo foi o de explorar os critérios de competência utilizados pelos indivíduos para descrever adolescentes e jovens adultos da sua comunidade. Um questionário foi aplicado a uma amostra de estudantes universitários de 1º ano para que indicassem 3-4 descritores de 2 adolescentes e 2 jovens adultos seus conhecidos que considerassem estar a viver bem a etapa do desenvolvimento em que se encontram. Foram reunidos 449 descritores cujo conteúdo foi submetido a análise de conteúdo, depois combinando abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. Os descritores foram codificados nas categorias de competências académicas, comportamento positivo, relações positivas com a família e com pares, caraterísticas de personalidade, construção da identidade, afetividade, atividades e trabalho, e relações amorosas e nova família. Verificou-se que os critérios de competência mais frequentes foram, para os adolescentes, a construção da identidade, o comportamento positivo e as competências académicas, e para os jovens adultos, atividades/trabalho, construção da identidade e comportamento positivo. Os descritores de competências académicas e relações positivas com a família foram mais frequentemente usadas para os adolescentes do que para os jovens adultos. A construção da identidade e as relações amorosas e nova família foram mais frequente

Qualitative search on lived experiences of career couples of satisfaction and marital conflicts: master and unmaster career couple Rohollah Rahimi, Hossien Salimi Bajestani, Kiumars Farahbakhsh, Mohammad Asgari هديكچ هنيمز : هبنج دوجو اب لغاش جوز یگدنز کبس ةتسیز براجت هک تسا نیا یلصا هل سم .تسا شیازفا لاح رد یفنم و تبثم یاه جوز اه ی لغاش ؟تسا هنوگچ ییوشانز تاضراعت و تیاضر ةرابرد :فده شهوژپ رضاح اب فده فشک براجت جوز ةتسیز لغاش یاه زا تیاضر و اضراعت ت ییوشانز ماجنا .دش :شور نیا شهوژپ درکیور اب یفیک يور و یسانشرادیدپ یریسفت لاس رد 0311 هنومن .دش ماجنا )ناتسرل( دابآرون رهش رد یاه باختنا اب شهوژپ 02 جوز لغاش یاراد تیاضر ییوشانز زا رتلااب ةرمن بسک و تیاضر هب نیجوز ناعذا اب( 060 همانشسرپ رد ENRICH اب ) هرهب یریگ زا هنومن یریگ هلولگ یفرب و 02 جوز لغاش یاراد تاضراعت ییوشانز ةرمن بسک و ضراعت هب نیجوز ناعذا اب( 081 رد نآ زا رتلااب ای همانشسرپ MCQ اب ) يور هنومن یریگ دنمفده عمج یارب .دیسر عابشا دح هب هداد یروآ ةبحاصم زا اه دش هدافتسا هتفایراتخاس همین . حاصم هب اه اب هدافتسا زا يور ،نملکید لآ ن ...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate aspects of the ethnic identity of native adolescent students. More specifically, we focused on the ethnic identity of native students and the degree of differentiation of their ethnic identity and its correlation with the important factors of the social and cultural environment. The sample consisted of 327 students in the municipality of Chios. The island of Chios was chosen as an external border of the European Union (EU) and just because Chios and the islands of the North Aegean have generally become gateways and residence for refugees and migrants. The Phinney questionnaire (1992) was used as the basis for this research. The results of the survey have revealed that the formation of an ethnic identity implies both a acculturation and an attempt to harmonize conflicting cultural elements and securing the students' psychological balance, at a time of fluid reality.

Analyse von Problembearbeitungsprozessen am Beispiel der TIMSS-Aufgabe "K10" Sowohl Begründen und Beweisen als auch Problemlösen sind wichtige Bestandteile von Mathematik-Curricula überall auf der Welt. Obwohl es bei beiden Kompetenzen um math. Argumentationen geht, werden sie in der Regel getrennt behandelt und beforscht (Mamona-Downs & Downs 2013). Problemlösen wird eher mit dem Prozess in Verbindung gebracht, wohingegen Begründen oft auf das fertige Produkt reduziert wird (vgl. ebd.).

Objective (s): Menopause is a normal event in the women's lives and as one of the most important issues in reproductive health has a special importance. Since healthy sexual life and sexual satisfaction are one of the major issues associated with this era, the present study was conducted to determine the factors affecting the sexual satisfaction of postmenopausal women. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 50 postmenopausal women referring to health centers affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran in 2017. Data was collected the Larssonchr('39')s sexual satisfaction questionnaire. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney and Pearson correlation. Results The mean age of the women was 55.3 years and the mean score of their sexual satisfaction was 85.30. Most women (66%) had moderate sexual satisfaction. There was a direct and significant relationship between sexual satisfaction and duration of marriage...

Human development can be understood as the interaction between biological, sociohistorical, and social conditions, and individual developmental actions. This notion is taken for granted since Havighurst's (1948) formulation of Developmental Tasks, Erikson's (1950) description of Life Cycles, and Bronfenbrenner's (1979) Ecological Systems Theory of Development. In postmodern societies individuals are expected to responsibly control their own life course and sense of well-being. From this perspective, human beings became more than ever architects of their fortune although embedded in contexts. This premise is linked to current theories of personality development, in particular to those that assume a biological basis with an increasing impact of individual actions on personality development across the life span (Caspi & Roberts, 2001; Roberts & Wood, 2006). Individual personality development is interwoven in close dyadic relationships. The crucial importance of close relationships for personality development is highly esteemed and well investigated during the first years of life (e.g., attachment theory, caregiver-child interactions advancing cognitive representations, language, socialemotional competencies, peer relations), but largely neglected after the second decade of life across the life span. However, it is evident that human beings always develop in dyadic relationships, that is, in family dyads across and within generations, in intimate partnerships, at work, or along leisure activities with close friends. This special issue reviews recent evidence on co-development in personality in close relationships in five domains and answers to which extent and through which processes individual personality development is embedded in dyadic relationships along the life span.

Das%20 Weltgerichts-%20triptychon%20von%20Hieronymus%20Bosch (Zugriff 30.11.2016). 2 In der Süddeutschen Zeitung wurde Bosch aus Anlass seines Todestages als "Master of Disaster" bezeichnet: http://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/-todestag-von-hieronymus-bosch-master-of-disaster-1.3113267 (Zugriff 30.11.2016).

In immer mehr Bereichen des Familienalltags spielen Medien eine Rolle. Dieser Trend wird durch die derzeitige schnelle technische Weiterentwicklung unterstützt. Für Eltern und Familien stellen sich dadurch neue Fragen für den medienerzieherischen Alltag und es ergibt sich ein hoher Bedarf an medienerzieherischer Information und Beratung, deren Quellen sie sich nur teilweise selbst erschließen können. Auch Fachkräfte in unterschiedlichen Arbeitsfeldern wie z. B. der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe, der Kinderbetreuung, der Erziehungsberatung und der Familienhilfe sind gefordert, sich mit der zunehmenden Mediatisierung des Alltags von Kindern und Jugendlichen auseinanderzusetzen. Sowohl bei der pädagogischen Begleitung von Kindern und Jugendlichen stellen sich derartige Fragen, aber auch die Beratung und Unterstützung von Eltern muss den Medienumgang der Heranwachsenden im Blick haben. Ziel der Expertise ist es, die Rolle der Medien im Entwicklungsverlauf der Heranwachsenden von der Geburt bi...

Zusammenfassung-Wir haben die Schlafparalyse (SP) mit einem Online-Fragebogen untersucht. Unsere Stichprobe bestand aus 380 Teilnehmenden, die mindestens eine SP erlebt hatten. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir die Teile der Untersuchung vor, die sich mit der Beziehung von SP zu außergewöhnlichen Erfahrungen, paranormalen Glaubensvorstellungen und Absorption befassen. Zu diesem Zweck verwendeten wir einen selbstentwickelten Fragebogen zu SP-Erfahrungen, den Fragebogen zur Phänomenologie außergewöhnlicher Erfahrungen (PAGE-R-II), um das Ausmaß zu erfassen, in dem Menschen mit SP auch andere außergewöhnliche Erfahrungen gemacht haben, eine deutsche Übersetzung der Belief in the Supernatural Scale (BitSS), die paranormale oder übernatürliche Glaubensvorstellungen erfasst, und eine deutsche Version der Tellegen Absorption Scale (TAS). Unsere Hypothesen bezüglich einer positiven Korrelation zwischen der Häufigkeit von SP und bestimmten Formen von außergewöhnlichen Erfahrungen sowie paranormalen/übernatürlichen Glaubensvorstellungen und Absorption wurden nur teilweise bestätigt. Wir fanden eine erwartete signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Häufigkeit von SP und der Ausprägung auf den PAGE-Dimensionen "Dissoziation" und "Externalität", aber nicht zwischen der Häufigkeit und den anderen beiden genannten Skalen "Koinzidenz" und "Internalität". 55 % der Teilnehmenden gaben an, während der SP paranormale Erfahrungen gemacht zu haben. Diese Gruppe hatte hochsignifikant höhere Mittelwerte in den drei Skalen PAGE, BitSS und TAS. Darü-1 Dieser Artikel ist eine leicht erweiterte und angepasste Übersetzung des ursprünglich im Journal of Anomalous Experience and Cognition erschienenen englischsprachigen Artikels "Sleep Paralysis and Extraordinary Experiences"

befasst sich in ihrer 2019 als Dissertation an der Fakultät für Katholische Theologie der Universität Regensburg angenommenen empirischen Studie, die aus vier forschungslogisch getrennten Teilen besteht, mit Ungerechtigkeitserfahrungen Jugendlicher, dem (religionsdidaktischen) Potenzial ihrer narrativen Rekonstruktionen und deren strukturellen Charakteristika.

This study adds to the research on sex-role attitudes by examining the importance women of varying age groups place upon marriage and family-related tasks of young adulthood. Two hundred seventy women, divided into three age groups and three income levels, were asked to evaluate the importance of five familyrelated developmental tasks, as defined by Robert Havighurst. Results from this cross-sectional study support the conclusion that younger women who are facing decisions about marriage, family, and home consider these tasks significantly less important than do older women. Women between 35 and 59 assigned an intermediate value to these tasks, which, again, differed significantly with the response of the oMer group in four of the five cases. Interaction effects between age and income levels are examined for two tasks.

Adolescence is a time of dramatic physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes as well as a time for the development of many social-emotional problems. These characteristics raise compelling questions about accompanying neural changes that are unique to this period of development. Here, we propose that studying adolescent-specific changes in face processing and its underlying neural circuitry provides an ideal model for addressing these questions. We also use this model to formulate new hypotheses. Specifically, pubertal hormones are likely to increase motivation to master new peer-oriented developmental tasks, which will in turn, instigate the emergence of new social/affective components of face processing. We also predict that pubertal hormones have a fundamental impact on the re-organization of neural circuitry supporting face processing and propose, in particular, that, the functional connectivity, or temporal synchrony, between regions of the face-processing network will ...

This study explores the lived experiences of wives of War Injured from a social science perspective, recognizing the diversity of maternal experience among women as key family actors. The key questions are: what is essentially the experience of veterans' wives of taking on a maternal role? What experiences have these actors undergone in their daily lives, and what have been the social consequences of this role? The research was a qualitative and narrative-based research. During the research, the wives of veterans living in Tehran were interviewed. The mean age of the interviewees was 50 years, the average years of living with a veteran was 27 years, and the average number of children was 2.2. The results show that the major challenge of veterans' wives in this regard is maternal-nursing role conflict as well as role pressure. Suspension of maternal roles, generational gap, social stigma, have caused many unpleasant emotions for these women, which are increasingly adding pressure and stress to their physical exhaustion at their base and as a whole, it transforms an expanded motherhood into a central theme of the experience of veterans' wives in the role of mother.

Having children affects many aspects of people's lives. However, it remains unclear to what degree the challenges that come along with having children are associated with parents’ personality development. We addressed this question in two studies by investigating the relationship between parenting challenges and personality development in mothers of newborns (Study 1, N = 556) and the reciprocal associations between (mastering) parenting challenges and personality development in parents of adolescents (Study 2, N = 548 mothers and 460 fathers). In Study 1, we found the stress of having a newborn baby to be associated with declines in maternal Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability. Parenting challenges were also related to personality development in parents of adolescent children in Study 2, with parent–child conflict being reciprocally associated with decreases in Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability. Mastering parenting challenges in the form of high pa...