Compositional Analysis

Identification of the origins of maritime-traded porcelain, though key to unravelling ancient production and trade dynamics, remains challenging. The authors present a pioneering micro-provenance analysis of Dehua-style porcelain from the late-twelfthcentury Nanhai I shipwreck, recovered from the South China Sea. By pinpointing the origins of porcelain subtypes, including those bearing ink inscriptions, this study provides greater nuance in understanding spatial patterns of production and the impact of buyer/seller choice in maritime trade. The findings further highlight the effectiveness of portable x-ray fluorescence as a high-precision provenancing analysis and offer insights into porcelain production timelines in southeast China.

A validação de equações de predição da densidade corporal permite verificar se os resultados preditos podem estimar, de forma coerente, a densidade corporal de uma população diferente da que originou as equações. Diante desta afirmativa, o objetivo deste estudo centrou-se em verificar a validade concorrente de seis equações de predição generalizadas para a estimativa da densidade corporal em mulheres militares. A amostra foi constituída por 107 mulheres militares, com idade entre 18 e 45 anos (30,48 ± 6,40 anos), massa corporal de 58,60 ± 6,99kg, estatura de 164,78 ± 5,81cm. Foram mensuradas seis dobras cutâneas e uma circunferência conforme as equações selecionadas. Para verificar a densidade corporal foram utilizados o método indireto da pesagem hidrostática (critério de validação) e os métodos duplamente indiretos de predição de Jackson et al. ( ) -3 dobras e Petroski (1995). A densidade corporal média, medida pela pesagem hidrostática, foi de 1,046058 ± 0,011001 g/ml. Para a validação das equações utilizou-se a correlação linear de Pearson que apresentou resultados aceitáveis (r = 0,71 a 0,76). Ao comparar as densidades preditas com a densidade medida verificou-se que apenas a equação quadrática de 5 dobras de Petroski (1995) não apresentou diferença significativa (t = 0,573 para p = 0,568). A correlação apresentada para esta equação foi r = 0,74, considerada aceitável, o erro total foi de ET = 0,0075 g/ml e o erro padrão da estimativa foi de EPE = 0,0066 g/ml, os quais são considerados muito bons para o processo de validação. Da análise dos resultados concluiu-se que a equação quadrática generalizada de Petroski (1995) -5 dobras (subescapular, tríceps, supra-ilíaca, abdominal e panturrilha medial) possui validade concorrente para estimar a densidade corporal de mulheres militares.

Cross-model activation alignment under a row-permutation null can look overwhelmingly significant. In a pre-registered pilot, Procrustes alignment of PCA-projected last-token activation matrices between architecturally different frontier transformers (Phi-4-Reasoning-Plus, dense attention; Qwen3-Next-80B-A3B-Thinking, hybrid attention/state-space) on matched compositional-evaluation prompts produces residuals far below the permutation null at every pre-registered cell (empirical p < 0.001, descriptive z from −89 to −101, linear CKA 0.84 to 0.96). The remainder of the paper is a measurement-validity study showing that the conclusion one draws from such results depends critically on the control hierarchy. Lexical and template-only baselines (Study B1) match or exceed the LLM–LLM Procrustes residual on the same prompts. In-sample lexical residualization (B2) appears to remove 94 to 97% of activation variance and collapse CKA to 0.21 to 0.39. Cross-validated random-split residualization (B3) moderates this to 72 to 88% variance removed and CKA to 0.35 to 0.59, exposing the in-sample overfitting. Grouped cross-validation (B4) by template family and by domain shows the lexical regression itself does not generalize: under leave-one-template-family-out, ΔCKA is essentially zero (−0.006 to +0.019); under leave-one-domain-out, the regression makes worse-than-mean predictions on the held-out domain. The cross-model alignment is far more robust to a properly grouped lexical control than the random-split version indicated, but B4 also shows that simple TF-IDF and template-only features are too weak to function as clean lexical controls under grouped holdout. The surviving signal cannot be concluded non-lexical from these controls alone. The contribution is methodological. Claims about cross-model representational structure require a hierarchy of controls: a row-permutation null, a lexical baseline, in-sample residualization, random-split cross-validation, grouped cross-validation by template family and by domain, and stronger lexical featurization that survives grouped holdout. Each step in the hierarchy materially changes what the previous step appeared to mean. Code, data, experimental runs, and the pre-registration packet are released at https://github.com/ascendanti/cosi-pilot​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

Palestine is divided into the West Bank and Gaza Strip, with a total population of 5 million, with about 3 million in the West Bank and 2 million in the Gaza Strip. These Palestinian residents generate more than 4,000 tons of municipal waste per day, and to ensure public health and prevent environmental pollution, the waste generated must be properly treated and disposed. Since no waste incineration facilities have been introduced, the only method of final disposal of waste is landfilling, but securing land for waste landfill sites is extremely difficult due to the problems under the occupation. In addition, the remaining capacity of the existing sanitary landfill and controlled dump sites is limited. Therefore, drastic reduction of waste generation and waste minimization are urgent issues for the Palestinian Authority. Waste management in Palestine is handled by joint service councils (JSCs), which are jointly managed by local government units (LGUs) on a governorate basis. 13 JSCs in West Bank and 2 JSCs in Gaza Strip are providing waste collection services to residents. As a result, the coverage of waste collection services is more than 94% of residents by 2023. Under these circumstances, it is necessary to formulate a Waste Reduction and Minimization Plan (WRMP) for all JSCs to cooperate in reducing the waste generation and minimizing the disposal amount of waste. An international technical cooperation project was implemented against this situation from 2020 to 2024. This paper describes the formulation process of the WRMP in the Project, provides an overview of its contents, and discusses lessons and learned from the project experiences.

Ключові слова: НХМУ, Матюрен Моро, Дафніс і Хлоя, атрибуція, мармурова скульптура, французька скульптура ХІХ ст., аналіз композиції.

Keywords: National Art Museum of Ukraine, Mathurin Moreau, Daphnis and Chloe, attribution, marble sculpture, French sculpture of the 19th century, composition analysis.

Positive electrodes for Li-ion batteries based on Li[Li 1/3-2x/3 Ni x Mn 2/3-x/3 ]O 2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) compounds are of significant interest because of their ability to deliver reversible capacities exceeding 200 mAh g -1 . In this article we describe the examination of Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 (x = 0.2 in Li[Li 1/3-2x/3 Ni x Mn 2/3-x/3 ]O 2 ) samples by X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), electron diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The studies were conducted on freshly prepared oxides, and on oxide electrodes that were electrochemically activated by cycling twice between 4.8 and 2.0 V vs. Li + /Li. Rectangular and parallelogram shaped dot arrays with a spacing of 0.43 nm observed in HREM and STEM images along the [1 0 1 0] zone axis, as well as streaks at 1/3 n (1 1 2 0) (n = integer) positions in corresponding electron diffraction patterns, indicated ordering of Li-ions in the transition-metal (TM) (0 0 0 1) layers following several stacking sequences, bounded by stacking faults, along the c-axis. Chemical analysis by EDS and EELS showed that Mn, Ni and O were present in all portions of the samples examined; no evidence of elemental segregation was observed either within the grains or at grain boundaries. The Li ordering on TM planes was significantly weaker but still discernable upon electrochemical activation of the oxide samples.

The nodZ gene, which is present in various soil bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum , Azorhizobium caulinodans , and Rhizobium loti , is involved in the addition of a fucosyl residue to the reducing N -acetylglucosamine residue of lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules. Using an Escherichia coli strain that produces large quantities of the NodZ protein of B. japonicum , we have purified the NodZ protein to homogeneity. The purified NodZ protein appears to be active in an in vitro transfucosylation assay in which GDP-β-fucose and LCOs or chitin oligosaccharides are used as substrates. The products of the in vitro reaction using chitin oligosaccharides as substrate were studied by using mass spectrometry, linkage analysis, and composition analysis. The data show that one fucose residue is added to C6 of the reducing-terminal N -acetylglucosamine residue. The substrate specificity of NodZ protein was analyzed in further detail, using radiolabeled GDP-β-fucose as the do...

In an initial survey of the Banda area, classified sites according to preliminary categories termed Iron Age 1, 2 and 3. Subsequent excavations provided the basis for a finer-grained ceramic chronology and phase names have been substituted for these generic terms. Iron Age 1 is more precisely delimited as Makala Phases 1 and 2, Iron Age 2 as the Kuulo and Ngre Phases, and Iron Age 3 as the Volta Phase. We retain the use of the generic term Iron Age 3 in this paper to refer to those sites with painted pottery whose temporal affiliations remain unclear. Phase descriptions and supporting dates appear in Stahl, 2007. The date ranges expressed here are based on dates calibrated using OxCal Program, v. 3.8 (Bronk-Ramsey, 1995). OxCal is available as a free download from the Oxford University Archaeological Research Laboratory ().

Ti-Si-C-ON films were deposited by DC reactive magnetron sputtering using different partial pressure of oxygen (p O2 ) and nitrogen (p N2 ) ratio. Compositional analysis revealed the existence of two different growth zones for the films; one zone deposited under low p O2 /p N2 and another zone deposited under high p O2 /p N2 . The films produced under low p O2 /p N2 were deposited at a lower rate and presented a fcc structure, as well as, dense and featureless morphologies. The films deposited with high p O2 /p N2, consequently higher oxygen content, were deposited at a higher rate and developed an amorphous structure. The structural changes are consistent with the hardness and Young's modulus evolution, as seen by the significant reduction of the hardness and influence on the Young's modulus by increasing p O2 /p N2.

This study carries out an exegetical-theological analysis of Gen 12:1-9 through the canonical approach, highlighting the final form of the pericope as the locus of revelation and theological meaning. The canonical approach studies biblical passages within their canonical setting, taking into consideration the nature of their assigned authority. The study critiques the limitations of historical-critical approaches and proposes the canonical approach as a complementary hermeneutic that underscores theological coherence, intertextual resonance, and ecclesial relevance. The article argues that when Gen 12:1-9 is read from a canonical perspective, it manifests a coherent theological trajectory that links the Abrahamic promises to the wider scriptural narrative. Genesis 12:1-9 (the Abrahamic covenant promises; cf. Gen 12:1-3) is read as a theological hinge between divine judgment (Gen 11) and the universal blessing theme, underscoring key theological themesprogeny, land, blessing, election and universalism-as integral to the Abrahamic covenant narrative. The research, through canonical criticism, reaffirms the theological unity of the Old Testament and provides a model for faith-oriented exegesis that engages both the biblical text and its reception within the community of faith.

A glucuronoarabinoxylan (CNAL) was extracted with 1% aq. KOH (25 • C) from Cocos nucifera gum exudate. It had a homogeneous profile on HPSEC-MALLS-RI (M w 4.6 × 10 4 g/mol) and was composed of Fuc, Ara, Xyl, GlcpA (and 4-O-GlcpA) in a 7:28:62:3 molar ratio. Methylation data showed a branched structure with 39% of non-reducing end units, 3-O-substituted Araf (8%), 3,4-di-O-(15%), 2,4-di-O-(5%) and 2,3,4tri-O-substituted Xylp units (17%). The anomeric region of CNAL 13 C NMR spectrum contained 9 signals, indicating a complex structure. The main chain of CNAL was characterized by analysis of a Smith-degraded polysaccharide. Its 13 C NMR spectrum showed 5 main signals at ı 101.6, ı 75.5, ı 73.9, ı 72.5, and ı 63.1 that were attributed to C-1, C-4, C-3, C-2 and C-5 of (1 → 4)-linked ␤-Xylp-main chain units, respectively. CNAL exhibited gastroprotective effect, by reducing gastric hemorrhagic lesions, when orally administered (1 and 3 mg/kg) to rats prior to ethanol administration.

The composition and formulation of the Nantgarw china body and incorrect recipes given in the literature are discussed against the true composition as revealed by Samuel Walker to Taylor in the 1840s. The role of the components in the high temperature chemistry operating in the kilns is discussed and evaluated against alternative procedures and materials.

Hydrothermally altered shock-metamorphosed gneisses consisting of relic igneous biotite – K-feldspar – Na-rich alkali feldspar – plagioclase – quartz assemblages (± accessory garnet, corundum, titanite, monazite, zircon), and showing extensive replacement by montmorillonite, illite, sericite, and to a lesser extent chlorite, calcite, epidote, zoisite and pyrite, occur in the basement core uplift of the Woodleigh impact structure, Western Australia. The rocks display extensive hydrothermal clay alteration, complicating identification of pre-hydrothermal and pre-impact textures and compositions. Analysis of quartz-hosted planar deformation features (PDFs) indicates a majority of indexed sets parallel to , a lesser abundance of sets parallel to , and some sets parallel to the basal plane (0001) and , consistent with pressures about or over 20 GPa. Feldspar-hosted PDFs form reticulate vein networks displaying checkerboard-like to irregular and serrated patterns attributable to preferent...

We here discuss the Early Oligocene-Middle Miocene evolution of the Epiligurian wedge-top basin system cropping out in the middle Enza Valley (Northern Apennines, Italy). Newly acquired stratigraphic and structural data, backed up by literature review, highlight that during the Rupelian to Serravallian time span, sedimentation was controlled by a left-lateral transpressive system. This system, here named as the Enza Valley Deformation Zone (EVDZ), is SW-NE directed and trends obliquely to the main regional NW-SE-directed structural axis characterizing this part of the Northern Apennines nowadays. The syn-sedimentary activity is testified by: (1) local to regional stratigraphic unconformities, (2) lateral variations of sedimentary facies associations, (3) thickness changes of the stratigraphic units and (4) the occurrence of mass transport deposits. This study suggests that structural lineaments like the EVDZ, transversal to the main regional tectonic trends, may have played a long-term control on the syn-orogenic sedimentation atop the evolving Apennine orogen.

We here discuss the Early Oligocene–Middle Miocene evolution of the Epiligurian wedge-top basin system cropping out in the middle Enza Valley (Northern Apennines, Italy). Newly acquired stratigraphic and structural data, backed up by literature review, highlight that during the Rupelian to Serravallian time span, sedimentation was controlled by a left-lateral transpressive system. This system, here named as the Enza Valley Deformation Zone (EVDZ), is SW–NE directed and trends obliquely to the main regional NW–SE-directed structural axis characterizing this part of the Northern Apennines nowadays. The syn-sedimentary activity is testified by: (1) local to regional stratigraphic unconformities, (2) lateral variations of sedimentary facies associations, (3) thickness changes of the stratigraphic units and (4) the occurrence of mass transport deposits. This study suggests that structural lineaments like the EVDZ, transversal to the main regional tectonic trends, may have played a long-t...

Diagnostic mineral absorption features for pyroxene(s), olivine, phyllosilicates, and hydroxides have been detected in the near-infrared (NIR: approximately 0.75-2.50 lm) spectra for 60% of the Tholen-classified (Tholen 1984, 1989) M-⁄ X-asteroids observed in this study. Nineteen asteroids (42%) exhibit weak Band I (approximately 0.9 lm) ± Band II (approximately 1.9 lm) absorptions, three asteroids (7%) exhibit a weak Band I (approximately 1.05-1.08 lm) olivine absorption, four asteroids (9%) display multiple absorptions suggesting phyllosilicate ± oxide ⁄ hydroxide minerals, one (1) asteroid exhibits an S-asteroid type NIR spectrum, and 18 asteroids (40%) are spectrally featureless in the NIR, but have widely varying slopes. Tholen M-asteroids are defined as asteroids exhibiting featureless visible-wavelength (k) spectra with moderate albedos (Tholen 1989). Tholen X-asteroids are also defined using the same spectral criterion, but without albedo information. Previous work has suggested spectral and mineralogical diversity in the M-asteroid population (

Large polycrystalline CdTe charges for the subsequent growth of CdTe and CdZnTe crystals were prepared by the traveling heater method (THM). The composition of the produced material was evaluated by vapor pressure scanning (VPS) analysis. Results from these analyses were instrumental in improving the THM CdTe compounding process. The optimization of THM process parameters, such as the compounding rate and the loading configuration of the synthesis crucible, led to the preparation of polycrystalline CdTe ingots with small deviation from stoichiometry. For five out of six analyzed samples, tellurium content between 50.0012 and 50.0043 at. pct was achieved, which is well below the tellurium saturation limit of the single-phase solid in equilibrium with the molten zone at the chosen THM process temperature.

The nodZ gene, which is present in various soil bacteria such as Bradyrhizobium japonicum , Azorhizobium caulinodans , and Rhizobium loti , is involved in the addition of a fucosyl residue to the reducing N -acetylglucosamine residue of lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules. Using an Escherichia coli strain that produces large quantities of the NodZ protein of B. japonicum , we have purified the NodZ protein to homogeneity. The purified NodZ protein appears to be active in an in vitro transfucosylation assay in which GDP-β-fucose and LCOs or chitin oligosaccharides are used as substrates. The products of the in vitro reaction using chitin oligosaccharides as substrate were studied by using mass spectrometry, linkage analysis, and composition analysis. The data show that one fucose residue is added to C6 of the reducing-terminal N -acetylglucosamine residue. The substrate specificity of NodZ protein was analyzed in further detail, using radiolabeled GDP-β-fucose as the do...

A merit panel was convened by CH2M-Hill Hanford Group Inc. (CH2M-Hill), with concurrence of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the State of Washington Department of Ecology, to review the Preliminary Performance Assessment for Waste Management Area C at the Hanford Site, Washington (DOE, 2003; Preliminary Performance Assessment). Waste Management Area C consists of the waste storage tanks (C-Tank Farm), associated waste transfer and processing equipment, and vadose zone contamination from past waste leaks or releases in the vicinity of the storage tanks. The goals of the Preliminary Performance Assessment are to evaluate risks to human health through potential exposure pathways to contaminants remaining in Waste Management Area C after closure and to provide insights into approaches for maintaining those risks below acceptable levels essentially in perpetuity. The Preliminary Performance Assessment does not include evaluation of risks (i) to worker, the public or ecology resulting from the activities necessary to achieve the closure configuration (e.g., removing recovered waste, placing overlying barriers to infiltration and intrusion at the site), (ii) from treatment and disposal of recovered waste, (iii) to ecology after closure. In addition, the Preliminary Performance Assessment does not adequately put closure of Waste Management Area C in context with contamination and risks from neighboring contaminated areas and existing groundwater contamination in close vicinity. The evaluation and balancing of these additional risks and other factors are a necessary part of overall risk management and decision making, but beyond the scope of the Preliminary Performance Assessment.

Traditionally, classical multivariate statistical methods have
been applied to relate cultural materials recovered at archaeological
sites to their respective raw material sources. However, when reviewing
published research, which usually claims to have reached a high degree
of confidence in the assignment of materials, the authors have detected
serious errors in the application of these methods, which compromise
the inferences made. This Element reconsiders the use of statistical
methods in the analysis of the provenance of archaeological materials,
using a step-by-step procedure that allows the recognition of natural
groups in the data, thus obtaining better-quality classifications while
avoiding the problems of total or partial overlaps in the chemical
groups (common in biplots). To evaluate the methods proposed here,
the challenge of identifying groups in ceramic materials is addressed
using algorithms derived from model-based clustering. For cases with
partial data labeling, a semi-supervised algorithm is applied
to obsidian samples.

À Deus pelo dom da vida e por todas as bênçãos necessárias para manutenção da minha e de toda minha família, familiares e amigos. Ao professor Ruffo de Freitas Júnior pela orientação, compreensão e oportunidade de realização deste trabalho, pela amizade, pelo carinho, por todo apoio e dedicação, os meus sinceros agradecimentos. À professora Estelamaris (Estela), a quem tanto admiro, pelo exemplo e dedicação à profissão, pelas orientações e correções, pelo incentivo, apoio e força. Por ter me orientado a buscar essa área de pesquisa que tanto me fez aprender e valorizar a vida, o meu muito obrigada "de coração".

The Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is pursuing retrieval, transportation, and disposal of 16 remote handled transuranic waste canisters stored below ground in shafts since 1994. These canisters were retrievably stored in the shafts to await Nuclear Regulatory Commission certification of the Model Number RH-TRU 72B transportation cask and authorization of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) to accept the canisters for disposal. Retrieval planning included radiological characterization and visual inspection of the canisters to confirm historical records, verify container integrity, determine proper personnel protection for the retrieval operations, provide radiological dose and exposure rate data for retrieval operations, and to provide exterior radiological contamination data. The radiological characterization and visual inspection of the canisters was performed in May 2006. The effort required the development of remote techniques and equipment due to the potential for pers...

Data are summarized on the radioactivity in environmental samples collected from various locations within the Hanford plant boundaries during 1970. Data are included on the content of /sup 90/Sr, /sup 32/P, /sup 46/Sc, /sup 51/ Cr, /sup 65/Zn, /sup 131/I, /sup 2 4/Na and tritium in samples of water from the Columbia River; the total BETA activity in samples of drinking water; the total alpha and BETA activity in samples of surface waters; the radioactivity in tissue samples from waterfowl, game birds, deer, and small mammals feeding on the area; the total BETA activity and /sup 131/I content in samples of surface air; and the total alpha , BETA , and gamma activity in samples of air filters from various locations. (CH)

The development of high-entropy (HE) alloys expanded the path of advanced materials research. These alloys with at least 5 principal elements in equiatomic or near equiatomic ratios have the tendency to form solid solutions (SS) phases, usually with FCC and/or BCC structures, instead of intermetallic compounds [1]. This effect is reflected with superior mechanical properties compared with conventional alloys which are composed for one or two principal elements [2]. The structures and microstructures in HE alloys, as well as their mechanical properties depend on the nature and number of the alloying elements. The mechanical properties of several high-entropy alloys have been reported. However, evaluations by nanoindentation in HE alloys have not been deeply investigated. The AlCoCrCuFeNi alloy has been the most widely investigated in terms of microstructure and mechanical properties, but at this moment there are no reports about hardness determinations of individual phases. This pape...

Right This is the Accepted Manuscript version of an article accepted for publication in ECS Transactions. The Electrochemical Society and IOP Publishing Ltd are not responsible for any errors or omissions in this version of the manuscript or any version derived from it. The Version of Record is available online at https://doi.org/10.1149/09810.0215ecst.; This is not the published version. Please cite only the published version.; この論文は出版社版でありません。引用の際には出版社 版をご確認ご利用ください。 Type Conference Paper

Nearly complete genome sequences of three novel RNA viruses were acquired from the stool of an Afghan child. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses belong to the picorna-like virus superfamily. Because of their unique genomic organization and deep phylogenetic roots, we propose these viruses, provisionally named calhevirus, tetnovirus-1, and tetnovirus-2, as prototypes of new viral families. A newly developed nucleotide composition analysis (NCA) method was used to compare mononucleotide and dinucleotide frequencies for RNA viruses infecting mammals, plants, or insects. Using a large training data set of 284 representative picornavirus-like genomic sequences with defined host origins, NCA correctly identified the kingdom or phylum of the viral host for &gt;95% of picorna-like viruses. NCA predicted an insect host origin for the 3 novel picorna-like viruses. Their presence in human stool therefore likely reflects ingestion of insect-contaminated food. As metagenomic analy...

Background: Physical activity, sedentary time and sleep have been shown to be associated with cardio-metabolic health. However, these associations are typically studied in isolation or without accounting for the effect of all movement behaviours and the constrained nature of data that comprise a finite whole such as a 24 h day. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between the composition of daily movement behaviours (including sleep, sedentary time (ST), light intensity physical activity (LIPA) and moderate-to-vigorous activity (MVPA)) and cardio-metabolic health, in a cross-sectional analysis of adults with pre-diabetes. Further, we quantified the predicted differences following reallocation of time between behaviours. Methods: Accelerometers were used to quantify daily movement behaviours in 1462 adults from eight countries with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg•m -2 , impaired fasting glucose (IFG; 5.6-6.9 mmol•l -1 ) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT; 7.8-11.0 mmol•l -1 2 h following oral glucose tolerance test, OGTT). Compositional isotemporal substitution was used to estimate the association of reallocating time between behaviours.

Nitrogen (N)-doped ZnO thin films were RF sputtered with different N 2 volume (ranging from 10% to 100%) on sapphire (001) substrates. The influence of N 2 vol.% on the properties of ZnO films was analyzed by various characterization techniques. The X-ray diffraction studies showed that the films grow along the preferential (002) crystallographic plane and the crystallinity varied with varying N 2 vol.%. The films sputtered with 25 vol.% N 2 showed better crystallinity. The transmittance was decreased with increasing N 2 volume until 25% and was almost constant above 25%. A maximum optical band gap (2.08 eV) obtained for 10 vol.% N 2 decreased with increasing N 2 volume to reach a minimum of 1.53 eV at 100%. The compositional analysis confirmed the incorporation of N into ZnO films, and its concentration increased with increasing N 2 volume to reach a maximum of ∼3.7 × 10 21 atom/cm 3 at 75% but then decreased slightly to 3.42 × 10 21 atoms/cm 3 . The sign of Hall coefficient confirmed that the films sputtered with ≤25 vol.% N 2 possess p-type conductivity which changes to n-type for N 25 vol.% N 2 .