Combustion Analysis

The main purpose of this master’s thesis is description of the current technology of compressed air production in the grounds of Třinecké Železárny, a.s. (TZ). Compressed air for companies in the TZ area is manufactured and distributed by company Energetika Třinec, a.s. (ET). The part of the thesis is the preparation and execution of measurement including evaluation of specific energy consumption for production of compressed air by compressors of ET company. In conclusion there is proposed the possibility of substitution of compressors including the economic evaluation

Diplomová práce se zabývala výzkumem effervescent trysek. Effervescent trysky patří do skupiny dvoufázových rozprašovacích trysek, které se často využívají ve spalovacích aplikacích. Právě ve spalovacích aplikacích má míra stability spreje významný vliv na účinnost spalování a množství vzniklých exhalací. Hlavním cílem práce bylo zhodnotit míru nestabilit spreje v závislosti na konstrukci trysky a jejím provozním režimu. Vliv konstrukce byl zkoumán v závislosti na průměru a délce směšovací komory, a dále pak na velikosti, počtu a rozmístění aeračních otvorů. Různými kombinacemi těchto konstrukčních parametrů vzniklo 17 specifických variant zkušebních vzorků trysky. Každá tato varianta byla proměřena ve třech provozních režimech, reprezentovaných určitým tlakem kapaliny na vstupu do trysky a hmotnostním poměrem průtoku plynu ke kapalině (GLR). Pro vyhodnocení míry nestabilit spreje byla požita metodika, která porovnává ideální rozdělení částic do mezičásticových časových tříd, defino...

A significant reduction of CO2 emission in the road transport is a major challenge for next years. In the combination with efficient powertrain technologies, the potential of natural gas is excellent for comparably light and cost effective reduction of CO2 and toxic emission in the future [1-2]. As the CNG fuelling stations in Poland are not so far widespread enough to make a dedicated natural gas vehicle practical, it results necessary to start with proposing alternatively CNG powered engines. Such a bi-fuel automotive engines are necessary to bridge the gap between petrol and natural gas. As a sample of modern engine design a Opel 1.6 liter 4-cylinder engine has been selected as a base of powertrain for development of bi-fuel passenger car engine. The influence of ignition timing on CNG combustion process has been presented in this paper. An 1.6 liter SI engine has been tested in the special program. For selected engine operating conditions, following data were acquired: in cylind...

Optimization procedure of the si engines feeding systems requires the application of newer and more sophisticated tools, as an addition to well known but expensive experimental methods. Numerical methods can be considered nowadays as once playing the most important role in the combustion process analysis. Paper describes the application of the dual zone model, allowing the analysis of the combustion process in an SI engine with the possibility of estimating 10 different exhaust gases i.e.: CO 2 , CO, H 2 O , O 2 , NO, N 2 , H 2 , H, O and OH. The research has been carried on a 1.6 litres four cylinder SI engine, fed with petrol and alternatively with LPG and CNG. In-cylinder pressure for the 4 th cylinder of the tested engine has been acquired for several engine speeds. Registered in-cylinder pressure traces p=p( ), together with the volume variation v i =v i ( ) in function of crank angle, were used in the combustion process simulating calculations. Obtained results made it possible to compare selected parameters describing the combustion process. Obtained results do also prove recognized fact related to the higher temperature necessary to initiate gaseous fuel combustion.

The topic of this bachelor thesis is Design of Automated External Defibrillator (AED). The goal is to design modern looking product, that meets needs of market and usability. On the grounds of research a goal was developed. It says to meet the context of placement in residences and car transportation. Crutial is also to focus on intuitive interaction and understandability. For easy interaction new special pads were designed

Předkládaná diplomová práce popisuje návrh a realizaci stacionární jednotky pro mazání hlavy kolejnice. Aplikací TOR maziv na temeno kolejnice dochází k redukci opotřebení a snížení hluku. Nejprve byla provedena a kriticky zhodnocena patentová rešerše, na základě které vznikly požadavky na vyvíjené zařízení – přesnost dávkování malých objemů maziva a vysoká opakovatelnost. Na základě koncepčního návrhu byla vytvořena experimentální aparatura, pomocí níž se ověřil princip nanášení maziva a identifikovaly se parametry nástřiku. Získané výsledky jsou použity při konstrukci finální aplikační jednotky včetně technického zázemí. V rámci diplomové práce vznikly dva užitné vzory.This master’s thesis describes design and realization of a wayside unit for top-of-rail lubrication (TOR). TOR lubricant application causes wear reduction and lower noise emission. Firstly, patent analysis was provided and critically evaluated according to which requirements for developed device were specified – acc...

Developing a new Diesel combustion system and optimizing the air loop components is a long and complex task subject to many constraints and assumptions (e.g. expected performance, vehicle inertia, after-treatment system). This paper presents a methodology which helps simultaneously to reduce the testing effort and to improve knowledge acquisition, by taking into account the interaction between combustion chamber and air loop designs at an early stage of development. This method uses a single cylinder engine, statistical models built up from Design of Experiments (DoE), and physical models of engine components. The physical model simulates a multi cylinder engine with its air loop. It is used to estimate the boundary conditions for tests and optimizations (such as exhaust back pressure for a given turbocharger). Statistical models are built to fit engine-out responses. Their input factors are chosen to describe combustion related processes independently of the implemented hardware (e...

Coal dust is highly explosive and caused dozens of victims in Colombia. In this research the most important and direct influence on coal dust, especially those that cause combustion and explosion inside the mine factors were analyzed; is important to discuss the characteristics of each coal mined and processed, for actions that do not compromise the integrity of the staff or facilities. Four (4) channel samples of coal exploitation faces with High Volatile Bituminous C from Cerrejón Formation were collected and analyzed: Proximal (moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon, total sulfur and calorific value ); petrographic (maceral counting and vitrinite reflectance) and Hardgrove mill index. The samples were crushed to obtain fractions corresponding to meshes 200, 270 and 325 considering those sizes could give greater risks of explosion.The analysis showed that there is a direct relationship between the results of the Hardgrove mill index and the degree of explosiveness in the fra...

This review deals with the mechanism of the formation of carcinogenic N-nitrosoamines in the production of amine oxides by the oxidation of tertiary amines with hydrogen peroxide. The crucial point is the nature of the nitrogen substrate and nitrosating species as they are not added to the process directly. As the nitrogen substrates, we consider particularly primary and secondary amines. Various structures of the nitrosating agents are discussed, for example nitrogen oxides from the ambient air, corrosion inhibitors in the hydrogen peroxide (e.g. NaNO2) or other side nitroso compounds.

Este articulo presenta un estudio experimental de la combustion de la cascarilla de arroz, donde se realiza la estimacion de la densidad energetica, basado en un estudio de campo en las ciudades de Quevedo y Ventanas. Se determina su poder calorifico superior, y su contenido de humedad segun la Norma UNE-EN 14774. Se establece que la cascarilla de arroz debe ingresar a la camara de combustion de lecho fijo con una humedad inferior al 15% para reducir las emisiones de CO, cenizas y hollin. 14 kg/h de cascarilla de arroz fueron quemados, y se obtuvo 34.01 kW termicos por hora sobrepasando los 650 °C de temperatura. La particula de cascarilla de arroz permanece en combustion durante un tiempo promedio de 4 segundos.

Se realizó el secado de 5 kg de yuca variedad venezolana por medio de un sistema híbrido de calentamiento de aire por combustión de biomasa y radiación solar, con el objetivo de evaluar el secado de yuca variedad venezolana por medio de un sistema híbrido de calentamiento de aire. El secado de la yuca se llevó a cabo en tres modos de operación: solar, híbrido y combustión de biomasa. Para las pruebas en modo solar se estableció una temperatura de secado de 50 ºC, el tiempo de secado en este modo de operación fue de 19 h y 15 min, distribuido en seis días, sabiendo que el contenido de humedad inicial (hi) de la yuca variedad venezolana era de 62% y se llevó a una humedad final (hf) del 12%. La velocidad de secado fue de 0,147 kg de agua.h-1 , el tiempo de secado de la yuca en los modos híbridos y combustión de biomasa fue aproximadamente igual, 16 h 50 min, distribuidos en tres días. Para estos modos de operación la temperatura de secado establecida fue de 70 ºC. La velocidad de secado para el modo híbrido y de combustión de biomasa fue 0,170 kg de agua.h-1. Sin embargo, el modo híbrido presentó un consumo de cascarilla de arroz de 4,5 kg/ kg de yuca húmeda, mientras que en el modo combustión de biomasa fue de 7,56 kg/ kg de yuca humedad. La eficiencia de los colectores fue de 43,91%, del sistema híbrido en modo solar de 28,57% y en el sistema híbrido en modo combustión de biomasa la eficiencia térmica del quemador y del sistema fue de 28,18%.

Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto 103 (O +RPEUH \ OD 0iTXLQD 1R 6HSWLHPEUH'LFLHPEUH GH condiciones de operación y sin cambios en la mecánica del motor. Palabras clave: análisis de combustión, aceite usado de cocina, biodiésel, motor de combustión interna.

• Coolant and oil temperature effects on combustion and emissions are investigated. • Steady-state experimental tests are carried out on engine test-bench. • A 0D model is adapted for wall heat losses and heat release rate. • A novel semi physical 0D model is proposed for NOx and soot evaluation. • NOx and soot are correctly predicted under warm-up like conditions.

Increasing internal combustion engine efficiency continues being one of the main goals of engine research. To achieve this objective, different engine strategies are being developed continuously. However, the assessment of these techniques is not straightforward due to their influence on various intermediate phenomena inherent to the combustion process, which finally result in indicated efficiency trade-offs. During this work, a new methodology to assess these intermediate imperfections on gross indicated efficiency using a zero-dimensional model is developed. This methodology is applied to a swirl parametric study, where it has been concluded that the heat transfer and the rate of heat release are the single relevant changing phenomena. Results show that heat transfer always increases with swirl affecting negatively gross indicated efficiency (around −0.5%), while the impact of combustion velocity is not monotonous. It is enhanced up to a certain swirl ratio (it changes with engine...

Combustion control is assuming a crucial role in reducing engine tailpipe emissions while maximizing performance. The effort in the calibration of control parameters affecting the combustion development can be very demanding. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: in Spark Ignition (SI) engines it is affected by factors such as Spark Advance (SA), Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT). SA optimal values are usually determined by means of calibration procedures carried out in steady state conditions on the test bench by changing SA values while monitoring performance indicators, such as Brake and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP, IMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and pollutant emissions. The effect of SA on combustion is stochastic, due to the cycle-to-cycle variation: the analysis of mean values requires many engine cycles to be significant of the performance obtained with the given control setting. Moreover, often the effect of SA on engine performance must be investigated for different settings of other control parameters (EGR, VVT, AFR). The calibration process is time consuming involving exhaustive tests followed by off-line data analysis. This paper presents the application of a dynamic calibration methodology, with the objective of reducing the calibration duration. The proposed approach is based on transient tests, coupled with a statistical investigation, allowing reliable performance analysis even with a low number of engine cycles. The methodology has been developed and tested off-line, then it has been implemented in Real-Time. The combustion analysis system has been integrated with the ECU management software and the test bench controller, in order to perform a fully automatic calibration.

A significant reduction of CO2 emission in the road transport is a major challenge for next years. In the combination with efficient powertrain technologies, the potential of natural gas is excellent for comparably light and cost effective reduction of CO2 and toxic emission in the future [1-2]. As the CNG fuelling stations in Poland are not so far widespread enough to make a dedicated natural gas vehicle practical, it results necessary to start with proposing alternatively CNG powered engines. Such a bi-fuel automotive engines are necessary to bridge the gap between petrol and natural gas. As a sample of modern engine design a Opel 1.6 liter 4-cylinder engine has been selected as a base of powertrain for development of bi-fuel passenger car engine. The influence of ignition timing on CNG combustion process has been presented in this paper. An 1.6 liter SI engine has been tested in the special program. For selected engine operating conditions, following data were acquired: in cylind...

The present paper describes an experimental study on the application of a Low Pressure EGR system, equipped with an high efficiency cooler, to a LD diesel engine operating with both conventional combustion and PCCI mode. The research activity is aimed to carry out an analysis of the potentiality of the cooling (with engine water at 90°C) and super-cooling (with external water at 20°C) of the low pressure EGR flow gas on the simultaneous reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The effects were evaluated running the engine with diesel conventional combustion and PCCI mode in several engine operating points. The employed engine was a 4-cyliders LD CR diesel engine of two liters of displacement at the state of art of the current engine technology. The overall results identified benefits on both the fuel consumption and emissions with the use of a low pressure EGR system with respect to the "classical" high pressure EGR one. The cooled EGR system showed advantage mainly at medium and high speed/load operating points.

Práce je zaměřena na experimentální výzkum a analýzu pracovního oběhu a výfukových emisí pístového spalovacího motoru v režimech nízkého zatížení, které představují výzvu pro ve vyšších zatíženích vysoce účinná zařízení pro úpravu výfukových plynů. Pro měření bylo sestaveno laboratorní stanoviště se zkušebním jednoválcovým motorem. Běhen stavby zařízení bylo testováno několik variant řízení motoru. Dokončené stanoviště sloužilo pro měření emisí a významných provozních veličin. Měření bylo provedeno ve třech variantách. Výchozím bylo měření neupraveného motoru v klasickém zážehovém režimu. Následovalo doplnění spalovacího prostoru o komůrku a jako poslední byl měřen režim nízkoteplotního spalování. Tato měření byla následně vyhodnocena a popsána. Vlastní přínosy práce zahrnují kromě konstrukčních řešení a zvládnutí experimentálně náročného provozu motoru v režimu řízené detonace také několik unikátních řešení částí experimentální aparatury, která našla praktické využití v dalších pro...

Modern combustion control strategies require accurate combustion control to meet the requirements for pollutant emissions reduction. Optimal combustion control can be achieved through a closed-loop control based on indicated quantities, such as engine torque and center of combustion, which can be directly calculated through a proper processing of in-cylinder pressure trace. However, on-board installation of in-cylinder pressure sensors is uncommon, mainly because it causes a significant increase in the cost of the whole engine management system. In order to overcome the problems related to the on-board installation of cylinder pressure sensors, this work presents a remote combustion sensing methodology based on the simultaneous processing of two crankshaft speed signals. To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, each speed measurement has been performed at opposed ends of the crankshaft, i.e. in correspondence of flywheel and distribution wheel. Since an engine speed sensor, usually faced to the flywheel, is already present on-board for other control purposes, the presented approach requires that an additional speed sensor is installed. Proper processing of the signals coming from the installed speed sensors allows extracting information about crankshaft's torsional behavior. Then, the calculated instantaneous crankshaft torsion can be used to real-time estimate both torque delivered by the engine and combustion phasing within the cycle. The presented methodology has been developed and validated using a light-duty L4 Common-Rail Diesel engine mounted in a test cell at University of Bologna. However, the discussed approach is general, and can be applied to engines with a different number of cylinders, both CI and SI.

Este articulo presenta un estudio experimental de la combustion de la cascarilla de arroz, donde se realiza la estimacion de la densidad energetica, basado en un estudio de campo en las ciudades de Quevedo y Ventanas. Se determina su poder calorifico superior, y su contenido de humedad segun la Norma UNE-EN 14774. Se establece que la cascarilla de arroz debe ingresar a la camara de combustion de lecho fijo con una humedad inferior al 15% para reducir las emisiones de CO, cenizas y hollin. 14 kg/h de cascarilla de arroz fueron quemados, y se obtuvo 34.01 kW termicos por hora sobrepasando los 650 °C de temperatura. La particula de cascarilla de arroz permanece en combustion durante un tiempo promedio de 4 segundos.

Se realizó el secado de 5 kg de yuca variedad venezolana por medio de un sistema híbrido de calentamiento de aire por combustión de biomasa y radiación solar, con el objetivo de evaluar el secado de yuca variedad venezolana por medio de un sistema híbrido de calentamiento de aire. El secado de la yuca se llevó a cabo en tres modos de operación: solar, híbrido y combustión de biomasa. Para las pruebas en modo solar se estableció una temperatura de secado de 50 ºC, el tiempo de secado en este modo de operación fue de 19 h y 15 min, distribuido en seis días, sabiendo que el contenido de humedad inicial (hi) de la yuca variedad venezolana era de 62% y se llevó a una humedad final (hf) del 12%. La velocidad de secado fue de 0,147 kg de agua.h-1 , el tiempo de secado de la yuca en los modos híbridos y combustión de biomasa fue aproximadamente igual, 16 h 50 min, distribuidos en tres días. Para estos modos de operación la temperatura de secado establecida fue de 70 ºC. La velocidad de secado para el modo híbrido y de combustión de biomasa fue 0,170 kg de agua.h-1. Sin embargo, el modo híbrido presentó un consumo de cascarilla de arroz de 4,5 kg/ kg de yuca húmeda, mientras que en el modo combustión de biomasa fue de 7,56 kg/ kg de yuca humedad. La eficiencia de los colectores fue de 43,91%, del sistema híbrido en modo solar de 28,57% y en el sistema híbrido en modo combustión de biomasa la eficiencia térmica del quemador y del sistema fue de 28,18%.

In-cylinder pressure Combustion analysis a b s t r a c t Laser ignition of hydrogeneair mixture was carried out in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) at 10 bar initial chamber filling pressure and 373 K chamber temperature. A Q-switched Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm with a pulse duration of 6e9 ns was used for plasma generation and ignition of combustible hydrogeneair mixture. Pressureetime history of different hydrogeneair mixtures was measured in the CVCC and flammability limits of hydrogeneair mixture were measured. Flame kernel development was investigated for different airefuel mixtures using Shawdowgraphy and flame propagation distances were calculated. Minimum ignition energy was measured for hydrogeneair mixtures of different airefuel ratios and effect laser pulse energy on pressureetime history in the CVCC was experimentally measured. Upon increasing the laser pulse energy, time taken to attain peak cylinder pressure reduced which resulted in faster combustion in hydrogeneair mixtures however the peak cylinder pressure remained similar.

An experimental investigation was performed with a view to comparing high and low pressure exhaust gas recirculation systems (HP and LP EGR) fitted on an automotive turbocharged diesel engine, focusing on analysing their influence on fuel consumption, pollutant emissions and the combustion process. Following the development of a prototype cooled LP EGR circuit, the main engine and turbocharger parameters were measured in six part-load operating conditions related to the European driving cycles. Different operating modes were considered, from the simplest and most commonly investigated (without EGR, with HP or LP EGR) to more complex schemes, namely the simultaneous application of high and low pressure recirculation and the addition of variable nozzle turbine (VNT) control. The extensive experimental database made it possible to confirm literature concerning the comparison of recirculating systems and the potential of LP EGR on engine intake temperature and NO x reductions. New aspects were also analysed, such as the balance of the high and low pressure EGR rate in order to achieve maximum NO x reductions in simultaneous applications, the interactions between EGR circuit management and the application of VNT control in order to improve the trade-off between fuel consumption and NO x and soot emissions.

The detection of CN, an important intermediate in the nitrogen oxidation chemistry of hydrocarbons, in the B 2 S 1 -X 2 S 1 electronic band by degenerate four-wave mixing is reported. The radical source consisted of a H 2 ͞O 2 ͞N 2 ͞C 2 H 2 ͞NO atmospheric-pressure premixed f lame. We estimate a detection limit of 3 3 10 13 CN molecules͞cm 3 and a rotational temperature of 920 K. A tilted backward pump beam degenerate four-wave mixing geometry is investigated, and results show an order-of-magnitude increase in the signal-to-noise ratio over the conventional counterpropagating pump beam geometry.

A significant reduction of CO2 emission in the road transport is a major challenge for next years. In the combination with efficient powertrain technologies, the potential of natural gas is excellent for comparably light and cost effective reduction of CO2 and toxic emission in the future [1-2]. As the CNG fuelling stations in Poland are not so far widespread enough to make a dedicated natural gas vehicle practical, it results necessary to start with proposing alternatively CNG powered engines. Such a bi-fuel automotive engines are necessary to bridge the gap between petrol and natural gas. As a sample of modern engine design a Opel 1.6 liter 4-cylinder engine has been selected as a base of powertrain for development of bi-fuel passenger car engine. The influence of ignition timing on CNG combustion process has been presented in this paper. An 1.6 liter SI engine has been tested in the special program. For selected engine operating conditions, following data were acquired: in cylind...

This work is focused on the development and validation of a spark advance controller, based on a piston “damage” model and a predictive knock model. The algorithm represents an integrated and innovative way to manage both the knock intensity and combustion phase. It is characterized by a model-based open-loop algorithm with the capability of calculating with high accuracy the spark timing that achieves the desired piston damage in a certain period, for knock-limited engine operating conditions. Otherwise, it targets the maximum efficiency combustion phase. Such controller is primarily thought to be utilized under conditions in which feedback is not needed. In this paper, the main models and the structure of the open-loop controller are described and validated. The controller is implemented in a rapid control prototyping device and validated reproducing real driving maneuvers at the engine test bench. Results of the online validation process are presented at the end of the paper.

Combustion control is assuming a crucial role in reducing engine tailpipe emissions while maximizing performance. The effort in the calibration of control parameters affecting the combustion development can be very demanding. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: in Spark Ignition (SI) engines it is affected by factors such as Spark Advance (SA), Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT). SA optimal values are usually determined by means of calibration procedures carried out in steady state conditions on the test bench by changing SA values while monitoring performance indicators, such as Brake and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP, IMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and pollutant emissions. The effect of SA on combustion is stochastic, due to the cycle-to-cycle variation: the analysis of mean values requires many engine cycles to be significant of the performance obtained with the given control setting. Moreover, often the effect of SA on engine performance must be investigated for different settings of other control parameters (EGR, VVT, AFR). The calibration process is time consuming involving exhaustive tests followed by off-line data analysis. This paper presents the application of a dynamic calibration methodology, with the objective of reducing the calibration duration. The proposed approach is based on transient tests, coupled with a statistical investigation, allowing reliable performance analysis even with a low number of engine cycles. The methodology has been developed and tested off-line, then it has been implemented in Real-Time. The combustion analysis system has been integrated with the ECU management software and the test bench controller, in order to perform a fully automatic calibration.

The number of actuations influencing the combustion is increasing, and, as a consequence, the calibration of control parameters is becoming challenging. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: for gasoline engines control variables such as Spark Advance (SA), Air-to-Fuel Ratio (AFR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) are mostly used to set the combustion phasing. The optimal control setting can be chosen according to a cost function, taking into account performance indicators, such as Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), pollutant emissions, or other indexes inherent to reliability issues, such as exhaust gas temperature, or knock intensity. The paper proposes the use of the extremum seeking approach during the calibration process. The main idea consists in changing the values of each control parameter at the same time, identifying its effect on the monitored cost function, allowing to shift automatically the control setting towards the optimum solution throughout the calibration procedure. Obviously, the nodal point is to establish how the various control parameters affect the monitored cost function and to determine the direction of the required variation, in order to approach the optimum. This task is carried out by means of a spectral analysis of the cost function: each control variable is varied according to a sine wave, thus its effect on the cost function can be determined by evaluating the amplitude of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the cost function, for the given excitation frequency. The FFT amplitude is representative of the cost function sensitivity to the control variable variations, while the phase can be used to assess the direction of the variation that must be applied to the control settings in order to approach the optimum configuration. Each control parameter is excited with a different frequency, thus it is possible to recognize the effect of a single parameter by analyzing the spectrum of the cost function for the given excitation frequency. The methodology has been applied to data referring to a PFI engine, trying to maximize IMEP, while limiting the knock intensity and exhaust gas temperature, using SA and AFR as control variables. The approach proved to be efficient in reaching the optimum control setting, showing that the optimal setting can be achieved rapidly and consistently.

This work is focused on the development and validation of a spark advance controller, based on a piston “damage” model and a predictive knock model. The algorithm represents an integrated and innovative way to manage both the knock intensity and combustion phase. It is characterized by a model-based open-loop algorithm with the capability of calculating with high accuracy the spark timing that achieves the desired piston damage in a certain period, for knock-limited engine operating conditions. Otherwise, it targets the maximum efficiency combustion phase. Such controller is primarily thought to be utilized under conditions in which feedback is not needed. In this paper, the main models and the structure of the open-loop controller are described and validated. The controller is implemented in a rapid control prototyping device and validated reproducing real driving maneuvers at the engine test bench. Results of the online validation process are presented at the end of the paper.

This work is focused on the development and validation of a spark advance controller, based on a piston “damage” model and a predictive knock model. The algorithm represents an integrated and innovative way to manage both the knock intensity and combustion phase. It is characterized by a model-based open-loop algorithm with the capability of calculating with high accuracy the spark timing that achieves the desired piston damage in a certain period, for knock-limited engine operating conditions. Otherwise, it targets the maximum efficiency combustion phase. Such controller is primarily thought to be utilized under conditions in which feedback is not needed. In this paper, the main models and the structure of the open-loop controller are described and validated. The controller is implemented in a rapid control prototyping device and validated reproducing real driving maneuvers at the engine test bench. Results of the online validation process are presented at the end of the paper.

This work is focused on the development and validation of a spark advance controller, based on a piston “damage” model and a predictive knock model. The algorithm represents an integrated and innovative way to manage both the knock intensity and combustion phase. It is characterized by a model-based open-loop algorithm with the capability of calculating with high accuracy the spark timing that achieves the desired piston damage in a certain period, for knock-limited engine operating conditions. Otherwise, it targets the maximum efficiency combustion phase. Such controller is primarily thought to be utilized under conditions in which feedback is not needed. In this paper, the main models and the structure of the open-loop controller are described and validated. The controller is implemented in a rapid control prototyping device and validated reproducing real driving maneuvers at the engine test bench. Results of the online validation process are presented at the end of the paper.

Combustion control is assuming a crucial role in reducing engine tailpipe emissions while maximizing performance. The effort in the calibration of control parameters affecting the combustion development can be very demanding. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: in Spark Ignition (SI) engines it is affected by factors such as Spark Advance (SA), Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT). SA optimal values are usually determined by means of calibration procedures carried out in steady state conditions on the test bench by changing SA values while monitoring performance indicators, such as Brake and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP, IMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and pollutant emissions. The effect of SA on combustion is stochastic, due to the cycle-to-cycle variation: the analysis of mean values requires many engine cycles to be significant of the performance obtained with the given control setting. Moreover, often the effect of SA on engine performance must be investigated for different settings of other control parameters (EGR, VVT, AFR). The calibration process is time consuming involving exhaustive tests followed by off-line data analysis. This paper presents the application of a dynamic calibration methodology, with the objective of reducing the calibration duration. The proposed approach is based on transient tests, coupled with a statistical investigation, allowing reliable performance analysis even with a low number of engine cycles. The methodology has been developed and tested off-line, then it has been implemented in Real-Time. The combustion analysis system has been integrated with the ECU management software and the test bench controller, in order to perform a fully automatic calibration.

Translation by Gustav Kraut

Japanese Authors:
M. Shimoji
K. Takata
N. Takeuchi
K. Yamamoto

1967  26 pages

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

> 1. Vorwort

> 2. Die Besonderheiten des Kreiskolbenmotors

> 3. Die Versuchsmethodik + der Versuchsmotor
  » 3.1 Die Messung des Drucks in der Verbrennungskammer
  » 3.2 Die Messung der Entflammungsgeschwindigkeit
  » 3.3 Die Messung der Motorleistung
  » 3.4 Die Versuchsmotoren

> 4. Die Verbrennung bei Leerlaufbetrieb
  » 4.1 Der einfluss des Ansaugsystems
  » 4.2 Der Einfluss der Ventile des Motors
  » 4.3 Der Einfluss der Anzahl der Zuendkerzen

> 5. Die Indikatordiagramme bei Vollastbetrieb
  » 5.1 Der Einfluss des Zuendzeitpunktes
  » 5.2 Der Einfluss der Anzahl der Zuendkerzen

> 6. Die Entflammungsgeschwindigkeit
  » 6.1 Der Zusammenhang zwischen der Messtelle + der Entflammungsgeschwindigkeit
  » 6.2 Der Einfluss des Ansaugsystems
  » 6.3 Der Einfluss des Luft-Kraftstoff-Verhaeltnisses
  » 6.4 Der Einfluss des Zuendzeitpunktes

> 7. Schlussbemerkung

Seit die Firma Toyo Kogyo mit d.en deutschen Firmen NSU und Wankel Verträge über die technische Zusammenarbeit bei der Weiterentwicklung des Kreiskolbenmotors abgesehlossen hat, ist bei der Firma Toyo Kogyo dle Erforschung und die Weiterentwicklung dieses neuen Motors mit al-Ier Macht vorwärts getrieben worden;

1967
german translation by Gustav Kraut
original japanese text by Kenichi Yamamoto
41 pages

> 1. Der bisherige Ablauf der Entwicklung

> 2. Die Kuehlung
  » 2.1 Die thermischen Formveraenderungen
  » 2.2 Die Vorwaermung des Gehaeuses
  » 2.3 Die Temperaturverteilung im Gehaeuse
  » 2.4 Die Kuehlung des Laeufers

> 3. Die Schmierung
  » 3.1 Die Schmierung der Gasdichtungen
  » 3.2 Die Oeldichtungen + der Oelverbrauch

> 4. Die Verbrennung
  » 4.1 Das Ansaugsystem
  » 4.2 Die Gasdichtungen
  » 4.3 Die Teillastverbrennung
  » 4.4 Ein Beispiel der thermodynamischen Analyse
  » 4.5 Die Auspuffgase

> 5. Die Lebensdauer
  » 5.1 Die Scheiteldichtungen + das Laeufergehaeuse
  » 5.2 Seitendichtungen + Oeldichtungen + das Seitengehaeuse
  » 5.3 Die Zuendkerzen

> 6. Der Kreiskolbenmotor + der Motor mit hin- + hergehendem Kolben, eine Gegenueberstellung

> Literaturhinweise

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

Presentamos el desarrollo experimental de la primera etapa correspondiente a la propuesta de un modelo funcional de jardín vertical modular, ensamblable, flexible y móvil, de mínimo mantenimiento y cuya parte viva está constituida por especies vegetales nativas de la región de enfoque, el Distrito Metropolitano de Quito, Ecuador.
A este elemento lo llamamos Muro Orgánico Urbano Silvestre Sostenible, MOUSS. Se presenta el diseño del módulo base, que permite variedad de composición y adaptación a varias aplicaciones dentro del campo de imagen urbana y paisajística.
La selección de las especies vegetales y su monitoreo, aportan claves para los soportes y los sistemas de funcionamiento para el muro, restituyendo el vínculo ancestral con la naturaleza, relación hombre–naturaleza y ciudad–naturaleza.
Para medir el rendimiento del muro verde MOUSS, como unidad activa para controlar la temperatura, se realizaron continuas mediciones en la caja de experimentación diseñada y desarrollada para el efecto. La efectividad del MOUSS, se determina aplicando la ecuación de Penman-Monteith, FAO-56. Esta fase experimental del proyecto, se apoya en la comprobación del modelo matemático desarrollado por los autores de este artículo, cuantificando la transpiración de las plantas o la evaporación del sustrato, y su efecto ambiental para espacios urbanos.

german version of "The Wankel Engine today"
1977
42 pages

1 » Drehen statt Stampfen - d. Chronik d. Erfindung  1
2 » Kreisverkehr - d. Arbeits- + Bewegungsprinzip  8
3 » Eine Bilanz - Eigenschaften + Probleme  11
4 » D. Wankelmotor ist unter uns - Kreiskolbenmotoren in Serie  17
5 » Auf verschiedenen Wegen - Versuchsarbeiten bei Lizenznehmern  32
6 » Evolution nach Revolution - Forschung + Entwicklung bei Audi NSU  36

german keywords: Wankelmotor / Kreiskolbenmotor
English Keywords: Wankel Engine / Wankel Rotary Engine / Rotary Piston Engine / Rotary Combustion Engine

– The present study comprises the analysis, design and construction of a domestic stove gasifier for rural communities, the unit utilizes local residual biomass available in Ecuador's Zone 8 as a fuel. During the analysis, literature was consulted in order to avoid common known problems presented in this kind of stoves. Aditionally, it has been considered multiple design criteria and heat transfer analysis. Importantly, for the construction, local materials has been used to keep costs low and increment its accessability. Throughout the evaluation of the stove gasifier several experiments using the local available biomass were run (rice husks, dry branches and litterfall). The best results were obtained when using agroforestal residues, i.e. a blend of 90% dry branches and 10% litterfall. However, a problem of compaction was detected when using rice husks; this compaction lead to a poor combustión and excess of smoke. To prevent compaction leaves was used as a bulking material. The results suggested that the best blend when working with rice husks was a mix of 20% rice husks and 80% of litterfall, higher concentrations of rice husks will result in excesive amounts of smoke and poor combustion. Finally, the designed stove gasifier works well, if the used biomass does not go through compaction. Therefore, it can be used in rural villages as an alternative for cooking Keywords-biomass, rice husks , stove, gasifier, litterfall. Resumen— El presente estudio está relacionado al diseño, análisis y construcción de una estufa domestica para comunidades rurales, utilizando como combustible principal la biomasa sólida residual disponible en la zona 8 del Ecuador, es decir, biomasa proveniente del sector arrocero, podas, cañeras, hojarasca, entre otros. Durante el análisis, se consultó literatura disponible con el fin de evitar problemas comunes que se presentan en tipo de estufas. Adicionalmente, se ha considerado varios criterios de diseño y análisis de transferencia de calor. Es importante destacar que, para diseñar una estufa de bajo costo e incrementar su accesibilidad, se ha utilizado para la construcción del equipo material disponibles de la zona. Durante la etapa de evaluación de la estufa gasificadora se realizaron varios experimentos usando la biomasa disponible localmente (cascarilla de arroz, ramas secas y hojarasca). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con mezclas de residuos agroforestales, específicamente, una mezcla de 90% ramas secas y 10% de hojarasca. Por otra parte, se detectó problemas de compactación al utilizar el 100 % de la cascarilla de arroz; esta compactación conduce a una mala combustión y exceso de humo. Para evitar el problema de compactación, se decidió incrementar la densidad aparente utilizando como mezclas hojarasca. Es así, que los resultados sugieren que al trabajar con cascarilla de arroz se realicen mezclas del 20% cascarilla con el 80% hojarasca. Esto es debido que en concentraciones mayores de cascarilla de arroz dan lugar a cantidades excesivas de humo y una mala combustión. Finalmente, podemos indicar que se ha diseñado una estufa gasificadora que mantiene una combustión controlada sin emisión de gases contaminantes, siempre que la biomasa utilizada no pasa por la compactación. Por lo tanto, se puede utilizar en la zona rural como una alternativa para cocinar. Palabras Claves— biomasa, cascarilla de arroz, estufa, gasificadora, hojarasca

– The present study comprises the analysis, design and construction of a domestic stove gasifier for rural communities, the unit utilizes local residual biomass available in Ecuador's Zone 8 as a fuel. During the analysis, literature was consulted in order to avoid common known problems presented in this kind of stoves. Aditionally, it has been considered multiple design criteria and heat transfer analysis. Importantly, for the construction, local materials has been used to keep costs low and increment its accessability. Throughout the evaluation of the stove gasifier several experiments using the local available biomass were run (rice husks, dry branches and litterfall). The best results were obtained when using agroforestal residues, i.e. a blend of 90% dry branches and 10% litterfall. However, a problem of compaction was detected when using rice husks; this compaction lead to a poor combustión and excess of smoke. To prevent compaction leaves was used as a bulking material. The results suggested that the best blend when working with rice husks was a mix of 20% rice husks and 80% of litterfall, higher concentrations of rice husks will result in excesive amounts of smoke and poor combustion. Finally, the designed stove gasifier works well, if the used biomass does not go through compaction. Therefore, it can be used in rural villages as an alternative for cooking Keywords-biomass, rice husks , stove, gasifier, litterfall. Resumen— El presente estudio está relacionado al diseño, análisis y construcción de una estufa domestica para comunidades rurales, utilizando como combustible principal la biomasa sólida residual disponible en la zona 8 del Ecuador, es decir, biomasa proveniente del sector arrocero, podas, cañeras, hojarasca, entre otros. Durante el análisis, se consultó literatura disponible con el fin de evitar problemas comunes que se presentan en tipo de estufas. Adicionalmente, se ha considerado varios criterios de diseño y análisis de transferencia de calor. Es importante destacar que, para diseñar una estufa de bajo costo e incrementar su accesibilidad, se ha utilizado para la construcción del equipo material disponibles de la zona. Durante la etapa de evaluación de la estufa gasificadora se realizaron varios experimentos usando la biomasa disponible localmente (cascarilla de arroz, ramas secas y hojarasca). Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron con mezclas de residuos agroforestales, específicamente, una mezcla de 90% ramas secas y 10% de hojarasca. Por otra parte, se detectó problemas de compactación al utilizar el 100 % de la cascarilla de arroz; esta compactación conduce a una mala combustión y exceso de humo. Para evitar el problema de compactación, se decidió incrementar la densidad aparente utilizando como mezclas hojarasca. Es así, que los resultados sugieren que al trabajar con cascarilla de arroz se realicen mezclas del 20% cascarilla con el 80% hojarasca. Esto es debido que en concentraciones mayores de cascarilla de arroz dan lugar a cantidades excesivas de humo y una mala combustión. Finalmente, podemos indicar que se ha diseñado una estufa gasificadora que mantiene una combustión controlada sin emisión de gases contaminantes, siempre que la biomasa utilizada no pasa por la compactación. Por lo tanto, se puede utilizar en la zona rural como una alternativa para cocinar. Palabras Claves— biomasa, cascarilla de arroz, estufa, gasificadora, hojarasca

Comparative analysis of the Fhysicochimicals Characteristics of the rice husk. RESUMEN En este estudio se hace un análisis comparativo de las principales propiedades fisicoquímicas de la cascarilla de arroz obtenida por investigaciones realizadas en las universidades de Canadá, California, RP China y de Ibagué Colombia, como punto de partida para la realización del proyecto de transformación de la biomasa arrocera en energía eléctrica y térmica.

Combustion control is assuming a crucial role in reducing engine tailpipe emissions while maximizing performance. The effort in the calibration of control parameters affecting the combustion development can be very demanding. One of the most effective factors influencing performance and efficiency is the combustion phasing: in Spark Ignition (SI) engines it is affected by factors such as Spark Advance (SA), Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR), Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR), Variable Valve Timing (VVT). SA optimal values are usually determined by means of calibration procedures carried out in steady state conditions on the test bench by changing SA values while monitoring performance indicators, such as Brake and Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP, IMEP), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) and pollutant emissions. The effect of SA on combustion is stochastic, due to the cycle-to-cycle variation: the analysis of mean values requires many engine cycles to be significant of the performance obtained with the given control setting. Moreover, often the effect of SA on engine performance must be investigated for different settings of other control parameters (EGR, VVT, AFR). The calibration process is time consuming involving exhaustive tests followed by off-line data analysis. This paper presents the application of a dynamic calibration methodology, with the objective of reducing the calibration duration. The proposed approach is based on transient tests, coupled with a statistical investigation, allowing reliable performance analysis even with a low number of engine cycles. The methodology has been developed and tested off-line, then it has been implemented in Real-Time. The combustion analysis system has been integrated with the ECU management software and the test bench controller, in order to perform a fully automatic calibration.

La presente investigación consiste en la estimación de la densidad energética de la cascarilla de arroz, utilizando un sistema térmico de 60000 kcal/h, para lo cual se sigue un procedimiento basado en estudios de campo, concretamente en las ciudades de Quevedo y Ventanas, y un posterior desarrollo experimental, mediante la quema de este combustible sólido, en una cámara horizontal, a partir de la cual se consigue determinar el consumo de biomasa por hora y la potencia generada, es decir que 14 Kg/h producen 34,01 Kw térmicos. Para optimizar la alimentación del tamo, este se transporta por un ducto cilíndrico que contiene un tornillo sinfín que gira a 1 RPM. En cuanto al campo de temperaturas en el sistema térmico, se establece que la temperatura de encendido de la cascarilla es 680 °C, los gases de combustión ingresan al intercambiador de calor de tres etapas a 229,64 °C y salen al ambiente a 56,01 °C. El aire de proceso entra a 25,48 °C y sale a una temperatura promedio de 139,98 °C, obteniéndose un diferencial de 114 °C. En lo que respecta al contenido de humedad del combustible, la cascarilla de arroz ingresa a la cámara de combustión con un contenido de humedad inferior al 15% para reducir las emisiones de CO, cenizas, hollín. Los resultados de esta investigación permitirán homologar sistemas de combustión para el aprovechamiento de la biomasa, en los sectores productivos donde se dispone de una importante producción de arroz, como es el caso de la Provincia del Guayas y Los Ríos.

Comparative analysis of the Fhysicochimicals Characteristics of the rice husk. RESUMEN En este estudio se hace un análisis comparativo de las principales propiedades fisicoquímicas de la cascarilla de arroz obtenida por investigaciones realizadas en las universidades de Canadá, California, RP China y de Ibagué Colombia, como punto de partida para la realización del proyecto de transformación de la biomasa arrocera en energía eléctrica y térmica.