Attachment Styles

Objective: This study aimed to identify both the shared and distinct aspects of the codependency characteristics of individuals with (clinical group, n=56) and without dependent relatives (non-clinical group, n=59) by comparing them in terms of personal (defensemechanisms), domestic (family-functionality), and relational (attachment-styles) contexts. Method: Codependency Assessment Tool (CODAT), Defense Styles Questionnaire 40 (DSQ-40), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and Relationship Scales Questionnaire (RSQ) were used as data collection tools. Results: The clinical group scored statistically significantly higher on CODAT (other focus/self-neglect, low-self-worth, family-oforigin-issues subscales and total), DSQ-40 (immature-defenses subscale), FAD (failure in problem-solving, communication, roledistribution, affective-responsiveness, affective-involvement, general-functioning subscales and total), RSQ (preoccupied-attachment subscale) than the non-clinical group. The non-clinical group scored significantly higher on the mature-defenses subscale than the clinical group. Immature-defenses, failure in problem-solving and preoccupied-attachment predicted codependency in the clinical group whereas in the non-clinical group, immature-defenses and unhealthy-communication were significant predictors of codependency. Conclusion: Codependency characteristics differ among individuals with and without dependent family members. As immature defenses predicted codependency in both groups, the use of this defense mechanism may be a fundamental feature of codependency.

The present study was carried out in order to predict psychological well-being via resiliency and test the mediating role of optimism in the relationship between psychological well-being and resilience. To this end, a sample of 414 students of medicine (213 boys and 191 girls) was selected through multistage cluster sampling. They were asked to complete Resiliency Scale (Connor & Davidsons, 2003), Optimism Scale (Scheier and Carver, 1995) and Well-being Scale (Ryff, 1989). The results indicated that resilience can predict psychological well-being. The results showed that correlation of optimism with predictive variable (resilience) is positive and significant (P<0.01, r=0.38) and with the criterion variable (psychological well-being) is also positive and significant (P<0.01, r= 0.45). According to the results of hierarchical regression, it may be concluded that optimism plays a partial mediating (and not full) role in the relationship between resiliency and psychological well-...

This article explores the complex phenomenon of attachment [1] to dysfunctional family situations, a phenomenon that cannot be fully understood without considering the intricate interplay between individual psychological factors and socio-cultural dynamics. Beginning with an analysis of the impact of early caregiving experiences on the formation of internal working models (IWMs) [2] and on psychological well-being [3] in adulthood, the article delves into the roles of familiarity, homesickness (Heimweh) [4], and fear of the unknown in perpetuating maladaptive dynamics, even when individuals are aware of their detrimental effects. Particular attention is given to the defense mechanism of splitting, often employed to cope with painful and contradictory family realities, but which can hinder the crucial process of individuation-separation [5]. The influence of intergenerational trauma [6] and projective identification [7] processes in the construction of pathogenic family ties is examined through a broad sociological lens. Specifically, it analyzes how socioeconomic factors, cultural norms, social support networks, and access to resources contribute to shaping family dynamics, either promoting or hindering the breaking of dysfunctional patterns and the pursuit of healthier relationships. This article aims to provide a holistic understanding of this phenomenon by integrating psychological insights with empirical evidence from sociological research. Finally, intervention strategies are proposed to foster autonomy and personal growth, enabling individuals to free themselves from the "family nest trap" [8] through both individual psychological work and a commitment to social empowerment and greater social equity. The article emphasizes the importance of narrative reconstruction [9] (Ricoeur, 1990) as a means of re-elaborating one's family history and constructing new, more adaptive meanings, and the ethics of care [10] (Gilligan, 1982) as a guiding principle for building healthy interpersonal relationships and a more supportive and inclusive society.

Parent-adolescent conflict is a global problem that confronts most families. It remains a key concern due to its consequences on emotional, social, and psychological well-being, as well as its long-term implications for the family and adolescents' overall development. This study explored the impact of parent-adolescent conflict on adolescents' academic performance, retention, and concentration in South Dayi District, Ghana. The objectives of the study were to examine the causes of adolescent-parent conflict on adolescents' academic performance, retention, and concentration, and the consequences of parent-adolescent conflict on adolescents' academic performance, retention, and concentration. This study adopted a qualitative approach and a case study design. Thirty-two (32) participants were purposively selected from two Senior High Schools in the South Dayi District, and the data were thematically analyzed. The findings showed that poverty, neglect of parental obligations, broken homes, early relationships with the opposite sex, and single parenting, among others, were the leading causes of conflict between parents and adolescents. The study also revealed that parent

The goal of this study was to examine the interpersonal problem solving approaches and skills of preschool teacher candidates. The data was gathered from 385 participants studying at a Turkish state University. For data collection, together with “Personal Information Form” which was developed by the researchers, “Interpersonal Problem Solving Scale” developed by Çam and Tümkaya (2007) were used. While employing the study the voluntariness of participants was taken into consideration. For the analysis of data, variance analysis and LSD Test were used. The significance level was determined to be as p<0.05. The study revealed that the interpersonal problem solving approaches and skills of the participants were found to be statistically significant in relation to their grades. Also, the problem solving skills were found to be developed when the grade increased.

This paper looks at the relationship between coping strategies, existential crises, and attachment styles, highlighting how these psychological components work together to influence how people react to emotional discomfort, meaning-related issues, and identity-based uncertainties. Intense introspection about one's direction, purpose, and sense of self are common characteristics of existential crisis experiences, which are also often accompanied by elevated anxiety, emotional instability, and a profound need for clarity. With secure attachment connected to better emotional control and insecure attachment linked to increased existential sensitivity and anguish, attachment theory offers a crucial framework for comprehending why some people are more susceptible to these experiences than others. These processes may either mitigate or exacerbate existential distress depending on whether people use maladaptive coping mechanisms like avoidance and rumination or adaptive ones like meaning-making, introspection, or social support. This study emphasizes the value of consistent relational patterns, cohesive self-structures, and useful coping mechanisms in lowering existential vulnerability by combining current theoretical advancements with empirical data. It also highlights important ramifications for therapeutic treatment and suggests exciting avenues for additional study targeted at boosting psychological resilience and improving general wellbeing.

This study describes a new observational measure for assessing mother's prenatal emotional availability in relationship towards her unborn baby (Pre-EA). Concurrent associations between a mother's Pre-EA, her adult attachment style (AAI), and prenatal maternal reflective functioning (RF) (Pregnancy Interview) were assessed among 45 pregnant women (gw 22-31) screened positive for depressive symptoms in a community-based sample. Pre-EA was measured from videotaped, semi-structured maternal-fetal interaction assessment procedure (MIM). The two Pre-EA dimensions, sensitivity and non-hostility, were related to adult secure-autonomous attachment style and higher prenatal maternal RF. The results show that the observed emotional availability may be assessed already during pregnancy.

According to the Global Mental Health Movement, security provides a coherent conceptual framework and an ethical basis for the development of the mental health system. Therefore, mediating the role of the sense of security in the relationship of psychological capital and social capital with social health was investigated among government employees in Shiraz. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlational (structural equation) model, 705 government employees (255 females and 450 males) in Shiraz were selected as the sample group. Data were collected by Psychological Capital, Standard Social Capital, Security Feeling, and Social Health Questionnaires. The analysis of data was performed with the aid of Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using the SPSS 20 and LISREL 8.80 software. Results: The results showed no statistically significant difference between the gender, age, and workplace of the study subjects (P > 0.05). Also, the performance indices were in good condition at REMSA = 0.01, GFI = 0.96, CFI = 0.91, RFI = 0.90, and NFI = 0.91. Standard coefficients of the direct and indirect effects of psychological and social capital on social health were significant based on the feeling of security (P < 0.05 for both). Conclusion: Our findings revealed that health reflects social factors and a sense of security, and the improvement of social health is dependent on providing and strengthening a sense of security.

Introduction: Today, the practice of tattooing or piercing has become a widely popular activity, especially among young people, all over the world, yet it has received little research or attention in Iran. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and five main personality factors with the mediating role of social networking on people with tattoo/piercing.

The studies on the relationship between religiosity and the management of trust in postmodern society are an emerging field of research. The psychological contribute of the attachment theory shows how early relationships with the parental figures determine the adult attachment styles and the related dispositions to trust and religiosity. Lack of trust is a critical aspect of the insecure attachment styles: the avoidant and the anxious. This study in focused on these two traits, considering their level of trust compared to religiosity and representations of death. The Interpersonal Trust Survey, The World Health Organization Quality Of Life-Spirituality, Religiousness and Personal Beliefs, the Testoni Death Representations Scale and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised were utilized. The results illustrated different expressions of trust in avoidant and anxious styles.

This research was conducted to predict conflict resolution styles with individualism-collectivism among married students of Isfahan Payam Nour University .The method of was predictive and correlational. The population consisted of married students of Isfahan Payam Nour University in 2013-2014. From the population, 150 students were sampled randomly based on Morgan table. The participants completed Conflict Resolution Styles Questionnaire (Rahim, 1983) and Individualism-Collectivism Questionnaire (Triandis & etc, 1988). The data were analyzed by regression coefficient and Pearson correlation. The results showed that horizontal collectivism style can predict integration style (P<0.01). Also, horizontal and vertical individualism can be the dominant style (P<0.01) and horizontal individualism and vertical collectivism can be the avoidant style (P<0.05).

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an attachment-based family program in enhancing emotional awareness and social desirability among male high school students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design, incorporating pre-test, post-test, and follow-up assessments with a control group, was employed. The study population comprised all male second-grade high school students in Karun County, Iran, during the 2023-2024 academic year. Through purposive sampling, 30 eligible students exhibiting low emotional awareness and social desirability were selected and subsequently randomized into an experimental group (n=15) or a control group (n=15). The experimental group participated in an 11-session attachmentbased family program, carefully designed to enhance family dynamics, communication, and emotional regulation. Data were collected using the emotional awareness questionnaire (EAQ-30) and social desirability scale (SDS). For data analysis, SPSS software, version 27 was utilized, primarily employing mixed-model analysis of variance with repeated measures. Results: The findings revealed significant improvements in both emotional awareness and social desirability within the experimental group at post-test and follow-up stages compared to the control group (P<0.001). Conclusion: These results suggest that attachment-based family programs are an effective intervention for promoting emotional awareness and social desirability in adolescents. Consequently, its implementation in family counseling settings is supported, offering a valuable strategy to mitigate common adolescent challenges.

Background & Aims Background and Aim: Resilience plays an important role in tolerating work and life hardships. Identifying variables that can predict resilience is important. This study aimed to develop a structural model to determine the relationship of resilience with cognitive flexibility and self-differentiation in Iranian married female nurses, mediated by marital intimacy and marital adjustment. Materials & Methods This is a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). The study population included all married female nurses working in public hospitals and medical centers in Alborz province, Iran, in 2022. A total of 400 eligible nurses were selected using a multistage cluster sampling method. The data collection tools were the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Dennis and Vanderwal's 25-item Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), Skowron and Smith's 46-item Differentiation of Self Inventory-Revised (DSI-R), Bagarozi's Marital Intimacy Needs Questionnaire (MINQ), and the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test (MAT). Descriptive statistics and SEM were used in SPSS v.26 and Amos v.24 for data analysis.

The current study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Italian validation of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), conceived as a measure of self-criticism and dependency, &lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt; two personality factors acting, according to Blatt (2004), as risk factors for depression in particular and psychopathology in general. A series of standardized measures [Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), DEQ, Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, 3rd edition (MCMI-III)] was administered to three samples (&lt;em&gt;i.e.&lt;/em&gt;, students, community and clinical). Factorial validity was evaluated along with convergent and predictive validity. In order to evaluate the reliability and internal consistency, a specific subgroup of participants was retested on the DEQ and BDI-II. Results showed correlations between DEQ dimensions and some personality traits of the MCMI-III. The traditional three-factor model of the DEQ structure as id...

Based on social information processing theory, this research examines whether and how an employee's proactive personality influences intrinsic and extrinsic career growth. It also examines the mediating effects of two types of proactive behaviors (voice behavior and taking charge) and the moderating effect of a leader's proactive personality. A sample of 307 employee-leader dyads participated in this survey. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses, and the bootstrap procedure was used to test the indirect effects. Results show that an employee's proactive personality has significant positive effects on both intrinsic and extrinsic career growth. The mediating effect of taking charge was confirmed, while the mediating effect of voice behavior was not. Leader proactive personality weakens the relationship between employee proactive personality and the two types of proactive behaviors. Employee proactive personality is more positively related to intrinsic and extrinsic career growth via proactive behaviors when a leader's proactive personality is low. This study extends the literature on proactive personality, proactive behavior, and career development by examining the underlying determination, mediation, and moderation mechanisms.

Bağlanma süreçleri, psikopatolojik gelişimleri anlamamız için kuramsal bir çerçeve sunmaktadır. Güvensiz bağlanma biçimi yaşamın ilerleyen dönemlerinde psikopatolojinin ortaya çıkışı ile sık ilişkilendirilmiştir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya, DSM-IV'e göre Panik Bozukluğu (PB) tanılı 65 kişiyle kontrol grubunu oluşturan 65 sağlıklı gönüllü alınmıştır. SCID-I uygulanarak PB tanısı alan hastalara, klinik durumlarının ve hastalık şiddetlerinin belirlenebilmesi için Panik-Agorafobi Ölçeği; Erişkinlikteki ayrılma anksiyetesini (EAA) araştırmak için EAA Ölçeği ve sahip olunan bağlanma biçimini ölçmek amacıyla İlişki Ölçekleri Anketi uygulanmıştır. Panik-Agorafobi Ölçeği dışındaki ölçekler kontrol grubu için de kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: EAA, PB olan grupta anlamlı olarak yüksekti. Bağlanma biçimleri ortalamalarında sadece "saplantılı" alt boyutuna ait bağlanma biçimi ortalamasında hem PB olan grupta hem de kontr ol grubunda, EAA düzeyleri yüksekti. Hastalar incelendiğinde kadın cinsiyet ve agorafobi varlığı ile EAA birlikteliği anlamlı oranda yüksekti. Erken yaşta anne-babasını kaybeden ve anne-baba ayrılığı olanların bağlanma biçimleri ortalamalarında "korkulu" ve "saplantılı" alt boyutlarına ait ortalamalar hasta gurubunda daha yüksekti. Sonuç: PB ile EAA birlikteliğinin yüksek, bu durumun kadınlarda daha sık ve hem PB grubunda hem de kontrol grubunda, saplantılı bağlanma biçiminin diğer bağlanma biçimlerine göre daha yaygındı. PB olan kişilerde, EAA ve/veya agorafobi varlığı ile bağlanma biçimleri arasında anlamlılık saptanmamıştır. EAA ve PB hastalarında ek tanı olarak depresyon diğer anksiyete bozukluklarından yüksekti.

This study aimed to develop a structural model explaining self-harm based on cognitive emotion regulation and childhood trauma, with the mediating role of attachment styles among students in Ardabil City, Iran. Methods: This applied study, in terms of its objective, employed a descriptive-correlational research design, utilizing structural equation modeling. The exogenous variables were cognitive emotion regulation and childhood trauma, while self-harm served as the endogenous variable, with insecure attachment styles functioning as the mediating variable. The statistical population consisted of secondary school students aged 15 to 18 residing in Ardabil during the fall semester of the 2024 academic year. The research instruments included the self-harm inventory (SHI), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, childhood trauma questionnaire (CTQ), and attachment styles scales (ASS). Results: The results indicated that insecure attachment styles had a significant positive effect on self-harm (β=0.534; P<0.01). Also, cognitive emotion regulation exerted a significant negative effect on self-harm (β=-0.488; P<0.001), whereas childhood trauma had a significant positive effect on self-harm (β=0.462; P<0.001). Additionally, cognitive emotion regulation (β=0.277; P<0.05) and childhood trauma (β=0.233; P<0.05) had a significant indirect effect on self-harm through the mediation of insecure attachment styles. Conclusion: The findings suggest that childhood trauma and deficiencies in cognitive emotion regulation affect self-harm among students with insecure attachment styles, playing a mediating role. These results highlight the importance of cognitive-emotional mechanisms and attachment experiences in both the prevention and better understanding of self-harm behaviors.

This study examines the relationships between attachment styles and responsibility in male and female adolescents while considering the mediating role of emotion regulation. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design using path analysis. Our statistical population comprised all high school students (second level) in Tehran City, Iran. Following Kline's (2016) recommendations, 353 students were selected through random sampling of the multi-stage cluster. Assessment tools included the revised adult attachment scale, the emotion regulation questionnaire for children and adolescents, and the personal responsibility assessment. The data were analyzed using the AMOS software, version 24.0, with maximum likelihood estimations. Results: The findings revealed a positive and significant indirect path coefficient between secure attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=0.105, P=0.001) and suppression (β=0.091, P=0.001). The indirect path coefficient between avoidant attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=-0.099, P=0.001) and suppression (β=-0.068, P=0.007) showed negative and significant associations. Similarly, the indirect path coefficient between ambivalent attachment style and responsibility through reappraisal strategies (β=-0.105, P=0.001) and suppression (β=-0.065, P=0.012) demonstrated negative and significant relationships. Conclusion: The structural model exhibited an equivalent fit for both male and female groups. Attachment style significantly influences adolescents' responsibility, and emotion regulation and management contribute to increased responsibility in adolescents.

Background: Attachment styles play an important role in children healthy and risky behaviors. The present study plans to investigate, whether different attachment styles leads to shaping various addiction susceptibility in children? Objective: Participants were 358 high schools adolescent with the age range of 14-19 and were chosen using cluster random sampling. Data were gathered using addiction susceptibility questionnaire- adolescent version and attachment styles questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple regression and partial correlation. Results: The results showed children’s preoccupied, fearful and dismissing insecure attachment styles have a positive relationship with addiction susceptibility. Children’s insecure attachment styles are direct predictors of addiction susceptibility. Children’s secure attachment style has a negative relationship with addiction susceptibility. Children’s secure attachment style is a reverse predictor of addiction susceptibility. Conclusio...

Although the potential deleterious effects of negative social interactions at work have been well established in the literature, the impact of personal factors in forming work relationships has been relatively neglected. Therefore, using a survey of 1624 Canadian healthcare providers, we examined the extent to which attachment styles at work were associated with the quality of social relationships. We found support for a new measure of attachment styles at work that differentiated between anxiety and avoidance attachment. Avoidance was negatively correlated with positive social constructs (civility, psychological safety, and trust) and with the efficacy dimension of burnout. Overall, compared to attachment avoidance, attachment anxiety was more strongly correlated with experienced and instigated workplace incivility, exhaustion, and cynicism. Attachment avoidance was negatively correlated with positive social constructs (civility, psychological safety, and trust) and with the efficacy dimension of burnout. Adding these two attachment dimensions to a model of burnout as a function of workload, value congruence, and coworker incivility significantly improved its fit. This study suggests that employees with high attachment anxiety tend to be more closely involved in work relationships and processes, but this closeness comes at a cost in that they experience more strain when participating in social encounters.

Background: This study aims to examine the relationship between addiction in romantic relationships and attachment styles of young people. Methods: A total of 456 university students aged 18-24 years participated in this descriptive, cross-sectional and correlational study. Demographic information form, addiction in romantic relationships scale (ARRS) and three-dimensional attachment style scale (TDASS) were used as data collection tools. The independent groups t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc test and the Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyse the obtained data. The statistical significance level was set as 0.05. Results: Of 456 young people participating in the study, 96.1% (n=438) were female and 3.9% (n=8) were male. Most participants (41.4%) were 20-21 years old. Although there were more undergraduate students (71.7%), most participants were in their first year (43.4%). More than half of the participants (56.8%) were in a romantic relationship. As a result of the study, the Mean±SD dependency in romantic relationships of participants was determined as 2.03±0.654. The self-commitment Mean±SD in romantic relationships was found to be low (1.79±0.626), and the mean of obsession was high (2.29±0.872). In addition, the findings show that most participants have a secure attachment style. In terms of gender, women had higher levels of anxious-ambivalent attachment. Participants in romantic relationships had higher levels of dependency, self-commitment, deprivation, and obsessive-compulsive attachment. Conclusion: Participants in romantic relationships have a secure attachment style, while participants without romantic relationships have an anxious-ambivalent attachment style.

Our objective is to present a Person-Centered intervention methodology, which aims to contribute to the development of quality interpersonal relationships in the organizational context. The health sector is neuralgic for the well-being of any society and the optimal functioning of its members is critical for the entire spectrum they represent. For these reasons, we believe that this is a sector that requires special attention, especially since it has encountered major changes and challenges in the last two decades. Promoting quality healthcare that guarantees patient safety and the health of its professionals requires dedication and engagement. These dimensions are in turn influenced by the quality of the relationships between professionals. This dynamic includes incivility, defined as negative interpersonal behavior that affects well-being and, for example, the intention to leave the organization. Our findings for this variable, based on hospitals hitherto evaluated, point to the pertinence of appropriate intervention measures in order to mitigate the effects that disrespectful behavior and lack of consideration can cause at various organizational levels. In light of this scenario, we developed an intervention-based project, which is already running in one large hospital in the district of Lisbon. Plans include the implementation of this intervention in 8 other hospitals in this region, comprising an overall sample of approx. 5,000 healthcare professionals.

Research on aptitude-treatment interactions, or patient characteristics that are associated with better outcome in one treatment than another, can help assign patients to the treatments that will be most personally effective. Theory and one past study suggest that adult attachment style might influence whether depressed patients respond better to cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). Spurred by inconsistency in past aptitude-treatment interaction research in general, as well as concerns about the reproducibility of psychological research, we sought to replicate and extend the previous study that showed that high attachment avoidance was associated with greater depression reduction in CBT than in IPT and to improve upon that study methodologically. Using longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling, the present study examined whether, among 69 adults randomly assigned to CBT or IPT, rate of change in severity of depression symptoms was predicted by treatment condition, attachment style, and their interaction. We also conducted regression analyses to determine whether posttreatment depression was predicted by the same variables. As expected, CBT and IPT were equivalent in efficacy; however, unlike in the previous trial, there were no moderation effects of attachment. Interestingly, in some analyses, anxious attachment was associated with more positive outcomes and avoidant attachment with more negative outcomes across both treatments. The findings highlight the need for researchers to attempt replications of past studies using methods that might elucidate the reasons for discrepancies in results, and they also suggest that alternative approaches to aptitude-treatment interaction research may be more fruitful.

The project investigated responses to an AI displaying emotional qualities like fear through a mixed-methods approach. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two scenarios—one featuring an AI coworker and the other a human coworker and evaluated for emotional attachment and loss. Results revealed that professionals exhibited significant emotional responses to the potential "termination" of an AI team member. Qualitative analysis identified eight themes, including emotional responses and termination. Findings suggest that emotionally expressive AI activates psychological processes akin to human relationships, with implications for AI design, workplace dynamics, and ethical considerations surrounding AI termination

There is an acknowledged lack of research directly investigating the role of gender differences in affective functioning among Polish psychopathic offenders. The authors have responded by producing a study that attempts to advance the understanding of affective deficits in female psychopathy. Its aim is to examine the relationship between psychopathy and empathy in a group of incarcerated women. A multifaceted construct of empathy consisting of two components – emotional and cognitive – was applied in the study. The sample was composed of fifty-two female offenders aged from twenty to fifty-four from prisons in Kraków (Nowa Huta) and Kielce. The research tools deployed were Hare’s Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI). The statistical analysis that was conducted confirmed the existence of a statistically significant negative relationship between psychopathy and empathy. It was found that psychopathic personality was related to the emotion...

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted with the purpose of investigating family function based on the relationship among married students' attachment styles, religious commitment, and marital compatibility. The population included all married students of Farhangian University in Kermanshah in 2018 and 200 students were selected by the purposive sampling for this study. The data were collected by the questionnaires of couple compatibility, adult attachment, religious commitment, and family function, and they were analyzed by the Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis. The results demonstrated that secure attachment, religious commitment, and marital compatibility have significant and positive relationships with family function, and avoidant/ambivalent insecure attachment has a significant and negative relationship with family function. Therefore, secure attachment style, marital compatibility, and religious commitment, respectively, predict family function

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship among perceived parenting styles, procrastination and self-handicapping. Current study is a descriptive research ofcorrelational type. For this purpose, the Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), Tuckman's Procrastination Scale and the Self-Handicapping Scale (SHS) were completed by150 3rd-grade high school students in Karaj city who were selected through cluster random sampling. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and step-wise regression analysis. The results indicated that authoritarian style had significant positive correlation with procrastination and self-handicapping. Authoritative and permissive parenting styles have significant negative correlation with self-handicapping. The step-wise regression analysis also suggested that among perceived parenting styles, authoritarian style had significant and positive predictor of procrastination, and authoritative style had significant and negative predictor of self-handicapping. In general, it can be concluded that increasing warmth and involvement in parenting can decrease the harmful consequences of procrastination and self-handicapping behavior.

Aim: The research purpose was to develop a structural model of shame and guilt feelings based on parenting styles with mediating role of attachment styles. Method: Research method was correlational and statistical population was 124083 high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2016-17. Through a randomized multi-stage cluster sampling, of the regions 1, 2, 4, 6 & 16 and from every district two high schools and from each high school two classes were selected randomly. A sample of 420 participants, along with their parents, were selected among 10 schools on the basis of Gudagnoli and Waalsar criterion, 1998. The data was collected through Feelings of Shame and Guilt Questionnaire by Cohen, Wolf, Panter & Insko (2011), Collins and Rid’s Attachment Styles 1990, and Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Questionnaire 1991. After deleting 26 incomplete questionnaires, data for 394 participants was analyzed. Results: The research findings revealed that the data provide a suitable fit for the proposed model. Indirect path coefficients of permissive parenting dimensions on guilt feeling through secure attachment (β= -0.013, P= 0.006), authoritative parenting on guilt feeling through secure attachment (β= 0.016, P= 0.006), permissive parenting on shame feeling through anxiety and avoidance attachment (β= 0.656, P= 0.017), and authoritative parenting on shame feeling through anxiety and avoidance attachment (β = 0.122, P= 0.003) were significant. Conclusion: The education of the authoritative parenting style, which leads to the formation of a secure attachment style and consequently increases the adaptive emotion of guilt and reduces the feeling of shame, is recommended.

attachment  Parenting  guilt  Shame  structural model

The article deals with the personal main features and mechanisms for psychological health development. Personal psychological health is regarded as a cumulative phenomenon and a part of two categoric concepts, such as Personality Psychology and Health Psychology. They are two fundamental notions viewed for the development prospects of Psychology as a scientific and practical subject. A student age is a shift in focus on addressing towards psychological health issues. It is taken into consideration that various factors influence student health. They are a way/standard of living, hereditary background, the environment (natural and social), health care quality provided, etc. The reality that a psychologist has to face at university is an adaptive health level of student psychological health. The characteristics of this level are individual features of social maladjustment. The authors define the main indicators of young people‟s psychological health via an anthropological approach. The...

Parental absence, whether due to divorce, separation, or single-parenting challenges, significantly impacts the emotional intelligence (EI) of children. Emotional intelligence, which includes selfawareness, emotional regulation, empathy, and social skills, is crucial in childhood development. This research paper explores how growing up in a broken home affects children's EI, relying on theoretical frameworks, psychological theories, and literature-based analysis. The study finds that children from broken homes often struggle with emotional regulation, forming healthy relationships, and understanding emotions. The paper highlights the need for counseling interventions, social support systems, and community-based solutions to improve EI in children from broken homes.

Nastawienia, inaczej postawy życiowe, egzemplifikowane są przez stosunek do własnej osoby ("Ja") i innych ludzi ("Wy"). Można je ujmować jako wymiary osobowości, jeśli ulegają utrwaleniu w toku rozwoju jednostki, zaś odzwierciedlają one poczucie własnej wartości i sposób wartościowania innych ludzi: spostrzeganie siebie i innych jako godnych zaufania i miłości (lub niegodnych), warunkujące bezpośrednio lub pośrednio motywację do nawiązywania bliskich relacji lub izolowania się od innych ludzi. W analizie postaw życiowych oparto się na dwóch koncepcjach: analizie transakcyjnej, w ramach której Thomas A. wyodrębnia i opisuje cztery nastawienia życiowe, oraz modelach więzi emocjonalnej Kim Bartholomew i Leonarda M. Horowitza (1991, s. 226-244), gdzie wyróżnia się cztery style przywiązaniowe. Postawy życiowe i style opisujące typ relacji z innymi są ze sobą wzajemnie powiązane. W toku zdobywania doświadczeń ży-

Background & Objective: According to the importance of somatization disorder in women, this study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of attachment styles in relationship with temperament and character dimensions of personality and somatization disorder among female teachers in Kermanshah city. Methods: The study population consisted of all female teachers working in Kermanshah educational system in 2013-2014. The sample population included 300 teachers who were allocated by multistep cluster sampling. They were asked to complete Cloninger Temperament and character Inventor Questionnaire (TCI), somatization questionnaire and Adult Attachment Styles Inventory Questionnaire (AII). The data analysis was done by correlation coefficient calculation and path analysis using SPSS 21.0 and Amos 18.0 software.   Results: Our findings showed that there was a significant correlation between anxiety and avoidance attachment styles and dimensions of personality with somatoform disorde...

Objective: This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Academic Grit Scale in Iranian students using a correlational-descriptive and psychometric research design.
Methods: The participants were a total of 440 male and female senior high school students in Masjed Soleyman in the academic year 2022-2023 who were selected through multi-cluster sampling. The data were collected using the Academic Grit Scale (2019), the General Grit Scale (2009), the Procrastination Assessment Scale -Students (1984), and the Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (2001). The collected data were analyzed through the Pearson correlation test, Cronbach’s alpha, and factor analysis with AMOS-24 and SPSS-22 software.
Results: The confirmatory factor analysis revealed the single-factor structure of the Persian version of the academic grit scale. Overall, the Persian version of the scale has acceptable and relatively strong psychometric properties in terms of content validity (CVI < 0.79 & CVR < 0.62), convergent validity with overall grit (r = 0.446; P<0.1) and life satisfaction (r=0.524; p˂0.01), divergent validity with academic procrastination (r=-0.586; p˂0.01) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha (α) = 0.905).
Conclusions: The data from this study suggested that the Persian version of the Academic Grit Scale is an appropriate tool for evaluating academic grit in Iranian students, which can be used in research and clinical settings. The present study also provided some implications to enhance the practice of school counselors, teachers, and other professionals who try to positively influence the performance of children and adolescents.

Objective: In the present investigation, the discernment and aggregation of stress-inducing environmental variables within the geographical locales of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan have been meticulously examined.
Methods: To achieve this objective, data has been acquired through the utilization of structured interviews and comprehensive questionnaires. Consequently, through the application of interviews, the stress-inducing environmental variables were initially recognized in both Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan, followed by an in-depth exploration of these variables via a questionnaire. The instrument employed for this research is grounded in the Likert scaling methodology. In this context, the questionnaire was disseminated among the designated statistical sample. Subsequent to the collection of the questionnaires, the resultant data was systematically inputted into SPSS23 software for analysis.
Results: The findings indicate that the p-value for the stress-inducing environmental variables in the regions of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan exceeds 5%, thereby suggesting the absence of a statistically significant disparity between the stress-inducing environmental variables in these two regions; however, based on the outcomes derived from the one sample T test, the significance of 18 stress-inducing environmental variables was substantiated.
Conclusions: Overall, the results substantiated the significance of these variables while delineating the stressful environmental determinants within the two geographic locales of Kohmareh and Tasht Bakhtegan.

Objective: Due to the fact that students spend a very high proportion of their life time in school, therefore, evaluating the quality of their life in school and the role of effective factors in it is of great importance; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the use of mobile virtual social networks on the quality of academic life of teenagers.
Methods: The methodological approach utilized was descriptive in nature and of a correlational type. The target demographic encompassed all tenth-grade male and female students from two districts in Baharestan during the academic year of 2023, with a total of 100 eligible individuals who willingly opted to participate in the study; the instruments employed for data collection included questionnaires pertaining to the utilization of mobile virtual social networks as developed by Javadinia et al. (2011) and the assessment of quality of life in educational settings as conceptualized by Ainley and Bourke (1992). For the purpose of data analysis, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were applied utilizing SPSS-22 software.
Results: The findings revealed that there exists a significant and negative correlation between the usage of mobile virtual social networks and the quality of academic life, indicating that mobile virtual social networks serve as a negative predictor of students' academic quality of life.
Conclusions: In conclusion, the study emphasizes the need for greater awareness of the effects of mobile virtual social networks on students' academic well-being.

Objective: This study aims to explore the role of mindfulness in enhancing the academic well-being of university students, with a focus on the mediating role of emotional resilience. Understanding how mindfulness and resilience interact can inform strategies for improving students' academic experiences.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was employed, involving 300 university students aged 18-25 from various disciplines. Data were collected using the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and the Student Well-being Questionnaire (SWQ). Pearson correlation analysis assessed the relationships among mindfulness, emotional resilience, and academic well-being. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted to evaluate the mediating role of emotional resilience, using bootstrapping methods to test indirect effects.
Results: The results indicated a significant positive correlation between mindfulness and academic well-being (r = 0.47, p < 0.001), as well as between mindfulness and emotional resilience (r = 0.56, p < 0.001). SEM analysis showed that emotional resilience partially mediated the relationship between mindfulness and academic well-being, with a significant indirect effect (β = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.15, 0.38]). The model demonstrated a good fit (CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.06).
Conclusions: Mindfulness positively influences academic well-being among university students, and this effect is partly mediated by emotional resilience. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at fostering both mindfulness and resilience may be effective in supporting students' academic success. Future research should consider longitudinal designs to further validate these relationships and assess the long-term impacts of mindfulness practices on academic outcomes.

Objective: The objective of the current investigation is to explore the social cognitive precursors of academic burnout within a causal model mediated by alexithymia.
Methods: The methodology employed in this study consists of correlation and structural equation modeling. The target population comprised all high school students in the 2021 of Firozabad city, with a sample size of 285 individuals selected through multi-stage cluster random sampling. Data collection involved the utilization of Bresso et al.'s academic burnout scale, Bagby et al.'s alexithymia scale, and Collins and Reed's attachment styles scale. The data analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling, with the mediation role being examined through the application of the bootstrap in AMOS.
Results: The results indicated that attachment styles exhibited a direct impact on alexithymia and an indirect influence mediated by alexithymia on academic burnout. Moreover, alexithymia demonstrated a direct association with academic burnout.
Conclusions: Consequently, it is plausible to assert that attachment styles and alexithymia constitute pivotal constructs in elucidating academic burnout.

The main goal of the study is to investigate the prediction possibilities of the dimensions in partners' attachment on the basis of the quality of individuals' experiences of relations in primary family. The sample of 448 students was tested with the modified version of Brennan's Questionnaire for evaluating partners' attachment -PAB and Family interaction quality scale -KOBI . The results shows that dimensions of family functioning can predict only 3% of the variabilities on avoidance dimension in a partner relationship. As far as the possibility of predicting the dimension of anxiety in partner relations is concerned, the results show that 8% of the variabilities can be explained in terms of the differences existing among respondents in regard to the dimensions of the family interaction quality, in which case three predictors establish statistically significant links to the criterion: maternal rejection and acceptance and rejection by father. This can lead to a conclusion that luckily, throughout a life, we have more than one significant other based on whom we evaluate oneself and the world around us and adjust our behaviour.

Adult siblings of individuals with developmental disabilities often experience higher levels of anxiety than individuals in the general population. The present study tested whether perceived parenting could mediate the relationship between attachment styles and anxiety in the sibling group compared to a control group. Little association was found between perceived parenting and attachment styles or anxiety for the siblings but there were robust and expected findings for the control. Adult attachment-related-anxiety was a significant unique predictor of anxiety in the sibling group but there was no mediational role for perceived parenting. Conversely, the majority of parenting styles significantly mediated the relationship between attachment and anxiety in the control. Implications for the atypical findings in the sibling group are discussed.