Archaeological Theory

Bu rapor, 20. yüzyıl arkeolojisinin en etkili figürlerinden biri olan Vere Gordon Childe'ın (1892-1957) disipline kazandırdığı kuramsal ve yöntemsel yenilikleri analiz etmektedir. Childe, arkeolojiyi deskriptif (betimsel) bir veri toplama sürecinden çıkararak, materyal kültürü toplumsal değişimin ve ekonomik süreçlerin bir yansıması olarak ele alan "Kültür-Tarihsel Arkeoloji" ekolünün temellerini atmıştır. Çalışmanın odağını, Childe'ın Marksist tarihsel materyalizm çerçevesinde geliştirdiği toplumsal evrim modelleri oluşturmaktadır.

El presente artículo analiza la cultura material del Paraje Entre Ríos (San Luis) bajo los lineamientos de la arqueología simétrica y los nuevos materialismos. Se sostiene que las rocas empleadas en las construcciones de pirca no constituyen meros subproductos de la acción humana, sino agentes activos en la coproducción de la realidad social. Mediante la caracterización de la litología local y su integración en ensambles arquitectónicos, se explora la noción de "cosa-poder" y la capacidad del colectivo material para estabilizar relaciones sociales y constituir sujetos. Se concluye que las estructuras de pirca no solo contienen, crean y le dan vida a la vida social, sino que la coproducen en una ontología plana donde humanos y no-humanos se definen mutuamente.

In the last two decades, the mobilities turn in anthropology and archaeology has resulted in a widened scope for mobility studies. This includes a renewed interest in ontological questioning of the human condition, new methods for mapping humans and nonhumans (things, materials and ancestral beings) alike, and a wider range of scalar levels of analysis. Somewhat paradoxically, however, given this widened scope, during the same period African archaeology has undergone a main crisis, characterised by inter-and intradisciplinary siloing and seclusion from stakeholders and policymakers. Geospatial technologies have a vast potential in contributing to solve this crisis. However, after more than a decade of promising geoarchaeological approaches seeking to harness universalist geospatial technologies into localised, context-sensitive insights, the potential remains unfulfilled, as geospatial archaeology is largely detached from other ways of doing

This article examines the reconfiguration of the task of philosophizing in Martin Heidegger's thought, contrasting the projects developed in Being and Time (GA 2, 1927) and the lecture Time and Being (GA 14, 1962). It is argued that, for Heidegger, philosophy only truly becomes itself by renouncing the demand for immediate intelligibility-a condition that enables openness to the phenomenon of the "giving of being" (Es gibt Sein) in its original correlation with time. In the 1962 lecture, Heidegger rejects the assumptions of Western metaphysics, such as the search for logical clarity, grounding, and presence, and proposes a meditation that welcomes being as an event that eludes conceptual grasp. This position marks a shift from the conception of temporality in Being and Time, where time was the horizon of intelligibility for being. After the turn, being and time are thought as co-original, as effects of a more originary event (Ereignis).

History has long shaped our expectations of what the past is and how it should be recalled, written, and displayed. Thus while objects of all ages endure and accumulate around us-often broken and fragmented-we continue to interpret them through historical tropes of completion, succession, and replacement. What if we were to see this indiscriminate persistence and fragmentation not as archaeological defects to be mended by history and historical narration, but as material expressions suggestive of pasts other than history? What might these other pasts look like, and how might we account for them?

In this book, Bjørnar Olsen and Christopher Witmore pursue these questions. Drawing on more than a decade of fieldwork at Sværholt-an abandoned fishing hamlet, Wehrmacht artillery battery, and prisoner-of-war camp in Arctic Norway-they explore what difference archaeology can make when working with objects of war routinely saturated by history. Through meticulous material investigations, novel ways of writing, and striking imagery, the authors open glimpses onto the distinctive pasts that forgotten things remember. In attending to what endures above and below the surface, they also confront central challenges of archaeological thought and interpretation, developing new conceptions of presence, patience, and waiting. The result is a bold and compelling vision of what archaeology might yet become.

This paper revisits the role of practice theory in shaping archaeological understandings of sociality and materiality. It argues that theories of practice, as developed by Giddens, Bourdieu and subsequent scholars, remain indispensable for analysing the interplay between society and the material world. Against the background of recent post-humanist and symmetrical approaches that decentre human agency and promote distributed or material agencies, this study maintains a critical stance towards such 'turns' that risk dehumanising archaeology. Instead, it emphasises the enduring relevance of practice-based perspectives that view social life as constituted through human activities intertwined with material arrangements, without dissolving the distinctive richness of human intentionality and agency. By engaging with both classical and contemporary debates, the paper highlights archaeology's long-standing yet often overlooked contribution to theorising material culture and critiques the recurrent reinvention of these concerns within the broader 'material turn'. Ultimately, it calls for reaffirming the critical and interpretive potential of practice theory as a humanist framework for understanding the social and material conditions of past life.

Perspectivism in Archaeology explores recurring features in Amerindian mythology and cosmology in the past, as well as distinctions and similarities between humans, non-humans and material culture. It offers a range of possibilities for the reconstruction of ancient ontological approaches, as well as new ways of thinking in archaeology, notably how ancient ontological approaches can be reconciled with current archaeological theories. In this volume, Andrés Laguens contributes a new set of approaches that incorporate Indigenous theories of reality into an understanding of the South American archaeological record. He analyses perspectivism as a step-by-step theory with clear explanations and examples and shows how it can be implemented in archaeological research and merged with ontological approaches. Exploring the foundations of Amerindian perspectivism and its theoretical and methodological possibilities, he also demonstrates applications of its precepts through case studies of ancient societies of the Andes and Patagonia.

El perspectivismo en arqueología explora rasgos recurrentes en la mitología y cosmología amerindias del pasado, así como las distinciones y similitudes entre humanos, no humanos y cultura material. Ofrece diversas posibilidades para la reconstrucción de enfoques ontológicos antiguos, así como nuevas formas de pensar en arqueología, en particular cómo conciliar dichos enfoques con las teorías arqueológicas actuales. En este volumen, Andrés Laguens aporta un nuevo conjunto de enfoques que incorporan teorías indígenas de la realidad a la comprensión del registro arqueológico sudamericano. Analiza el perspectivismo como una teoría paso a paso con explicaciones y ejemplos claros, y muestra cómo implementarlo en la investigación arqueológica e integrarlo con enfoques ontológicos. Explorando los fundamentos del perspectivismo amerindio y sus posibilidades teóricas y metodológicas, también demuestra aplicaciones de sus preceptos mediante estudios de caso de sociedades antiguas de los Andes y la Patagonia.

This paper is a response to the conference session ‘Generic MSA:
fact or fiction?’ held as part of the PanAfrican Association
Conference in 2022 in Unguja, Tanzania. It questions the validity
of the concept of a ‘generic Middle Stone Age’ and goes beyond
the simple debate of terminology that has persisted for nearly 75
years. Instead, it uses this as a starting point to discuss the past,
present and future of lithic analyses, including the history of
terminology in the African Stone Age, the current topics of lithic
enquiry and the role of lithic analysis following the Third Science
Revolution. It highlights the effect of tensions between science
versus humanities approaches and provides suggestions for
future lithic analysts. Lithic studies remain of great importance
but are only one source of evidence in modern interdisciplinary
human origins research. The paper contends that there is not a
single approach suitable for all sites or regions since analyses are
contingent upon the questions being asked. Instead, it
emphasises opportunities for multivocality and suggests that
despite the focus here on the Middle Stone Age the conclusions
reached are more widely applicable to other times and places.

que floreció en la costa central peruana entre el segundo y primer milenio a.C. Excavaciones recientes, basados en un trabajo previo de fotogrametría y GIS, han permitido detectar las monumentales escaleras centrales que conducen al atrio principal ubicado en el núcleo de complejo; revelando además una compleja historia constructiva que implica una sucesión de edificios verticales. Se plantea que las prácticas constructivas repetitivas generan patrones regulares de comportamiento que aseguran la preservación de la memoria social, transformando los edificios en referencias físicas que la inscriben constantemente en el paisaje y la anclan a ellos.

Présentation du projet Time to play, Temps de jeu, réalisé en collaboration avec la Prof. Anne Bielman et l'ArchéoLab de Pully avec le soutien financier du fonds AGORA du FNS. Un projet novateur de réalité virtuelle autour de trois périodes phares de l'histoire pulliérane avec pour fil rouge l'histoire sociale.

Bailey, D.W. and Callery, S.2026.  Disrupting Archaeology and Art: Excavation and Contemporary Painting. London: Bloomsbury. There is a long history of interaction and collaboration between artist and archaeologist. However, recent provocative work in the field, studio, museum and gallery, has opened new possibilities for radical alliances and creations. Disrupting Archaeology and Art presents the work and conversation of an archaeologist and a contemporary painter who have moved into experimental territories beyond the traditional boundaries of their disciplines. This book presents detailed descriptions of six important works made by the authors.

Doug Bailey's aim is to change the ways that archaeologists engage with the materials of the past. His montages, films, and performance destructions (such as Releasing the Archive) undermine traditionally unquestioned tenets of archaeological action and of the conservation and preservation of artefacts and ancient remains. In Disrupting Archaeology and Art, Bailey describes his reasoning and methods of making three of his more provocative works.

Simon Callery sets out to find new forms and functions for landscape-based painting. His contact paintings, pit paintings and large-scale sculptural work (Trench 10) produced in direct response to archaeological excavations in England and Wales, provoke significant debate over issues of time, image, and materiality. In Disrupting Archaeology and Art, Callery presents detailed accounts of how and why the excavation site has shaped his thinking and ambitions for contemporary painting.

This book is a conversation between two iconoclasts, placing a first-hand, makers' views of the creative process, within a wider dialogue about how artists and archaeologists respond to their shared themes of originality, time, authorship and meaning.

Available to purchase from Bloomsbury Academic: ISBN 9781350507517.

While power is a central concern in medieval
archaeology, it is often addressed only implicitly and
rarely subjected to explicit theoretical analysis. This paper
explores the potential of applying the concept of power as
developed in historical sociology – particularly Michael
Mann’s power model – to medieval society and examines
implicit notions of power in selected historical and archaeological
literature. It asks which landscape components carry
power-related connotations, how these components are
connected to different categories of social actors, what functions
they perform within actor-specific infrastructures,
and whether it is possible to assess the relative amount of
power they represent.
Drawing on data collected through critical reading and
structured in a relational database, the study constructs
Weberian ideal types of landscape features (e.g., villages,
monasteries) to represent distinct forms of social power. To
illustrate the approach, the paper focuses on the ideal type
of the village as a component of power infrastructure across
two temporal windows (1001–1200 CE and 1201–1400 CE)
and in relation to two social actor categories: secular elite
and village communities.
The case study specifically examines whether the
medieval village itself carried power-related connotations,
how its functions differed between actors, and how these
differences can be captured quantitatively. It also demonstrates
the model’s ability to move from the identification
of power-bearing features to a quantitative assessment of
their significance, making visible the changing functional
roles of landscape components within actor-specific power
configurations. This study offers a theoretically informed
and evidence-based contribution to medievalist thought on
power, with the potential to bridge archaeological evidence
and social theory, and to support comparative, scalable
interpretations of power in the medieval landscape.

In this chapter we discuss the curious cases of partial devastations of the specific funerary structures of
stibadium-mensa type, as well as non-normative postburial activities related to them. This situation is demonstrated
at the necropolis of the Late Roman town of Remesiana, and it coincides with the Gothic War (376–382
CE) and its aftermath. Through analysis of archaeological characteristics of these contexts we consider possible
reasons and significance of the acts of “disturbing” the dead. We propose that these were no incidental
actions, nor they were the cases of simple tomb raiding, but instead purposeful and meaningful interactions
with the realm of dead in the specific circumstances of the postwar turmoil in the Balkan provinces. We point
that the aftermath of war generate ritual behaviours which would be considered irregular and non-normative
in peacetime, and that they could be associated with vulnerability, collective anxieties and real or perceived
dangers in the postconflict environment.

As one of the earliest forms of remote sensing, aerial photography has been regarded as an important part of the mapmaking process. Aerial photos, especially historical aerial photos, provide significant amount of valuable information for many applications and fields. However, due to limited funding support, most historical aerial photos have not been digitized and georeferenced yet, which substantially limits their utility for today’s computer-based image processing and analysis. Traditionally, historical aerial photos are georeferenced with desktop GIS software applications. However, this method is expensive, time-consuming, and labor-intensive. To address these limitations, this research developed a custom-built online georeferencing tool to enable georeferencing digitized historical aerial photos in a web environment, which is able to georeference historical aerial photos in a rapid and cost-effective manner. To evaluate the georeferencing performance, a set of 50 historical aer...

A story about an unexpected archaeological find – an artefact considered to be found outside its correct context – piqued an interest for ballast traffic in the past and the various marks it has left in the world. It was the starting point of a scholarly journey that led far away from the initial find but would not have started without it. While de facto resulting in more knowledge about the ballast phenomenon it is also raises fundamental questions about the proper place of things and what at all is to be considered an archaeological concern.

本文提出六条关于宇宙演化的观察，它们来自对自然与社会的长期观察，而非数学推导或物理假设。这六条观察分别是：观察零——万物唯数，人类理解宇宙的唯一通道是数字结构；观察一——演化唯一性，没有绝对重复；观察二——程序重演性，历史必须重演、阶段不可跳过；观察三——稳定‑复杂统一性，稳定性是复杂演化的容器；观察四——群类重复性，稳定的群类依赖内部重复性；观察五——生态必然性，没有孤立系统，万物嵌套在生态网络中。本文还说明了这些观察如何从三条核心观察出发、通过追问矛盾和边界条件推导出来。每条观察都附有细节与支项、日常例子、物理基础及可证伪条件（含示例）。本文不声称这是唯一或终极的理解方式，而是一张地图，邀请读者印证或质疑。

In this paper, we reconsider the relationship between continuity and change in archaeology by arguing that material continuities do not necessarily imply conservatism or resistance to change but function as precondition for transformation. Drawing on Deleuze and Guattari's notion of thought as a 'play of forms', we conceptualize architecture as an active medium of sense-making, through which societies reframe novelty within familiar epistemic traditions. We examine two case studies: proliferation of compound coresidential enclosures (CCE) in the Central Andes and adoption of the vihara in Angkorian Cambodia. Though often interpreted as ruptures or external impositions, both forms drew upon existing religious and political traditions, making new social projects legible. Over time, these architectures reorganized social relations and became central to emerging formations: Andean ayllus and Khmer Theravada Buddhism. By reframing continuity as a resource for sense-making rather than conservatism, we argue that transformation emerges through creative reworking of tradition, situating thought-inaction at the core of historical change.

After Andreas Lommel's participation in the Frobenius expedition to Northwest Australia in 1938/39, Andreas and Katharina Lommel returned to the KImberley region in 1955 and continued the documentation of the rock paintings. On the basis of Lommels biography one can also see how the ethnologist's relationship to the Wanjina Wunggurr people changed over the decades.

Archaeology has been and continues to be greatly influenced by individuals, but I believe that the impact of professional organisations and institutions is equally significant. In Germany, these institutions seem to be becoming increasingly important, shaping public perception of archaeology and its role in politics and administration more than individual scientists do. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to try to design a research history overview that does not focus on individual scientists, significant excavations or special finds as the starting point of professional development, but rather on the organisations and institutions in our field and their influence, which naturally fluctuates. It is important to note that such organisations can achieve something special compared to individuals: namely continuity over longer periods of time. Naturally, one must also differentiate within these institutions. For example, employees of institutions dedicated to heritage and museums are likely to see themselves as part of a chain, and therefore have a stronger emotional connection to the history of their institution, due to their societal obligation to record and protect monuments, collect and preserve artefacts, and pass them on to the next generation of custodians. This is in contrast to members of university seminars, where a purely "immaterial" research focus has been maintained for decades.

O presente artigo visa traçar uma revisão histórica do desenvolvimento do conceito de sítio arqueológico, estabelecendo não apenas a historicidade de suas mudanças, como também sua relação com os quadros referenciais teóricos da Arqueologia.

O livro é como resultado final de um concurso de livre-docência prestado pelo autor e busca elaborar um panorama que vai dos conceitos gerais filosóficos do fazer científico, abordando muito da História da Ciência, passando pela delimitação conceitual da Arqueologia e seu lugar entre as ciências, traçando um breve histórico dos quadros teóricos para explicitar como a Arqueologia se interliga, mas difere de outras disciplinas, para, por fim, apresentar experiências pessoais de trabalho arqueológico à luz destes pressupostos. Para tanto, o livro divide-se em cinco capítulos. No capítulo 1, são apresentados pressupostos ontológicos fundamentais que orientam e restringem as formas como as pesquisas científicas podem ser. Conceitos filosóficos como

Antropoloji: İnsanın zaman ve mekân içindeki yolculuğunu inceler (Demirel, 2011: 128). Antropologlar, kültürün salt insana özgü bir girişim olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte insan toplumuyla daha geniş yaşam ağı arasındaki ilişkileri vurgularlar. Antropolojik araştırma; çağdaş kültürlerin karşılaştırmalarını, kültürel ve biyolojik değişimlerin incelenmesini içermektedir. Özetle, yeryüzündeki tüm insan topluluklarını ele alarak dişlerinden hastalıklarına, besin ve konut edinme tarzlarından çocuk yetiştirme biçimlerine ve dünya içindeki yerlerine ilişkin fikirlerine dek çok çeşitli konuları kapsar (Bates, 2018: 3-6). Görsel: Antropoloji Derneği'ne ait sosyal medya kültür: Bir toplum üyelerinin dünyaları ve birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerinde kullandıkları ve öğrenme yoluyla bir kuşaktan diğerine aktarılan ortak inanç, değer, adet, davranış ve maddî nesneler sistemidir (Bates, 2018: 6).

This study examines the concept of "kır" in Turkish beyond its common meaning as a rural or non-urban area. In contrast to "yazı," which represents an organized and cultivated order, "kır" is interpreted as a state in which this order either dissolves over time or has not yet been established. The study approaches kır not as a fixed place, but as a process involving fragmentation, wrinkling, and loss or absence of productivity of a surface. Additionally, the relationship between "looking," "care," and "turning away" is considered as part of the maintenance or disruption of this order. In this context, kır is proposed as a conceptual counterpart that expresses both the presence and absence of order on a visible surface.

London is one of the world's most intensively studied Roman cities. The need to accommodate high-value construction projects within a rich archaeological landscape has attracted an exceptional level of developer funding, providing for the continuous employment of hundreds of archaeologists over many decades. According to the on-line catalogue of the London Archaeological Archive Resource Centre (LAARC) a total of 422 excavations of Roman sites were initiated in the City of London and Southwark between 1990 and 2008. Significant Roman remains were encountered in about half of these investigations, whilst summaries published in the journal Britannia describe around 60 more recent excavations of noteworthy Roman sites in London. Steady progress has also been made on the publication of earlier work, much of which was also the product of commercial sponsorship. Developer funding has supported most rescue archaeology in the City of London since around 1979. We do not want for new information, but struggle to make best use of what we have. Published output is inevitably dominated by site-specific accounts, since funding is targeted on individual construction sites. An open policy to the dissemination of unpublished data, promoted by the LAARC, has facilitated some wider reviews (notably Bird et al. 1996; Clark et al. 2008; Gerrard 2011b), but resources for such work remain limited. As a consequence, this survey concentrates on the accessible evidence of architectural history, drawing on information won from recent fieldwork to outline a new biography of the Roman town. For reasons of space topics covered elsewhere in this volume, principally funerary archaeology, are not fully addressed. Here our key concern is the planning history of the city, which shows how London's urban topography was moulded by the needs of the imperial administration. Three main areas of advance in our reading of Roman London are described. Firstly our understanding continues to benefit from precise dendrochronological dating. In a recent overview Tyers ( ) listed 994 dated Roman oak timbers recovered from sites in London. A significant number of these provide exact construction dates, owing to a preference for unseasoned wood felled on demand. The availability of absolute dating, supplemented by tightly dated ceramic assemblages from extended sequences, presents both an opportunity and a challenge. A narrative drawn from such evidence risks subordinating archaeological readings to historical ones, but is a necessary starting point for research. Secondly our description of Roman London is enriched by a wealth of new topographic detail. London's design was the product of many distinct phases of engineering, incorporating planned components within inherited landscapes. The built landscape was the ordered creation of episodic political intervention, accommodating significant changes in population scale and density, but designed with impressive regard for the topography of the site. Our improving understanding of the urban morphology, especially with regard to the use of streets, boundaries and civic spaces, not only illustrates how profoundly and frequently the landscape was transformed, but

Los estudios de paisaje en arqueología cuentan ya con varias décadas de desarrollo en las que se generaron aportes de diferentes campos que nutrieron lo que denominamos arqueologías del paisaje. Durante el XIX Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Argentina, en 2016, tuvo lugar el simposio “Del paisaje natural al paisaje humanizado: prácticas, cultura material y lugares”, evento en el que participaron colegas de diferentes puntos de Sudamérica.  En este trabajo presentamos una revisión de los trabajos presentados en dicha reunión y publicados en este dossier. Más allá de las diferentes ontologías involucradas en los artículos, hay tres conceptos que atraviesan las narrativas arqueológicas sobre el paisaje: habitus, taskscape y patrimonio. A través de estos términos es posible obtener una mirada actualizada de los estudios arqueológicos sobre el paisaje en el sur de América.

This provocation seeks to stimulate discussion by highlighting an alternative way of looking at the actions of destruction and creation, not as opposing forces but as an ongoing process of transformation. Destruction encompasses a variety of material and symbolic transformations, which go hand in hand with the creation of new possibilities. Therefore, destruction is not an antagonism to creation butfollowing Karen Barad's agential realisma mode of intra-active becoming. Far from being a theory in its own right, this paper presents a perspective that opens up the possibility of encountering archaeological discourses of destruction and creation from a posthumanist lens.

This is the draft version of an ebook on various aspects of archaeological site in the context of Bengal Delta. In this draft version, no figures and illustrations are included. In this book, attempts have been made to address and engage with the notion of archaeological site from multiple theoretical, methodological and contextually informed perspectives. The context, landscape, waterscape and variations of human-land-water entanglement is the main focus of this engagement. The book highlights zone and site wise case studies along with the poltical and cultural aspects of the concepts, representation and application of the notion of site in archaeology, with special focus on Bengal and Bengal delta.

This paper presents the results of a developer-funded investigation of land at Syke Road, Wigton, which revealed a previously unknown Romano-British enclosure and activity near the site focused on the 2nd to late 3rd centuries AD. Associations with Old Carlisle Roman fort and vicus are indicated. Romano-British ceramics, including continental imports, nationally distributed products, and regional coarse wares, indicate that the inhabitants living near the site were firmly connected to the trade and distribution networks of Britain and the Continent.

Yannis Hamilakis is Joukowsky Family Professor of Archaeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies at the Brown University (USA). His main research and teaching interests are the socio-politics of the past, the body and bodily senses, the archaeology of eating and drinking, the ontology and materiality of photography, archaeology and nationalism, archaeological ethnography, and critical pedagogy in archaeology. Yannis is committed to an anthropologically-informed, critical archaeological engagement with past and present material culture, and to the inter-disciplinary nature of archaeological work.  This position recognises the historically contingent nature of archaeology as a device of western modernity, as well as its potential to enable a critical and reflexive experiential encounter with the material world. He also believes on a politically committed archaeological and academic practice, devoted to social justice.

Es ampliamente conocida la problemática de
la efectivización de los derechos sociales en
México, esto es, que el Estado a través de la
administración pública no ha sido eficaz en su
materialización, por lo que continúa extendién-
dose la brecha de desigualdad y pobreza. Es por
lo que, frente a la omisión del Estado (debido
a la falta de seguimiento al presupuesto des-
tinado a estos derechos y, en otros casos, por
la omisión del poder legislativo), la responsabi-
lidad de esa materialización ha tenido que ser
redirigida al poder judicial federal. Sin embar-
go, el poder judicial en la mayoría de los casos
relacionados con derechos sociales, no los ha
estudiado y resuelto de fondo; es aquí donde
radica la relevancia de la presente contribución
que justifica la necesidad del pronunciamiento
mediante las sentencias del poder judicial en la
defensa de los derechos sociales.

The settlement structures of the Hallstatt culture are only poorly known in North Tyrol, although recent research shows that copper ore mining from the Late Bronze Age continued without interruption into the Early Iron Age. New excavations carried out from 2020 to 2022 on the Kropfsberg inselberg in the Lower Inn Valley are helping to close this gap of knowledge. Small-scale excavations have documented a multi-phase settlement from the early Hallstatt period (phase Ha C). Several areas of the hilltop settlement provide evidence of various stages of copper production, from ore beneficiation to smelting and casting bronze objects. Apparently, the copper ore from a mine in the castle hill itself, but also from the nearby Reither Kogel, was processed in Kropfsberg. The protected and at the same time easily accessible location on the right bank of the Inn River contributed significantly to the flourishing of this copper production and distribution site.

Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xix
Contributors xxi
Part I Introduction
Th e Development of Maritime Archaeology 3
George F. Bass
Part II The Process
1. Defi ning a Ship: Architecture, Function, and Human Space 25
Patrice Pomey
2 . Wreck-Site Formation Processes 4 7
Colin Martin
3. Acoustic Remote Sensing in Maritime Archaeology 68
Rory Quinn
4 . Archaeological Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Data 90
Robert Gearhart
5. Search and Documentation of Underwater Archaeological Sites 114
Michael C. Tuttle
6 . Excavation Planning and Logistics: Th e HMS S wift Project 133
Chris Underwood
7. Ship Reconstruction, Documentation, and In Situ Recording 161
Yaacov Kahanov
8. Ships on Land 1 82
James P. Delgado
9 . Deep-Submergence Archaeology 202
Shelley Wachsmann
viii contents
10. Recent Advances in Post-excavation Documentation, Reconstruction,
and Experimental Maritime Archaeology 232
Morten Ravn, Vibeke Bischoff , Anton Englert, and Søren Nielsen
11. Shipwreck Reconstruction Based on the Archaeological
Record: Mediterranean Whole-Molding and the
Kitten Wreck Case Study 250
Kroum N. Batchvarov
12. Historic Naval Architecture Practices as a Guide to Shipwreck
Reconstruction: Th e La Belle Example 267
Taras Pevny
1 3. Th e Archaeological Role of Conservation in Maritime
Archaeology 286
Donny L. Hamilton and C. Wayne Smith
14. Virtual Reconstruction of Maritime Sites and Artifacts 305
Donald H. Sanders
15. A Digital Library Perspective: Th e Synthesis and Storage of Maritime
Archaeological Data to Assist in Ship Reconstruction 327
Carlos Monroy, Filipe Castro, and Richard Furuta
Part III Ships and Shipwrecks
16. Early Shipbuilding in the Eastern Mediterranean 349
Mark E. Polzer
1 7. Th e Seafarers and Shipwrecks of Ancient Greece
and Rome 379
Deborah N. Carlson
18. Mediterranean Ship Design in the Middle Ages 406
Eric Rieth
1 9. Medieval Ships and Seafaring 426
Susan Rose
2 0. Postmedieval Ships and Seafaring in the West 445
Fred Hocker
21. Southern African Shipwreck Archaeology 473
Bruno E. J. S. Werz
contents ix
22. Th e Red Sea 495
Lucy Blue
23. Maritime Archaeological Studies in India 513
Aniruddh S. Gaur and Kamlesh H. Vora
24. A Survey of East Asian Shipbuilding Traditions during the Era
of Chinese Maritime Expansion 535
Randall J. Sasaki
25. Australian Maritime Archaeology 561
Mark Staniforth
26. Historic Period Ships of the Pacifi c Ocean 588
Hans K. Van Tilburg
27. Th e Archaeology of Steamships 610
Kevin Crisman
28. Caribbean Maritime Archaeology 629
Margaret Leshikar-Denton
29. Maritime Archaeology of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Archaeology
from the Age of Exploration to the Twilight of Sail 660
Amy Borgens
3 0. Shipwreck Archaeology in South America 6 85
Dolores Elkin
3 1. Underwater Archaeology of the World Wars 708
Robert S. Neyland
Part IV Maritime Culture and Life Ashore
32. Th e Maritime Cultural Landscape 733
Christer Westerdahl
33. Coastal Archaeology 763
Ben Ford
34. Submerged Prehistory in the North Sea 786
Antony Firth
x contents
35. Ancient Harbors in the Mediterranean 809
John P. Oleson and Robert L. Hohlfelder
36. Shipyard Archaeology 834
Jason D. Moser
3 7. Ship Abandonment 8 56
Nathan Richards
3 8. Maritime Communities and Traditions 879
Jesse Ransley
Part V Beyond the Site
39. Maritime History and Maritime Archaeology 907
Francisco C. Domingues
4 0. Ethics, Underwater Cultural Heritage, and International Law 917
Th ijs J. Maarleveld
41. Management of Maritime Cultural Resources: An American
Perspective 942
Timothy Runyan
4 2. Th e Growth of Maritime Archaeology in Mexico: A Case Study 967
Pilar Luna Erreguerena
43. From Sky to Sea: Th e Case for Aeronautical Archaeology 989
Peter D. Fix
4 4. Maritime Archaeology and Industry 1010
Fredrik Søreide
4 5. Museums and Maritime Archaeology 1032
Michael McCarthy
4 6. Maritime Archaeology, the Dive Community, and Heritage
Tourism 1055
Arthur B. Cohn and Joanne M. Dennis
Part VI Conclusion
Conclusion: Future Directions 1085
Paula Martin
contents xi
Part VII Glossary and Appendix
Illustrated Glossary of Ship and Boat Terms 1105
J. Richard Steff y
Appendix : Scientifi c Analyses and Dating Techniques 1151
Index 1

[English]
This research proposal introduces a materialist framework to reinterpret historical dynamics as the result of an evolutionary mismatch between human biological dispositions and post-Neolithic social structures. It argues that persistent social conflict emerges not primarily from ideological opposition but from structural incompatibilities between evolved cooperative mechanisms and hierarchical systems of accumulation. The proposal outlines the concept of the “Neolithic Cage” and suggests the development of “rational prosthetics” as a methodological direction for institutional design aimed at reducing this mismatch. This work is intended as a conceptual foundation for future empirical and computational approaches to the study of institutional design and evolutionary mismatch.
[Español]
Esta propuesta de investigación introduce un marco materialista para reinterpretar la dinámica histórica como el resultado de un desajuste evolutivo entre las disposiciones biológicas humanas y las estructuras sociales surgidas tras el Neolítico. Se argumenta que el conflicto social persistente no emerge principalmente de la oposición ideológica, sino de incompatibilidades estructurales entre mecanismos cooperativos evolucionados y sistemas jerárquicos de acumulación. El trabajo desarrolla el concepto de la «jaula neolítica» y propone el diseño de «prótesis racionales» como una línea metodológica orientada a reducir dicho desajuste mediante el diseño institucional. Este trabajo pretende servir como base conceptual para futuros enfoques empíricos y computacionales en el estudio del diseño institucional y el desajuste evolutivo.

This thesis investigates the mobility patterns, social organisation, and cultural transmission of early modern human populations in southwestern Europe during the Upper Palaeolithic, with a focus on the Proto-Aurignacian, Aurignacian, and Gravettian technocomplexes. By synthesising archaeological data from key sites across regions such as Aquitaine, the Ebro Basin, and Mediterranean Iberia, the study examines how changes in movement and interaction influenced the development of technological, economic, and symbolic systems. The analysis begins with a reconstruction of regional settlement and raw material procurement strategies, drawing on lithic distributions, tool typologies, and site functions. Particular attention is given to shifts from local mobility and flexible subsistence networks in the Proto-Aurignacian to more structured territoriality and aggregation patterns in the Gravettian. These patterns are interpreted as adaptive responses to climatic fluctuation, increasing population densities, and the growing need for social cohesion. The thesis also explores the role of symbolic behaviour, especially personal ornamentation and spatial organisation, as a reflection of social identity and transmission. Case studies from sites such as Isturitz, Cova del Gegant, and Santa Maira illustrate how technological and symbolic repertoires were passed on through teaching, social gatherings, and ritual performance. Cultural transmission is framed not as passive imitation but as a structured, socially embedded process that played a central role in the resilience and continuity of Upper Palaeolithic groups. Due to the absence of a comprehensive visual model of migration routes for the period, the thesis employs comparative analysis of site data and cultural markers to infer patterns of movement and interaction. While acknowledging this limitation, it contributes a refined understanding of how mobility and social learning intersected to shape cultural trajectories across millennia. By integrating spatial, technological, and symbolic evidence, this study offers a holistic perspective on Upper Palaeolithic societies as dynamic, networked communities whose strategies of movement and memory enabled them to thrive in changing environments.

Pet let po potresu je Arheološki muzej v Zagrebu letos julija svoje prostore ponovno odprl za javnost. Med novostmi je tudi razstava Arheologija i popularna kultura, ki je bila odprta 2. oktobra 2025 in bo na ogled do 1. februarja 2026. Avtorja razstave sta arheologinja Jacqueline Balen in Daniel Rafaelić, filmski zgodovinar, režiser in igralec, Ema Kosnica pa je kustodinja razstave. Razstava v glavnem vsebuje grafično gradivo, plakate,
posterje, fotografije ipd., ki jih mestoma dopolnjujejo predmeti, kot so knjige, videokasete, CD-plošče, makete in celo oblačila. Po razstavi nas vodijo besedilni panoji in podnapisi v hrvaškem in angleškem jeziku. Celostna podoba razstave je oblikovana v duhu poparta.

When studying the history of Sri Lankan art, the Gampola period (1341-1410 AD) represents a transformative phase in the elaboration of Sri Lankan art and architecture, arising after the decline that followed the Polonnaruwa period. Pronounced by political reorganization and artistic reanimation, this period saw a conscious reanimation and reinterpretation of traditional cultural rudiments. Among its notable architectural features is the Korawaggala (winged stone), a distinctive point deposited on either side of the way of religious and executive structures. While primarily serving as a structural support and defensive banister the Korawakgala evolved into a significant ornamental and emblematic element, reflecting refined artificer and stylistic invention. This study investigates the structural development, cultural features, and functional metamorphosis of the Korawakgala during the Gampola period. Employing a qualitative art-literal methodology, the exploration integrates visual analysis, on-point observation, and a review of erudite and archaeological sources. Particular attention is given to the representation of Gajasingha, a fabulous mongrel motif constantly sculpted on Korawakgals, and its socio-artistic symbolism. By assaying variations in form, scale, and sculpturing ways, the study situates the Korawakgala within the broader narrative of Sri Lankan architectural heritage, pressing the aesthetic imagination and artistic meanings bedded in Gampolaperiod design.