Secondary Design: A Case of Behavioral Design Science Research

Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2009

Design and development of new instruments requires much attention with respect to safety, performance and comfort. Introducing new technology is a matter of taking care of past user experience on current technology and anticipating possible user experience on prototypes incrementally developed. The intricate spiral combination of prototyping and formative evaluations provides excellent support to include end-users in the design and development process. Human-centered design is also a combination of both analytical and user-centered (experimental) approaches. We cannot get rid of analyzing human-machine interaction using methods such as GOMS for example, and neither using professional design expertise. These methods provide an envelope of usability and usefulness issues; some are directly applicable, others issues require an experimental user-centered evaluation, i.e., real professional users are needed. Usability engineering is now very much used in industry and provides good results. Crucial problems are not technical any longer; they are financial, legal, social and finally relational. The various actors who will have an influence on the product being developed should participate. Participatory design enables to improve awareness of product attributes, i.e., what the product is really for, and how it should be made and used. A running example of the design of a new flight attendant panel to be included in the cabin of commercial aircraft is presented to support methodological claims and demonstrate approach soundness.

Include 2001 Conference Proceedings, 2001

This paper explores various approaches of user involvement into designing, trying to describe briefly their respective methodologies and outcomes. Emphasis will be given on elderly users' active involvement into the design process for the reason that, as pointed ...

2006

1. Design Participation How can users take part and what are the potential roles of users in participating in design processes? In which parts of the design processes can users take part and what are the roles of designers and of other stakeholders? These questions indicate that there are many actors (both addressees and addressors), processes, and social systems involved. They influence each other mutually and their combinations make for the great variety of Design Participation cases. The discussion of this paper starts with the proposition: Design Participation is about the interaction between designer and user. In order to understand the rationale of Design Participation, the first step is to define the words 'Design' and 'Participation' separately within the 'space' of designers and users. "Both words are ambiguous," Stringer (1972) expressed, "Design can refer either to the design, in the sense of a plan for a product, or to the process o...

In response to market needs, researchers and designers in Interaction Design are experimenting new ways of enabling user participation in information systems development. However, the same conceptualization of the participant as a user already reduces his possibility of participation. The user are not capable of designing, so there is a need for experts that can translate their needs into design definitions. Even though participatory design exercises involving users are being promoted, the goal is not to autonomize participants to their own new technology development, but instead to generate user representations in order to improve targeting new products. It´s an abstract inclusion and concrete exclusion, that legitimates technological dependence of a particular social group. Participatory Design as in the scandinavian tradition proposes that this perverse logic should be questioned in the design process, with the goal of generating alternatives that really promote participant´s social development. This participatory approach can lead Interaction Design beyond the microstructures of interaction: interfaces, technics, tasks and other intrinsic details that don´t comprehend the cultural density of the process.

Design Studies, 2020

People not only purchase and use products and services, but creatively appropriate, hack, redesign and even innovate in them. Typologies of active use have emerged in various disciplines, remaining piecemeal even if complementary. Together they produce a blurry depiction of active design engagement, despite active use being pivotal to many emerging design approaches. To remedy this, we synthesize a taxonomy of different aspects of active use and design engagement. Use as-is, active use, locally new designs and globally new innovations mark different intensities of engagement. These can concern the material form of design, new uses, new meanings, adjustment to local settings, or the collective endeavours to shape communities and organizations, ideologies and imaginaries, and global platforms that facilitate active use.

Designing User Interfaces for Hypermedia, 1995

New Directions in Third Wave Human-Computer Interaction: Volume 2-Methodologies, 2018

The third wave of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) involves more ubiquitous and embedded forms of computing. Making these useful, usable and even delightful for people needs design research. The more technologies become enmeshed in our lives and the more dependent upon them we become, the more essential it is that they are simple for everyone to use and they do not let us down in those annoying ways we have become used to tolerating. Embedding computing into more and more of the objects and environments we interact with makes them less visible but more ubiquitous, making their usability essential but challenging at the same time. Design research is a mechanism which can help researchers, programmers and designers to understand how to create better twenty-first century computing systems and environments. This chapter discusses how design research can contribute to allowing third wave HCI to benefit the lives of all citizens rather than frustrate them.

This paper proposes a model for human-computer interface design. Design activities are integrated into the early stages of the discovery process to bring stakeholders together and help them reach common goals and explore the project through collaboration. The model offers an environment for dealing with the complexity inherent to the design process when the aim is a human-centered design. The proposed model guides and structures the move around a central axis that represents the evolving users' interests by bringing all stakeholders to collaborate in design activities. Everyone's engagement around that central line, their dialogues and their exchange of information lead to the convergence of viewpoints and to enrichment of project knowledge for the team, more successful design, and development of the project in a timely and more economically efficient manner. INTRODUCTION This paper discusses the problematic of design of human-computer interface (HCI) when a team composed by client, user, designer, and all other stakeholders collaborate. The paper proposes a model where design activities are staged to assist the team to achieve meaningful communications and align their focus on users' needs and wants. The ongoing development and increasing complexity of computer interfaces such as the Internet, or using a software program, impact not only our professional work, but also our social and economic interactions. HCI continually generates new opportunities and problems which design has to address (Löwgren, & Stolterman, 2004). At the same time, unsuccessful design is generally accepted to be a direct result of an inadequate approach at the conceptual level, and in many cases, the inadequate approach is caused by miscommunication, misinterpretation, and lack of understanding among team members (Kleinsmann et al. 2007, Carrara et al. 2009). Being design practitioners and researchers, we presume that design activities have, in the early stages of design process, the potential to bring a diverse team together, help them focus on common goals, and achieve meaningful communication. This also means that the team should meet face-to-face and discuss diverse aspects of the project. As mentioned by Oak (2010), "face-to-face talk is an essential part of the collaborative practice of design, and occurs in tandem with the aforementioned modes of representation and communication (such as sketches and gestures)". In summery this paper outlines how design activities may be used as a method to help the team collaborate efficiently toward usercenteredness. We will discuss the problematic of the research, its methodological approach and the proposed model. We then present how the model was validated.

In recent years it has been suggested that rapid manufacturing presents the possibility of unique or bespoke design, tailored to an individual’s need and wishes. Such a possibility infers direct user interaction with the design of the product, however the specification and design of a suitable toolkit, and the new design tasks a user might be expected to undertake, have received little attention. This paper presents a user trial of the design of a USB memory stick, and investigates the extent to which non-professional user-designers are able to engage in design exploration and to communicate design intent. It compares two scenarios: in the first, users sketched a design on paper without guidance or constraint within a specified (volume) envelope; this design was then interpreted to build a 3D CAD model which the user was subsequently able to modify. In the second scenario users were presented with a choice of existing designs and asked to choose one; this design was then manipulated by the CAD operator to incorporate the user’s desired changes. The paper finds a limited ability amongst non-designers to conduct design exploration through sketching, it also finds a conflict between participants’ preferred design process and their most preferred designs.

Proceedings of the Participatory Design Conference. R. Trigg, S.l. Anderson, and E.A. Dykstra- Erickson (Eds.). Chapel Hill NC USA, 27-28 October 1994, 1994

In this paper we address how to do reliable systems design in small complex organizations-small in the sense that the design project we use as an example has approximately 50 employees, and complex in the sense that the employees had very different roles and relationships. We use the term design in the same way as architects do-focusing on the analysis of needs and the preliminary design of functionality and form-in contrast to what is common within computer science, where the design term is borrowed from engineering-focusing on construction and implementation. Current approaches used in industry and published in literature (e.g. SA, SO, OOA, and 000) tend to ignore design as being a political endeavour also. Also they tend to neglect the potentials in participatory design, and/or they tend to homogenize users not being sensitive towards individual needs. Our approach is more in line with ongoing research within Participatory Design, in that we see results of a design project to include a conceptual design in terms of a written document, sketches, mock ups and/or prototypes. We consider an evaluation of individual and organizational consequences of implementing the design as well as a plan for the implementation to be part of the result. ' Ethnographic approaches to systems design has proved valuable, especially within highly specialized product development and research oriented design settings, reports on concrete consequences on a specific design due to such an approach seem scarce. We reflect upon an action research project carried out over a period of 1 112 years in a public organization in Northern Europe. We were called upon to conduct what ended up as 3 design projects. Having a design approach In PDC'94: 47 inspired by ethnography and intervention, we did in-depth analysis of current work practices, carried out unstructured interviews, observation, video recording, document analysis, and the like. We set up participatory analysis and design workshops. The organization is currently implementing our visions and design proposals. We are presenting the setting we have worked in, the establishment of the project, the activities we carried out in one of the design projects, and some consequences our approach had on the final design. All three design projects are documented in Simonsen, (1994). We conclude by discussing some of the organizational and technical effects the approach had on our design, as well as political dilemmas we got involved in. The setting presented here represents the application area of the design approach we are developing: computer support for complex administrative, managerial, and professional work. The management's attitude is probably important for the relations we seek to establish with the individuals and the organization. Management should state that the purpose of the design project is supporting the existing workforce in meeting current and new challenges rather than headcount reduction.