If I understand correctly, your problem is already described in the ticket you linked to in Core Trac. A fix will apparently be included in WordPress 6.9, which will be released in early December (in a few weeks).
As far as I can see, all meta data is generally permitted. There are no exclusions here. The problem that the above-mentioned ticket solves is lists that may be contained in the meta data (such as your person lists).
There is a hook that can be used to control which of the meta data read is used: https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/hooks/wp_read_audio_metadata/
WordPress fails to upload MP3s with extended ID3 tags (like “involved people”) because its built-in metadata parser can’t read them.
✅ Fix: remove extra tags before upload, update the getID3 library, or disable audio metadata parsing with
add_filter('wp_read_audio_metadata', '__return_false');