This does not work for me even in WordPress 6.5.5 if I use the current default theme and have not activated a plugin. I can also recreate it in the Playground without any problems (i.e. the HTML doesn’t work).
Which theme are you using?
It looks like this changed last year in this PR: https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/commit/86d527ce4f71b33e6637104046e07258b8e410de
The addition of the excerpt length check means that the excerpt is run through wp_trim_words(). And it seems that an excerpt length is now always set. Do you mind filing a bug report here? https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/issues/new/choose
This is definitely a bug and change of previous behavior.
Looking at the code, the issue would have been introduced in WordPress 6.3, released in August 2023.
After testing 6.2 and 6.3 I can confirm this was introduced in 6.3 and I’ve created an issue https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/issues/66195
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