Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum
Early footsteps in the Americas
Despite a plethora of archaeological research over the past century, the timing of human migration into the Americas is still far from resolved. In a study of exposed outcrops of Lake Otero in White Sands National Park in New Mexico, Bennett et al. reveal numerous human footprints dating to about 23,000 to 21,000 years ago. These finds indicate the presence of humans in North America for approximately two millennia during the Last Glacial Maximum south of the migratory barrier created by the ice sheets to the north. This timing coincided with a Northern Hemispheric abrupt warming event, Dansgaard-Oeschger event 2, which drew down lake levels and allowed humans and megafauna to walk on newly exposed surfaces, creating tracks that became preserved in the geologic record. —AMS
Abstract
Archaeologists and researchers in allied fields have long sought to understand human colonization of North America. Questions remain about when and how people migrated, where they originated, and how their arrival affected the established fauna and landscape. Here, we present evidence from excavated surfaces in White Sands National Park (New Mexico, United States), where multiple in situ human footprints are stratigraphically constrained and bracketed by seed layers that yield calibrated radiocarbon ages between ~23 and 21 thousand years ago. These findings confirm the presence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum, adding evidence to the antiquity of human colonization of the Americas and providing a temporal range extension for the coexistence of early inhabitants and Pleistocene megafauna.
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Volume 373 | Issue 6562
24 September 2021
24 September 2021
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Received: 26 January 2021
Accepted: 25 August 2021
Published in print: 24 September 2021
Acknowledgments
Views and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect policies of the National Park Service (NPS). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. Research at WHSA was conducted under a permit issued to D.O. (permit number 21-WHSA-01). Funding: M.R.B. acknowledges Natural Environment Research Council grants (NE/H004246/1 and NE/M021459/1). V.T.H. acknowledges the Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund (University of Arizona Foundation). Funding for J.S.P. and K.B.S. was provided by the US Geological Survey’s Climate Research and Development Program and by the National Park Service through Interagency Agreement G14P20PG00274. T.M.U. acknowledges cooperative agreement P20AC00605 between Cornell University and the US Department of the Interior. D.B. and M.R.B. thank the Western National Parks Association for support. Author contributions: M.R.B., D.B., T.M.U., D.O., and S.C.R. conceptualized the project, were responsible for its management and resource acquisition, and did the fieldwork along with J.S.P. and K.B.S., who designed and led the stratigraphic analysis and radiocarbon dating. C.C., V.L.S., and P.J.M. provided field support, and J.S.H. and A.M.H. provided laboratory support. M.B. wrote several of the algorithms used in the footprint analysis. V.T.H. and B.F. provided supporting data. Analysis and data visualization were undertaken by M.R.B., K.B.S., J.S.P., and D.B. The original manuscript was drafted by M.R.B., with contributions from J.S.P., K.B.S., V.T.H., and D.O. Editing of the manuscript was undertaken by M.R.B., S.C.R., J.S.P., K.B.S., D.O., D.B., and V.T.H. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing or conflicting interests. Data and materials availability: Downloadable files of the data presented in the supplementary materials (tables S1 to S8) can be found at (30). The 3D footprints models are available at (31).
Authors
Funding Information
U.S. Department of the Interior: P20AC00605
U.S. Geological Survey: #G14P20PG00274
U.S. Geological Survey: #G14P20PG00274
University of Arizona Foundation: Argonaut Archaeological Research Fund
Natural Environment Research Council: NE/H004246/1
Natural Environment Research Council: NE/M021459/1
Western National Parks Association: White Sands
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- Response to Comment on “Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum”, Science, 375, 6577, (2022)./doi/10.1126/science.abm6987
- Comment on “Evidence of humans in North America during the Last Glacial Maximum”, Science, 375, 6577, (2022)./doi/10.1126/science.abm4678
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