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Dengdeng)7.5( and)7.5( Go)7.5(y)-5.9(a)-2(um)5.3( ar)7.1(e e)4.6(a)-2(sil)5.3(y)-5.9( )6.6(a)4.6(ccessibl)5.3(e )6.6(in th)7.5(e dr)7.1(y)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(s)4.1(eas)4.1(on b)8.3(y)-5.1( )6.6(a dir)7.9(t)-0.6( ro)8.3(ad.)4.9( W)5.4(outchab)8.3(a is)10.8( ver)7.9(y)-5.1( )6.6(diffi)6.1(cult)6.1( )]TJ 20 0 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0025 Tw [(to)7.5( reach)7.5( as th)7.5(ere is no)7.5( functioning)7.5( ferr)7.1(y)-5.9(.)4.1( )6.6(The)]TJ -20 -1.1467 TD 0 Tc 0.0033 Tw [(only)-6.7( way)-6.7( )6.6(to )6.6(cross the riv)6.7(e)-2.8(r is)9.2( b)6.7(y)-6.7( canoe, )6.6(and )6.6(th)]TJ 18.36 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(ere is no)6.9( tr)6.5(ansportation on)6.9( the oth)6.9(e)-2.6(r side.)]TJ -18.36 -2.3 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.0022 Tw [(Because)4.9( th)7.8(e Gbet)5.6(e p)7.8(e)-1.7(opl)5.6(e hav)7.8(e)-1.7( m)5.6(i)-1.1(gra)4.9(t)-1.1(ed)7.8( far)7.4( from)5.6( the)4.9(i)-1.1(r or)7.4(igina)4.9(l)-1.1( )6.6(locat)5.6(ion)7.8(,)-2.2( th)7.8(e)4.9(y)-5.6( )6.6(are)4.9( surrounded b)7.8(y)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(unrelated )6.6(langu)6.9(ages. Thes)9.4(e languag)6.9(e)-2.6(s include the )]TJ 20.0267 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0036 Tw (following: Vute, Pol,)Tj 8.44 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0041 Tw [( Bobili, Gbay)-7.5(a, )6.6(and)]TJ -28.4667 -1.1467 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0025 Tw [(Ewondo. [See map 3)7.5( in)7.5( append)7.5(ix A.])]TJ /TT10 1 Tf 0 -2.1601 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(1)4.7(.)-0.3(4)4.7( Popula)4.7(t)1.6(i)6.4(o)-0.6(n)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.3933 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(The p)7.2(e)-2.3(ople from Dengdeng)7.2( say)-6.2( )6.6(their villag)7.2(e)-2.3( h)7.2(a)-2.3(s an in)7.2(terior)6.8( population)7.2( of four)6.8( hundred)7.2( peop)7.2(le)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [(and an)7( ex)7(terior)6.6( population)7( of )6.6(three hundr)6.6(ed. 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In)8.2( al)6(l )6.6(the v)8.2(ill)6(ages whe)5.3(r)1.2(e w)10.3(e)]TJ -19.58 -1.1533 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(conducted group )6.6(interviews, people )6.6(are open)6.9( and)6.9( )]TJ 19.8867 0 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0021 Tw [(ver)7.5(y)-5.5( w)10(illing to)7.9( lear)]TJ 7.64 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0035 Tw [(n)6.5( Mbum. Ever)6.1(y)-6.9( villag)6.5(e)]TJ -27.5267 -1.1467 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(considers Mbum as th)6.9(e b)6.9(e)-2.6(st la)]TJ 12.0867 0 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0024 Tw [(nguag)7.6(e)-1.9( )6.6(to learn)7.6( to)7.6( read)7.6( and )6.6(wr)]TJ 12.16 0 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(ite )6.6(after)7( th)7.4(eir)7( own language. On)]TJ -24.2467 -1.1533 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw [(m)5.9(o)1.4(re than)8.1( one oc)5.2(c)5.2(a)-1.4(s)3.9(i)-0.8(on we)5.2( he)5.2(ard t)5.9(h)1.4(e s)3.9(t)5.9(at)5.9(em)5.9(ent,)]TJ 19.16 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [( It would b)7(e)-2.5( )6.6(just like learning)7( our own)]TJ -19.16 -1.1467 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(languag)7.4(e)-2.1(. Another)7( person)7.4( said )6.6(that th)7.4(e Mbum la)]TJ 19.7267 0 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0037 Tw [(ngu)6.3(age is )6.6(the origin)6.3( of )6.6(the Gbete language so,)]TJ -19.7267 -1.1467 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(of course)5.3(, th)8.2(e)5.3(y)-5.2( wan)8.2(t)-0.7( )6.6(to l)6(earn)8.2( to)8.2( rea)5.3(d)1.5( and)8.2( writ)6(e )6.6(it.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(Gbete p)7.3(e)-2.2(ople like the languages)9.8( of th)7.3(e p)7.3(e)-2.2(ople with)]TJ 20.28 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0032 Tw [( whom )-6.6(they)-6.8( have con)6.6(t)-2.3(act. )-6.6(Th)6.6(e )-6.6(second choice)]TJ -20.28 -1.1533 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(in ev)8.3(er)7.9(y v)8.3(ill)6.1(age)5.4( is)4.1( an)8.3( unre)5.4(l)-0.6(at)6.1(ed )6.6(langu)8.3(age wi)6.1(th whi)6.1(c)-1.2(h )6.6(the p)8.3(e)-1.2(opl)6.1(e h)8.3(a)-1.2(ve )6.6(ext)6.1(e)-1.2(ns)4.1(ive)5.4( cont)6.1(act)6.1(. 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Sin)7.8(ce most of)7.4( th)7.8(e)]TJ -24.16 -1.1467 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(Woutchaba population r)6.8(e)-2.3(sides )6.6(in B)7.5(e)-2.3(labo)7.2(, )6.6(th)]TJ 17.5 0 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0037 Tw (e two dialect groups )Tj 8.3333 0 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(still h)7.2(a)-2.3(ve con)7.2(t)-1.7(act.)]TJ -25.8333 -2.3 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0021 Tw [(Belabo)7.9( is th)7.9(e )6.6(economic center)7.5( fo)]TJ 13.14 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(r )6.6(the Gbete r)6.7(e)-2.4(gion. Th)7.1(e villages)]TJ 12.66 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [( )6.6(all seem to)6.9( be at th)6.9(e same)]TJ -25.8 -1.1533 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw [(economic )6.6(lev)8(e)-1.5(l \(w)10.1(e did)8( not hav)8(e)-1.5( th)8(e )6.6(chan)8(ce )6.6(to v)8(i)-0.9(s)]TJ 19.9667 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(it )6.6(the villages)9.6( on th)7.1(e west side of )6.6(the river\))6.7(.)]TJ -19.9667 -2.3 TD 0.003 Tw [(Religion)7( cou)7(l)-1.9(d be a div)7(i)-1.9(sive )6.6(factor b)7(e)-2.5(cause )]TJ 17.4733 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0036 Tw [(most peop)6.4(le )6.6(from Woutchaba and)6.4( its surrounding)]TJ -17.4733 -1.1467 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0021 Tw [(villag)7.9(e)-1.6(s ar)7.5(e Muslim)5.7( whil)5.7(e m)5.7(o)1.2(st pe)5(ople)5( who l)5.7(i)-1(ve)5( on th)7.9(e o)7.9(t)-1(her)7.5( side of )6.6(th)7.9(e r)7.5(i)-1(ver)7.5( cl)5.7(aim)5.7( to)7.9( be)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(Christian)6.9(,)-3.1( but we d)6.9(i)-2(d no)6.9(t sense any )6.6(religious )]TJ 18.0267 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(tension b)7.3(e)-2.2(twe)4.4(e)-2.2(n th)7.3(e Chr)6.9(i)-1.6(stians)9.8( and )6.6(the)4.4( Muslim)5.1(s.)]TJ -18.0267 -1.1467 TD 0.0005 Tc [(Although we d)7.2(i)-1.7(d no)7.2(t in)7.2(terv)7.2(iew )6.6(enough chu)7.2(r)0.2(ch )6.6(leaders )]TJ 21.7733 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw [(to be certain, th)6.8(ere is ind)6.8(i)-2.1(cation)6.8( that some)]TJ -21.7733 -1.1533 TD -0.0034 Tw [(tension exists )-6.6(among the )]TJ 10.1133 0 TD [(differ)6.4(e)-2.7(nt denominations.)]TJ -10.1133 -2.3 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw [(Overall)5.8(,)-2( we)5.1( fe)5.1(el)5.8( tha)5.1(t)-0.9( th)8(e Gbe)5.1(t)-0.9(e)5.1( peopl)5.8(e )6.6(are)5.1( s)3.8(o)1.3(ci)5.8(all)5.8(y)-5.4( )6.6(coh)8(e)-1.5(s)3.8(i)-0.9(ve s)3.8(i)-0.9(n)8(c)-1.5(e)5.1( the)5.1(y)-5.4( )6.6(s)3.8(h)1.3(are)5.1( a)5.1( com)5.8(m)5.8(on langu)8(age)5.2(,)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw [(cultur)6.4(e)-2.7(, and h)6.8(i)-2.1(stor)6.4(y)-6.6(.)3.4( Belabo )6.6(is a point of )6.6(cont)]TJ 18.0533 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0035 Tw [(act for)6.1( the Gbete p)6.5(e)-3(ople from both)6.5( sides of)6.1( the)]TJ -18.0533 -1.1533 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw [(river,)4.7( and)8.1( th)8.1(eir re)5.2(l)5.9(i)-0.8(gious)3.9( diff)7.7(eren)8.1(ces)3.9( do)]TJ 15.6067 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw [( not appear to d)6.8(i)-2.1(vide th)6.8(e community)-6.6(.)]TJ /TT10 1 Tf -15.6067 -2.1601 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0034 Tw [(4.2 Op)-3.7(en)-3.7(n)-3.7(ess to)-3.7( Ch)-3.7(an)-3.7(g)-3.7(e)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.5399 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(The Gbete com)5.2(m)5.2(unit)5.2(y)-6( seem)5.2(s open)7.4( to)7.4( chang)7.4(e)-2.1(. Th)7.4(is)]TJ 20.2733 0 TD [( at)5.2(titud)7.4(e)-2.1( )6.6(is ref)7(l)-1.5(ected)7.4( in )6.6(their r)7(e)-2.1(sponses to)]TJ -20.2733 -1.1467 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0036 Tw [(health)7(, education)7(,)-3( and community)-13( development.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw [(None of th)8.1(e v)8.1(ill)5.9(ages)3.9( we)]TJ 9.5 0 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0037 Tw [( visited h)6.3(a)-3.2(s a functioning)6.3( clinic. Ther)]TJ 14.9133 0 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(e )6.6(is a)5.3( cl)6(ini)6(c)-1.3( in)8.2( Dengd)8.2(eng,)4.8( but )6.6(it )6.6(is)]TJ -24.4133 -1.1467 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(currently)-6.1( )6.6(closed du)7.3(e )6.6(to lack)7.3( of p)7.3(e)-2.2(rsonnel. When)7.3( )]TJ 19.4133 0 TD [(someone is ser)6.9(i)-1.6(ously)-6.1( )6.6(ill, h)7.3(e)-2.2(/she go)7.3(es to)7.3( th)7.3(e)]TJ -19.4133 -1.1533 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw [(hospital in B)7.1(e)-2.7(labo)6.8( or)6.4( Bertou)6.8(a. Near)6.4(ly)-6.6( )6.6(all the )]TJ 17.9733 0 TD [(women go )6.6(to th)6.8(ese )6.6(towns to h)6.8(a)-2.7(ve their babies.)]TJ -17.9733 -2.3 TD 0 Tc 0.0033 Tw [(In the villag)6.7(es of Go)6.7(y)-6.7(a)-2.8(um )6.6(and Woutch)6.7(aba most )]TJ 19.3867 0 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.0015 Tw [(of th)8.5(e Gbe)5.6(t)-0.4(e)5.7( chi)6.3(l)-0.4(dren)8.5( at)6.3(tend)8.5( prim)6.3(ar)8.1(y s)4.3(c)-1(hoo)8.5(l )6.6(and)]TJ -19.3867 -1.1467 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(some of them attend)7.1( second)7.1(ar)6.7(y)-6.3( schoo)7.1(l )6.6(as well. Mo)]TJ 20.2467 0 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(re )6.6(than h)7.4(a)-2.1(lf)7( of )6.6(the children)7.4( in D)9.5(e)-2.1(ngdeng )6.6(attend)]TJ -20.2467 -1.1533 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [(primar)6.6(y)-6.4( school and some of)6.6( th)7(em continue )6.6(their )]TJ 19.44 0 TD 0.0029 Tw [(education. Studen)7.1(t)-1.8(s go )6.6(to Bertoua or Belab)7.1(o)7.1( for)]TJ -19.44 -1.1467 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(a s)4.2(econd)8.4(ar)8(y s)4.2(c)-1.1(hoo)8.4(l )6.6(educ)5.5(ation)8.4(.)-1.6( Chi)6.2(l)-0.5(dren)8.4( from)6.2( other )6.6(Gbet)6.2(e v)8.4(ill)6.2(ages)4.2( )6.6(att)6.2(e)-1.1(nd )6.6(the p)8.4(r)1.4(im)6.2(ar)8(y s)4.2(c)-1.1(hoo)8.4(ls)4.2( of)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(Dengdeng, Go)7.3(y)-6.1(a)-2.2(um, and)7.3( Woutchab)7.3(a,)]TJ 15.0533 0 TD 0.0005 Tc [( but there )6.6(are )6.6(few stud)7.2(ents from o)7.2(t)-1.7(her)6.8( langu)7.2(age )6.6(groups. All)]TJ -15.0533 -1.1467 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(of the Gbete )6.6(childr)6.5(e)-2.6(n who )6.6(live in)6.9( town )6.6(attend pr)]TJ 19.2467 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(imar)6.7(y)-6.3( school. A g)7.1(r)0.1(eater)6.7( per)6.7(centage of )6.6(them th)7.1(an)]TJ -19.2467 -1.1533 TD 0.003 Tw [(childr)6.6(e)-2.5(n who )6.6(live in)7( the villag)7(e)-2.5(s hav)7(e)-2.5( th)7(e oppor)6.6(tunity)-6.4( )6.6(for)6.6( secondar)6.6(y)-6.4( )6.6(edu)7(c)-2.5(ation)]TJ ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 135 0 R /Resources 47 0 R /Contents 48 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 47 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT4 100 0 R /TT6 101 0 R /TT10 103 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 149 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 146 0 R >> >> endobj 48 0 obj << /Length 8702 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 530 746.96 Tm /Cs6 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS1 gs 0.004 Tc 0 Tw (17)Tj 12 0 0 12 72 709.1204 Tm 0.0009 Tc 0.0024 Tw [(Dengdeng and)7.6( Woutch)7.6(aba h)7.6(a)-1.9(ve dev)7.6(e)-1.9(lopm)5.4(ent)5.4( co)]TJ 19.36 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw [(m)5.8(m)5.8(ittees)10.5(. In)8( Dengdeng)8(, th)8(e )6.6(com)5.8(m)5.8(ittee raised)]TJ -19.36 -1.1533 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0025 Tw [(funds for an)7.5( administr)7.1(a)-2(tiv)7.5(e building)7.5( and )6.6(recru)]TJ 18.3867 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(its volun)7.1(teers for )6.6(construction p)7.1(r)0.1(ojects. )6.6(The)]TJ -18.3867 -1.1467 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(Woutchaba com)4.7(m)4.7(ittee for)6.5( developm)4.7(ent r)6.5(a)-2.6(ises funds )]TJ 21.1067 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.002 Tw [(to f)7.6(i)-0.9(nance )6.6(a br)7.6(idge, )6.6(a )]TJ 8.6667 0 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(heal)5(th clini)5(c)-2.3(, and)7.2( to)]TJ -29.7733 -1.1533 TD [(fix th)7.2(e f)6.8(e)-2.3(rr)6.8(y)-6.2(.)3.8( The Woutch)7.2(aba com)5(m)5(ittee is wi)5(lling)7.2( )]TJ 20.36 0 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(to)7.4( help)7.4( raise funds )6.6(to send)7.4( two m)5.2(e)-2.1(n)7.4( to DT)4.9(L)]TJ -20.36 -1.1467 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(courses in Y)9(a)-2.6(ound n)6.9(e)-2.6(xt )6.6(y)-6.5(e)4(ar.)]TJ /TT10 1 Tf 0 -2.1601 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.0036 Tw [(4.3 Mid)-3.9(d)-3.9(l)-3.6(e-ag)-3.9(ed)-3.9( L)-3.9(ead)-3.9(ersh)-3.9(ip)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.5399 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(An important f)6.7(a)-2.4(ctor )6.6(in determin)]TJ 12.78 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0036 Tw [(ing)6.4( the viability)-7( )6.6(of a languag)6.4(e)-3.1( pr)]TJ 13.0533 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0027 Tw [(oject is)9.8( the presen)7.3(ce )6.6(of middle-)]TJ -25.8333 -1.1533 TD 0 Tc 0.0033 Tw [(aged )6.6(leadership. In Go)6.7(y)-6.7(a)3.8(um the leaders )6.6(are in)6.7( their 40s )6.6(and 50s, in)6.7( Dengdeng)6.7( th)6.7(ey)-6.7( are b)6.7(e)-2.8(tween)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [(26 and 55)7( )6.6(y)-6.4(e)4.1(ars old)7(,)-3( )6.6(and )6.6(in Woutch)7(aba )6.6(they)-6.4( )6.6(ar)6.6(e b)7(e)-2.5(tween)7( 45 )6.6(and 82)7(. All of)6.6( the lead)7(ers stay)-6.4( )6.6(in )6.6(the)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.0019 Tw [(villag)8.1(e)-1.4(,)4.7( but)5.9( the)5.2( ch)8.1(ief)7.7( of W)5.2(outch)8.1(aba)5.2( divid)8.1(e)-1.4(s his )6.6(tim)5.9(e b)8.1(e)-1.4(tween)8.1( Be)5.2(labo)8.1( and)8.1( the)5.2( vil)5.9(l)-0.8(ag)8.1(e.)4.7( The)5.2( ch)8.1(ief)7.7( of)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [(Dengdeng also spends time in)7( Be)]TJ 13.3667 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(r)6.5(t)-2(oua, but his wives)9.4( say)-6.5( h)6.9(e)-2.6( spends most of)6.5( his )6.6(time in)6.9( th)6.9(e)]TJ -13.3667 -1.1533 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(villag)8.2(e)-1.3(.)4.8( Ev)8.2(er)7.8(yone)5.3( fee)5.3(l)-0.7(s th)8.2(at)6( ther)7.8(e wi)6(ll b)8.2(e)-1.3( )6.6(lead)8.2(ers to )6.6(t)6(a)-1.3(ke)5.3( the)5.3( pl)6(ace)5.3( of )6.6(the)5.3( presen)8.2(t l)6(ead)8.2(ers in)8.2( the)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (future.)Tj 0 -2.3 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.003 Tw [(It is )6.6(important to no)7(te that most of)6.6( the )]TJ 15.4133 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(y)-6.5(oung p)6.9(e)-2.6(ople from Dengdeng)6.9( and)6.9( Woutchab)6.9(a r)6.5(e)-2.6(main )6.6(in)]TJ -15.4133 -1.1533 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0023 Tw [(Bertoua and)7.7( Belabo )6.6(after)7.3( th)7.7(ey)-5.7( f)7.3(i)-1.2(nish th)7.7(eir)7.3( edu)7.7(cat)]TJ 19.4667 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(ion. A minority)-13.1( )13.3(r)6.5(e)-2.6(turns)9.4( to )6.6(their villag)6.9(e)-2.6(s to)6.9( hunt)]TJ -19.4667 -1.1467 TD 0.0001 Tc [(and farm. If )6.6(the trend)6.8( of )6.6(leaving )6.6(the villag)6.8(e for)6.4( work in)6.8( the towns con)6.8(tinu)6.8(e)-2.7(s, it )6.6(is doubtful)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(whether )6.6(ther)7.9(e wil)6.1(l)-0.6( b)8.3(e)-1.2( p)8.3(e)-1.2(ople)5.4( to)8.3( tak)8.3(e)-1.2( ov)8.3(er for)7.9( th)8.3(e )6.6(current)6.1( l)6.1(ead)8.3(ers)4.1( of )6.6(thes)4.1(e)5.4( vil)6.1(l)-0.6(ages)4.1(.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0034 Tw [(The v)6.6(illage population)6.6( of Go)6.6(y)-6.8(a)-2.9(um is more stable)]TJ 19.64 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw [( )6.6(than)6.9( the villag)6.9(e)-2.6(s of Dengd)6.9(eng )6.6(and Woutch)6.9(aba.)]TJ -19.64 -1.1467 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(The m)6(a)-1.3(jor)7.8(i)-0.7(t)6(y)-5.2( )6.6(of th)8.2(eir)7.8( )6.6(youth)8.2( return )6.6(to)8.2( the)5.3( vi)6(llag)8.2(e)-1.3( )6.6(afte)5.3(r th)8.2(e)5.3(y)-5.2( f)7.8(i)-0.7(nish schoo)8.2(l.)4.8( This m)6(a)5.3(y )6.6(be)5.3( due )6.6(in p)8.2(a)-1.3(rt)]TJ 0 -1.1533 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(to th)8.4(e f)8(act)6.2( th)8.4(at )6.6(the)5.5( vil)6.2(l)-0.5(age)5.5( has)4.2( )6.6(a )6.6(tra)5.5(i)-0.5(n s)4.2(t)-0.5(a)5.5(tion)8.4(,)-1.6( which )6.6(giv)8.4(e)-1.1(s)4.2( th)8.4(em)6.2( a p)8.4(l)-0.5(ac)5.5(e )6.6(to s)4.2(e)5.5(ll m)6.2(e)5.5(at )6.6(and produ)8.4(ce)5.5(.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0023 Tw [(Of the )6.6(four t)5.5(y)-5.7(p)7.7(e)-1.8(s of )6.6(com)5.5(m)5.5(unities d)7.7(e)-1.8(fined)7.7( b)7.7(y)-5.7( W)4.8(a)-1.8(t)5.5(t)-1.2(ers \()7.3(t)-1.2(rad)7.7(ition)7.7(a)-1.8(l,)4.3( cha)4.8(nging)7.7(, )6.6(changed)7.7(,)-2.3( )6.6(and)]TJ 0 -1.1467 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(disintegrating\))6.7(, )6.6(the Gb)7.1(ete peop)7.1(le are in)7.1( the )]TJ 17.3333 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0032 Tw [(process of b)6.8(ecoming )6.6(a ch)6.8(anged)6.8( community)-6.6(. 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Now, it is still possible to cross in )Tj 17.64 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw (canoes, but there is no tr)Tj 9.775 0 TD -0.0018 Tw (ansportation on the other)Tj -27.415 -1.15 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (side of the river. Good dirt roads connect a)Tj 17.135 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.001 Tw [(ll the Gbete Vana villages. Since m)8.2(o)0.4(st of the)]TJ -17.135 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (Woutchaba population resides in Belabo, the )Tj 18.19 0 TD (two dialect groups still have contact.)Tj -18.19 -2.3 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.001 Tw [(Belabo is the econom)8.2(ic center for the Gbete regi)]TJ 19.385 0 TD -0.0004 Tw [(on. The villages all seem)8.2( to be at the sam)8.2(e)]TJ -19.385 -1.15 TD -0.0009 Tw [(econom)8.2(ic level \(we did not have the chance to vis)]TJ 19.965 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (it the villages on the west side of the river\).)Tj -19.965 -2.3 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(Religion cou)5.5(l)-1.7(d be a d)5.5(i)-1.7(visive facto)5.5(r)-1.5( becau)5.5(se )]TJ 17.47 0 TD [(m)8.3(o)0.5(st people from)8.3( Woutchaba and its surrounding)]TJ -17.47 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(villages are Muslim)8.4( while m)8.4(o)0.6(st people who liv)]TJ 18.805 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(e on the other side of the river claim)8.1( to be)]TJ -18.805 -1.15 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Christian, but we did not sense any religious te)Tj 18.75 0 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(nsion b)5.9(e)-0.3(tween the Chris)5.1(tian)5.9(s)0.1( and th)5.9(e Muslim)8.7(s.)]TJ -18.75 -1.15 TD 0 Tc -0.0007 Tw (Although we did not interview enough church leaders )Tj 21.775 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.003 Tw (to be certain, there is)Tj 8.36 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw [( indication that som)7.7(e)]TJ -30.135 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc [(tension exists am)8.4(ong the different denom)8.4(inations.)]TJ 0 -2.295 TD 0.0003 Tc (Overall, we feel that the Gbete people are soci)Tj 18.52 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(ally cohesive since they share a comm)8(on language,)]TJ -18.52 -1.15 TD (culture, and history. 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As stated in the)Tj -24.61 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(previous s)4.8(ection, people from)8.4( every villag)5.6(e)-0.6( say th)]TJ 19.94 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(ey are eager to read )]TJ 8.08 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw [(and write their language.)]TJ -28.02 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (We want to know if this positiv)Tj 12.615 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw (e attitude carries on to)Tj 8.885 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0033 Tw ( their children and )Tj 7.55 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (if the Gbete language)Tj -29.05 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0018 Tw [(will con)5.6(tinue to be spoken for gen)5.6(e)-0.6(rations to com)8.4(e)-0.6(.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (One way to answer this question is to try a)Tj 17.03 0 TD -0.0018 Tw (nd find out if the youth ar)Tj 10.275 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0015 Tw (e speaking a language of)Tj -27.305 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.002 Tw [(wider comm)8.4(unication \(in this case French\) m)8.4(o)0.6(re th)]TJ 20.47 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(an their MT. 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People)]TJ -13.165 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(from)8.5( Goyaum feel that their children sp)5.7(eak )]TJ 17.525 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [(Gbete m)8.5(o)0.7(re than Fren)5.7(ch. People from)8.5( W)9.5(outchaba)]TJ -17.525 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(say that in the village, children m)8.3(o)0.5(stly speak )]TJ 18.085 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(Gbete, but the children who live in town \(m)8(ore)]TJ -18.085 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0022 Tw [(child)5.8(ren live in town than in the v)5.8(illage\) )]TJ 16.335 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(sp)5.4(eak m)8.2(o)0.4(re French than Gbete on a daily basis.)]TJ -16.335 -2.3 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(The adults f)3.9(r)-1.1(om)8.7( all th)5.9(ree villages r)3.9(e)-0.3(port tha)4.7(t)-1.3( th)]TJ 18.665 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(eir children m)8(i)-2(x French with Gbete. Som)8(e)-0.9( of the)]TJ -18.665 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(younger m)8.1(e)-0.9(n in Dengdeng disagree, but the elders )]TJ 20.36 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(say that m)8(o)0.2(re French words are becom)8(i)-2(ng)]TJ -20.36 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(accepted into Gbete speech. No one thinks that th)5.3(is is a positive d)5.3(e)-0.9(velopm)8.1(ent. 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They worry that)]TJ -18.635 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(by using French instead of Gbete in the hom)8(e,)]TJ 18.465 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw [( children will g)5.8(i)-1.4(ve away f)3.8(a)-0.4(m)8.6(ily secre)4.6(t)-1.4(s to)]TJ -18.465 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw (outsiders. In addition, they fear th)Tj 13.53 0 TD (at their children will forget Gbet)Tj 12.965 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (e if they only practice French.)Tj -26.495 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(Finally, speaking F)6.6(r)-1.6(ench in the hom)8.2(e shows disr)]TJ 19.39 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (espect to the elderly who do not speak French)Tj -19.39 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(fluently. However, the people from)8.2( Dengdeng like to)]TJ 21.25 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0006 Tw ( hear their children speak French because it)Tj -21.25 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(shows that th)5.5(ey are educated.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0033 Tw (Despite the fact that the youth )Tj 12.275 0 TD -0.0004 Tw [(are using m)8.2(o)0.4(re French, everyone )]TJ 13.385 0 TD -0.0029 Tw (feels that the youth are proud of)Tj -25.66 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(Gbete. People from)8.4( W)9.4(outchaba think that even)]TJ 18.805 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0023 Tw ( the children in town )Tj 8.52 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0021 Tw (value their MT. Everyone)Tj -27.325 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (believes that Gbete will continue)Tj 13.165 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw [( to be spoken for a long tim)8.3(e.)]TJ -13.165 -2.3 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(From)8.1( our observations, language shift in the Gb)]TJ 19.165 0 TD -0.0024 Tw (ete community is in the beginning stages. Many)Tj -19.165 -1.15 TD -0.0004 Tw [(Gbete people from)8.2( the west side of the Sanaga )]TJ 18.86 0 TD -0.0015 Tw [(River are m)8.1(i)-1.9(grating to Belabo where there is a)]TJ -18.86 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0018 Tw (health clinic and better)Tj 9.14 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( education opportunities for their childr)Tj 15.745 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0024 Tw (en. In Belabo, they have to rely on)Tj -24.885 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(French m)8.5(o)0.7(re than their MT. M)4.9(i)-1.5(xed m)8.5(a)-0.5(rriages a)]TJ 18.885 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (dd to the increased use of French in Gbete)Tj -18.885 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (villages.)Tj ET endstream endobj 352 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT4 266 0 R /TT12 289 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 259 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 257 0 R >> >> endobj 353 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 380 0 R /Resources 355 0 R /Contents 354 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 354 0 obj << /Length 5717 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 10.02 0 0 10.02 529.98 746.82 Tm /Cs6 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS1 gs 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (13)Tj 12 0 0 12 72 695.16 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(Following is a summ)7.9(ary of how those interviewe)]TJ 19.585 0 TD -0.0001 Tw [(d report their language use in different dom)7.9(ains)]TJ -19.585 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw (of life \(3.4.1\), their attitudes toward and use of)Tj 18.69 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0015 Tw ( French \(3.4.2\), and th)Tj 8.915 0 TD -0.0003 Tw (eir expressed attitudes)Tj -27.605 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw (toward their language and its )Tj 11.86 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(potential for developm)8.2(ent \(3.4.3\).)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf -11.86 -2.155 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.003 Tw (3.4.1 Language Use)Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0 -1.405 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(General Com)3.7(m)-1.3(unity)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.14 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(In all of the villages, which the survey team)8.2( vi)]TJ 18.55 0 TD -0.0019 Tw [(sited, Gbete is the language of choice in the hom)8.1(e,)]TJ -18.55 -1.15 TD -0.0004 Tw [(with friends of the sam)8.2(e)-0.8( age, and in the field. People from)8.2( Goyaum)8.2( and Dengdeng speak French)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tw [(as well as Gbete in the fields and with friends of the s)4.6(a)-0.8(m)8.2(e)-0.8( age. In the ch)5.4(iefs hom)8.2(e where we)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (stayed for two days, we heard )Tj 12.195 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(ch)5.8(ild)5.8(ren speak)5.8(ing Fren)5.8(ch to each)]TJ 13.215 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0014 Tw [( other and with their m)8.2(o)0.4(thers.)]TJ -25.41 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(One m)8(a)-1(n told us that when the m)8(o)0.2(ther of a fa)]TJ 18.11 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(m)8.2(ily is from)8.2( another language group, she often uses)]TJ -18.11 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(French with he)4.5(r children u)5.7(n)0.7(til she lea)4.5(r)-1.3(ns to sp)5.7(eak Gbete p)5.7(r)-1.3(of)3.7(icien)5.7(tly.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(W)9.3(ithin the schools French is the language of th)]TJ 18.89 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(e classroom)8.1( and of inst)]TJ 9.215 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0024 Tw [(ruction. Teach)5.8(ers try to)]TJ -28.105 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (enforce the French-only rule during recess, but pare)Tj 20.72 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (nts tell us that when their children are out of)Tj -20.72 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(the teachers earsho)5.4(t, they p)5.4(r)-1.6(efer to speak Gbete.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw (Gbete speakers use their MT for all traditi)Tj 16.805 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(onal cerem)8.2(onies, announcem)8.2(ents, and local council)]TJ -16.805 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(m)8.5(eetings where only Gbete chiefs are pres)4.9(ent.)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0 -2.31 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw (Religious Domains)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.14 TD [(There are a num)8.2(ber of different Christian denom)8.2(ina)]TJ 20.685 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw (tions present in this area. All of the villages)Tj -20.685 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.002 Tw [(also have a Muslim)8.6( presence.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(One denom)8.1(i)-1.9(nation uses French, Ewondo, and Gbete )]TJ 21.085 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (for prayers. Attendants sing in French,)Tj -21.085 -1.145 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(Ewondo, Gbete, and Pol. The lead)5.3(er m)8.1(o)0.3(st often pr)]TJ 20.08 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0023 Tw [(eaches in Fren)5.7(ch while som)8.5(e)-0.5(one translates into)]TJ -20.08 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(Gbete. In another denom)8.2(ination people pray a)]TJ 18.36 0 TD -0.0001 Tc (nd sing in the MT, French, Ewondo, and Bulu. The)Tj -18.36 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(leader m)8.3(o)0.5(st often preaches in French while som)8.3(e)]TJ 19.575 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw [(one trans)4.6(l)-1.8(ates into the MT. One kind of service)]TJ -19.575 -1.15 TD -0.0004 Tw [(is entirely French, but m)8.2(e)-5.8(m)8.2(b)0.4(ers feel)]TJ 14.44 0 TD -0.001 Tw ( free to pray in their own languages.)Tj -14.44 -2.3 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(The three v)5.6(illages we v)5.6(i)-1.6(sited have a Muslim)]TJ 17.685 0 TD -0.0006 Tw [( community. Most of the Muslim)8.4( prayers and)]TJ -17.685 -1.15 TD -0.0018 Tw [(religious s)4.8(e)-0.6(rvices are en)5.6(tirely in)]TJ 12.775 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [( Arabic, bu)5.5(t som)8.3(e)-0.7(tim)8.3(es the leader will translate parts of the)]TJ -12.775 -1.15 TD 0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(servic)4.9(e in)6.1(to Gbete.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(In summ)7.9(ary, the Gbete language plays a vital part )]TJ 20.16 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw (in the daily lives of its)Tj 8.92 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( speakers. People speak)Tj -29.08 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(their MT in the hom)8.2(e, at the farm)8.2(, and a)-5.8(m)8.2(ong )]TJ 18.55 0 TD [(friends of the sam)8.2(e)-0.8( age. Gbete people speak)]TJ -18.55 -1.15 TD [(French m)8.1(o)0.3(st often when interacting with pe)]TJ 17.445 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(ople from)8( another language group although som)8(e)-0.9( of)]TJ -17.445 -1.15 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (the youth \(particularly those who grow up in Be)Tj 19.22 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(labo and in hom)8.4(es where the m)8.4(o)0.6(ther is not a)]TJ -19.22 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (native Gbete speaker\), use French)Tj 13.58 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw ( alongside Gbete. Gbete is also)Tj 12.385 0 TD ( alive and well in the public)Tj -25.965 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0019 Tw [(dom)8.3(a)-0.7(ins of village life. This shows that Gb)]TJ 17.28 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(ete peop)5.6(le have p)5.6(r)-1.4(ide in th)5.6(eir own language.)]TJ -17.28 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(Although French is the predom)8.1(inate language of)]TJ 19.385 0 TD [( the churches, the serm)8.2(on is nearly always)]TJ -19.385 -1.15 TD -0.0004 Tw [(trans)4.6(l)-1.8(ated into Gbete.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 355 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 269 0 R /TT4 266 0 R /TT12 289 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 259 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 257 0 R >> >> endobj 356 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 380 0 R /Resources 358 0 R /Contents 357 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 357 0 obj << /Length 6535 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 10.02 0 0 10.02 529.98 746.82 Tm /Cs6 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS1 gs 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj /TT10 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 708.84 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0024 Tw (3.3 Rapid Appraisal Recorded Text Test Results)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.54 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (Following is an evaluation of how well the Gb)Tj 18.61 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw (ete people understand Karang and Mbere, based)Tj -18.61 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(on their respon)5.5(se to a reco)5.5(rded te)]TJ 13.275 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (xt in each of these languages.)Tj /TT12 1 Tf -13.275 -2.155 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0026 Tw (3.3.1 Listener Response)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0024 Tw [(We watched each group to note their in)5.6(itial responses)]TJ 21.44 0 TD -0.0018 Tw [( as they listened to the tex)5.6(t)-1.6(s. W)9.5(h)0.6(en they)]TJ -21.44 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (heard the Mbere tape, every gr)Tj 12.275 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.004 Tw (oup identified the language as )Tj 12.245 0 TD -0.0004 Tw [(Mbum)8.2( Mbere right away. The)]TJ -24.52 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0019 Tw [(listeners were attentive and sm)8.3(iled as they li)]TJ 17.69 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (stened. They laughed at )Tj 9.75 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0025 Tw (appropriate places and)Tj -27.44 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw (whispered excitedly to their neighbors.)Tj 0 -2.3 TD -0.001 Tw (The response to the Karang tape was different. )Tj 18.915 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Everyone shook his or her head. There was som)7.9(e)]TJ -18.915 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0024 Tw (discussion as to the region wher)Tj 12.805 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (e this language is spoken, but on)Tj 13.025 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(ly the m)8.4(e)-0.6(n from)8.4( Goyaum could)]TJ -25.83 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (identify the place \(Touboro\) where people speak )Tj 19.69 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Karang. Most people sa)Tj 9.495 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw [(id they understand som)8.2(e)]TJ -29.185 -1.15 TD -0.0011 Tw (of the words but not enough to )Tj 12.53 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (catch the gist of the story.)Tj /TT12 1 Tf -12.53 -2.155 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0026 Tw (3.3.2 Level of Comprehension)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0015 Tw (To better find out how well they understood the texts,)Tj 21.5 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw ( we asked the listeners)Tj 8.995 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0025 Tw ( to translate the text)Tj -30.495 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(paragraph by paragraph. Everyone could summ)8(ari)]TJ 20.045 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(ze the m)8.3(a)-0.7(in events of the Mbere story, and)]TJ -20.045 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(they understood som)8.2(e)-0.8( of the details. Som)8.2(e)-0.8(tim)]TJ 18.545 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(es they m)8.4(i)-1.6(sunderstood the m)8.4(eaning of a phrase.)]TJ -18.545 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.001 Tw [(For exam)8.3(ple, when the speaker on the tape was de)]TJ 20.11 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (scribing the noise of his )Tj 9.8 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (heart beating in fear,)Tj -29.91 -1.15 TD -0.0004 Tw [(people from)8.2( Woutchaba thought he was descri)]TJ 18.61 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(bing the sound of som)8(e)-1(one knocking at the door.)]TJ -18.61 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc 0 Tw [(And som)8.6(e)-0.4(tim)8.6(es, they m)8.6(a)-0.4(de up events that)]TJ 16.695 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw ( did not actually )Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.004 Tw (happen in the story.)Tj -23.415 -2.3 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0018 Tw [(According to S)6.4(t)-2(alders ranking )]TJ 12.61 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(system)8.1( \(1996:26\), we rate the Gb)]TJ 13.33 0 TD -0.002 Tw (ete people as having a level two)Tj -25.94 -1.15 TD -0.0003 Tw [(or partial com)8.1(p)0.3(rehension of Mbum)8.1( Mbere. Men fr)]TJ 20.105 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(om)8.4( Goyaum)8.4( understood the text better than the)]TJ -20.105 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw (other groups but not well enough to )Tj 14.53 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(achieve a level three. W)9(h)0.1(en we)]TJ 12.485 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw ( asked how they rate their)Tj -27.015 -1.145 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0013 Tw (own understanding of the text, they said they unde)Tj 20.195 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (rstand it but not well. They say that the Mbere)Tj -20.195 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc [(speech is som)8.5(e)-0.5(what like their own, but that )]TJ 17.525 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(a young child could no)5.5(t understand it. Acco)5.5(rding to)]TJ -17.525 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(Stalder this m)8(eans that, There is a low probabil)]TJ 19.3 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw (ity for the use of transl)Tj 9.085 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw (ation in the test language)Tj -28.385 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (if the attitude is posi)Tj 8.17 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0024 Tw (tive, probable transla)Tj 8.41 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (tion need. \(1996:26\).)Tj /TT10 1 Tf -16.58 -2.16 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0023 Tw (3.4 Language Vitality and Viability)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.54 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (The chief concern of this section of the report is )Tj 19.44 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (to describe the vitality and viability of Gbete in)Tj -19.44 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0009 Tw (the presence of French, the official language of th)Tj 19.91 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (e East province. French )Tj 9.69 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw (is used as the language)Tj -29.6 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(of education and as LWC. W)9.2(ith this in m)8.1(i)-1.9(nd, )]TJ 18.245 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(it is im)8.4(portant to determ)8.4(ine whether Gbete will)]TJ -18.245 -1.15 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0021 Tw (continue to be used alongside French.)Tj 0 -3.45 TD -0.0013 Tw (Decker \(1993:1\) provides the followi)Tj 14.89 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (ng definition of language vitality:)Tj -11.89 -1.15 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Language vitality can be defined as: the pr)Tj 17.025 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (esence of factors that)Tj 8.47 0 TD -0.0003 Tw [( m)8.1(a)-0.9(intain a language)]TJ -25.495 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (community as a separate and united social )Tj 17.14 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw (group, who perceive of their language as an)Tj -17.14 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.002 Tw [(im)8.6(portant part of their identit)]TJ 11.67 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(y. 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In )]TJ 18.335 0 TD -0.0003 Tw [(our group interview with people from)8.1( W)9.2(outchaba)]TJ -18.335 -1.15 TD [(who live in Belabo, the people from)8.1( Woutchaba )]TJ 19.465 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0008 Tw (say that they understand and speak Vute. They)Tj -19.465 -1.15 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0016 Tw [(say tha)4.7(t)-1.3( they inte)4.7(rm)8.7(arry m)8.7(o)0.9(st of)3.9(ten with Vute)]TJ 18.245 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0027 Tw [( people and that the m)8.5(a)-0.5(jo)]TJ 10.08 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw (rity of the foreigners)Tj -28.325 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(\(although only a sm)8.4(all num)8.4(ber\) living in their villa)]TJ 20.335 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (ges are Vute speakers. 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Peopl)Tj 17.025 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(e from)8.4( Goyaum)8.4( learn Ewondo-Mongo well enough to)]TJ -17.025 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(speak it in the m)8.1(a)-0.9(rket. People from)8.1( Dengdeng say )]TJ 20.215 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(they m)8.4(o)0.6(st often interm)8.4(arry with the Gbaya)]TJ -20.215 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0004 Tw [(people. W)9.1(e)-0.9( met m)8.1(a)-0.9(ny Gbaya women in Dengdeng, )]TJ 20.715 0 TD -0.0004 Tw [(and som)8.2(e)-0.8( of the children speak Gbaya as)]TJ -20.715 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(well as Gbete in th)5.5(e hom)8.3(e.)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf 0 -2.155 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0025 Tw (3.2.2 Languages of Wider Communication)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(French is the m)8.4(o)0.6(st predom)8.4(inant language of )]TJ 17.86 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(wider comm)8(unication \(LWC\). Gbete speakers m)8(o)0.2(st)]TJ -17.86 -1.15 TD (often use French with people who do not sp)Tj 17.5 0 TD -0.0009 Tw (eak a language they know. Even when Gbete)Tj -17.5 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (speakers understand and speak another language, th)Tj 20.69 0 TD -0.0003 Tw [(ey often prefer to comm)8.1(unicate in F)6.4(r)-1.7(ench.)]TJ -20.69 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(For exam)8.4(ple, people from)8.4( Goyaum village w)]TJ 18.025 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(ho speak Gbaya, Pol, and Ewondo usually speak)]TJ -18.025 -1.15 TD -0.0011 Tw [(French when they m)8.2(eet speakers of these languages.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD -0.0004 Tw [(In som)8.2(e)-0.8( situations Mbum)8.2( also functions as a LW)9.2(C. For exa)-5.8(m)8.2(ple, when speaking with Mbere)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(speakers, Gbete and Mbere speakers use Mbum)8(. Pr)]TJ 20.465 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0014 Tw (ior to our survey, we thought that Fulfulde)Tj -20.465 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(m)8.3(a)-0.7(y be a LWC, but this is not true.)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf 0 -2.15 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0028 Tw (3.2.3 Language Attitudes)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(Speakers of Gbete W)9.3(outchaba and Gbete Vana hav)5.5(e)]TJ 20.965 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw ( very positive attitude)Tj 8.695 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw (s toward each other.)Tj -29.66 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(People from)8.4( each dialect feel th)5.6(at peop)5.6(le from)]TJ 18.515 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [( the other dialect are honest, and th)5.4(ey would be)]TJ -18.515 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0009 Tw [(happy for their children to m)8.3(a)-0.7(rry a person from)8.3( the other dialect.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(Attitud)5.7(e)-0.5(s toward Mbum)8.5( and Mbere are ve)4.5(ry pos)]TJ 19.305 0 TD -0.0012 Tw [(itiv)5.6(e as well. In a)4.4(ll the village)4.4(s where we)]TJ -19.305 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc [(conducted group interv)5.5(iews, people are op)5.5(en and )]TJ 19.885 0 TD 0.0004 Tc [(very willing to learn Mbum)8.2(. Every village)]TJ -19.885 -1.15 TD -0.001 Tw [(considers Mbum)8.1( as the best language to learn )]TJ 18.495 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw (to read and write after their own language. On)Tj -18.495 -1.15 TD -0.0002 Tw [(more than one occasion we heard the statem)8(en)]TJ 18.63 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (t, It would be just like learning our own)Tj -18.63 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw [(language. Another person said that the Mbum)8.1( la)]TJ 19.715 0 TD -0.0009 Tw (nguage is the origin of the Gbete language so,)Tj -19.715 -1.15 TD -0.0013 Tw (of course, they want to le)Tj 10.115 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0021 Tw (arn to read and write it.)Tj -10.115 -2.3 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0024 Tw (Gbete people like the languages of )Tj 14.105 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(the people with whom)8( they have contact. The second choice)]TJ -14.105 -1.15 TD -0.0009 Tw (in every village is an unrelated language wi)Tj 17.41 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw (th which the people have extensive contact. In)Tj -17.41 -1.15 TD [(Dengdeng, people choose Gbaya after Mbum)8.1( to learn )]TJ 21.69 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0016 Tw [(to read and write. In Goyaum)8(, Fulfulde is)]TJ -21.69 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(the second choice, and people from)8.2( Woutchaba c)]TJ 19.66 0 TD -0.0003 Tw [(hoose Vute after Mbum)8.1(. There is no consensus)]TJ -19.66 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0021 Tw (on the second choice of a language for literacy sinc)Tj 20.52 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(e each v)5.4(i)-1.8(llage interacts with d)5.4(i)-1.8(fferent people.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 362 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT4 266 0 R /TT12 289 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 259 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 257 0 R >> >> endobj 363 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 398 0 R /Resources 365 0 R /Contents 364 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 364 0 obj << /Length 5041 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 10.02 0 0 10.02 529.98 746.82 Tm /Cs6 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS1 gs 0.003 Tc 0 Tw (10)Tj /TT8 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 72 708.9 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.0056 Tw (WORDSURV RESULTS)Tj 0 -2.3 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw (Percentages Matrix)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.295 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(Gbete W)9.4(outchaba)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf 0 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (92)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 1 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw ( Gbete Vana \(Dengdeng\))Tj /TT2 1 Tf -1 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (82 80)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [( Mbum)8.4(-Mbere)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (79 78)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [( 89 Mbum)8.1(-Ngaoundere)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -3 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (62 62)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 3 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw ( 66 69 Karang)Tj /TT8 1 Tf -3 -3.455 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(Variance Ma)5.5(trix)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.295 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(Gbete W)9.4(outchaba)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT2 1 Tf 0.5 0 TD (5.8)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 1.25 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw ( Gbete Dengdeng)Tj /TT2 1 Tf -1.75 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( 9.2 9.4)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 4.25 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [( Mbum)8.4(-Mbere)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -4.25 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( 9.5 9.7)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 4.25 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [( 7.4 Mbum)8.1(-Ngaoundere)]TJ /TT2 1 Tf -4.25 -1.15 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (11.6 11.6)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 4.25 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw ( 11.4 11.1 Karang)Tj /TT12 1 Tf -4.25 -3.305 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0025 Tw (3.1.3 Choice of Reference Dialects)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw (The individual questionnair)Tj 11.055 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(e gives us the m)8(o)0.2(st insight in helping us choose a reference dialect.)]TJ -11.055 -1.15 TD [(When we asked the question, W)9(here do people speak the best Gbete?)-6(,)]TJ /TT8 1 Tf 28.855 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0.25 0 TD (the responses were)Tj -29.105 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(m)8.2(i)-1.8(xed. Two elders from)8.2( Gbete Vana, the chieftai)]TJ 19.635 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0012 Tw (n and her brother, who is second to the chief,)Tj -19.635 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(feel that p)5.8(e)-0.4(ople from)8.6( W)9.6(outchaba speak the b)5.8(e)-0.4(st )]TJ 19.275 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0013 Tw (Gbete. They say it is purer and closer to the)Tj -19.275 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(origin)5.7(al Gbete languag)5.7(e)-0.5(. This is sign)5.7(ificant b)]TJ 18.025 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(ecause people from)8.3( one dialect rarely adm)8.3(it that)]TJ -18.025 -1.145 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(people from)8.2( another dialect speak better than)]TJ 18.05 0 TD 0.0001 Tw [( they do. A young m)8.2(a)-0.8(n from)8.2( Dengdeng thinks that)]TJ -18.05 -1.15 TD -0.0008 Tw (the best Gbete is spoken in Dengdeng, and the chie)Tj 20.445 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0009 Tw [(f of Ha)-6.4(m)7.6(a)-1.4(n says that Gbete is spoken in the)]TJ -20.445 -1.15 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0015 Tw [(sam)8.8(e)-0.2( m)8.8(a)-0.2(nner everywhere.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (The two people we interviewed individually who )Tj 19.915 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(speak Gbete W)9.4(outchaba think that p)5.5(e)-0.7(ople from)]TJ -19.915 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw [(Woutchaba speak th)5.3(e best Gbete because the diffe)]TJ 20.075 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (rences in Gbete Vana are a result of borrowing)Tj -20.075 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(words from)8.2( other languages. They say that befo)]TJ 19.105 0 TD -0.0008 Tw (re the people on the east side of the river)Tj -19.105 -1.15 TD -0.0011 Tw [(separated from)8.1( Woutchaba, they all spoke Gb)]TJ 18.3 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(ete W)9.4(outchaba. Since representatives of the)]TJ -18.3 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc [(m)8.4(a)-0.6(jority of the population agree th)]TJ 13.915 0 TD 0.0005 Tc [(at W)9.3(outchaba is the center of )]TJ 11.94 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw (the Gbete language, we feel that)Tj -25.855 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw (Woutchaba should be the referen)Tj 13.22 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0026 Tw (ce dialect for the Gbete language.)Tj /TT10 1 Tf -13.22 -2.16 TD 0.0066 Tw [(3.2 M)13.6(u)1.4(ltilingualism)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf 0 -2.395 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.003 Tw [(3.2.1 Comprehension and Us)-5.8(e)]TJ /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0009 Tw (In this section we will discuss the langua)Tj 16.365 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (ges of which the Gbete people have acquired)Tj -16.365 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(intellig)5.6(ibility. Acquired)5.6( intelligib)5.6(ility refers to)]TJ 18.475 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0015 Tw [( a langu)5.8(age that is)5( learned th)5.8(rough ex)5.8(tensive)]TJ -18.475 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0023 Tw (contact as opposed to a language that is)Tj 15.805 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw [( understood due to linguistic sim)7.9(i)-2.1(larity.)]TJ -15.805 -2.3 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(The acquired in)5.7(telligib)5.7(ility am)8.5(ong the Gbete peop)]TJ 19.995 0 TD -0.0027 Tw [(le varies according to interm)8.5(arriage p)5.7(a)-0.4(tterns)]TJ -19.995 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(and geographical proxim)8.1(ity. Gbete people from)8.1( )]TJ 19.295 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(the west side of the Sanaga River are m)8.4(o)0.6(re)]TJ ET endstream endobj 365 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /TT2 269 0 R /TT4 266 0 R /TT8 260 0 R /TT10 340 0 R /TT12 289 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 259 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs6 257 0 R >> >> endobj 366 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 398 0 R /Resources 368 0 R /Contents 367 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 367 0 obj << /Length 5264 >> stream BT /TT4 1 Tf 10.02 0 0 10.02 534.96 746.82 Tm /Cs6 cs 0 0 0 scn /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj 12 0 0 12 72 708.96 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Woutchaba say that people who speak Gbete Vana )Tj 20.55 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.001 Tw (use different tones and speak with a slightly)Tj -20.55 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(different accen)5.8(t.)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf 0 -2.155 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0001 Tw (3.1.1 Inherent Intelligibility)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(As stated in the p)5.4(r)-1.6(eviou)5.4(s)-0.4( section, Gbete Vana )]TJ 18.47 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(and Gbete W)9.5(outchaba are inherently intelligi)8.5(b)5.7(le.)]TJ -18.47 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(The people from)8.1( Woutchaba and Dengdeng believe )]TJ 20.91 0 TD -0.0012 Tw [(Mbum)8.2( Ngaoundere \(referred to as Mbum)8.2(\) to)]TJ -20.91 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc [(be inherently intelligib)5.5(le as well. They s)4.7(a)]TJ 16.525 0 TD -0.0019 Tw [(y that comm)8.3(unication always takes p)5.5(l)-1.7(ace in each)]TJ -16.525 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(groups MT at a norm)8.2(a)-0.8(l conversational speed a)]TJ 18.86 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0039 Tw (nd that a six-year-old)Tj 8.53 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw ( child could understand)Tj -27.39 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(Mbum)8.2(. Although people from)8.2( Goyaum say they speak Gbete to Mbum)8.2( speakers and Mbum)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0024 Tw [(speakers respond in Mbum)8.4(, they do not think that)]TJ 19.865 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0032 Tw ( the two languages are close enough for a child)Tj -19.865 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw (of six to understand without co)Tj 12.42 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (ntact. Everyone agrees that )Tj 11.075 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (the Gbete people and the Mbum)Tj -23.495 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(people share the sam)8.4(e)-0.6( origins.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(People from)8.2( Dengdeng think that like Mbum)8.2(, Mber)]TJ 20.665 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw (e is inherently intelligible. They say that)Tj -20.665 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(conversation takes p)5.5(l)-1.7(ace in each groups m)8.3(o)0.5(ther t)]TJ 19.8 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(ongue, and they believe that a child of six can)]TJ -19.8 -1.15 TD -0.0003 Tw [(understand Mbere. W)9.1(outchaba initially agreed w)]TJ 19.55 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw [(ith the people from)8( Dengdeng; however, after)]TJ -19.55 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(hearing the Mbere tape, th)5.5(e listen)5.5(ers stated that )]TJ 19.135 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (a child of six could not understand Mbere. Gbete)Tj -19.135 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.001 Tw [(people ag)5.4(ree th)5.4(at they are linked with the Mber)]TJ 18.94 0 TD -0.0003 Tw (e people historically; )Tj 8.64 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(however, they claim)7.9( to)]TJ -27.58 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(share a m)8.6(o)0.8(re recen)5.8(t history with the M)]TJ 15.47 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(bum)8.3( people than with the Mbere people.)]TJ /TT12 1 Tf -15.47 -2.155 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0025 Tw (3.1.2 Lexicostatistical Analysis)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw (A synchronic analysis of the word lists was conduc)Tj 20.5 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw (ted with the aid of a )Tj 8.22 0 TD -0.0001 Tw [(lexicostatistic program)7.9(,)]TJ -28.72 -1.15 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(WORDSURV \()-7.1(W)8.7(i)-7.3(m)2.7(bish 1989\). This word list analysis)]TJ 22.085 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0015 Tw ( serves only as an in)Tj 8.08 0 TD 0 Tc (itial indicator of the)Tj -30.165 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(existing relationsh)5.4(i)-1.8(p between sp)5.4(eech form)8.2(s.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0018 Tw (In grouping words together into apparent cogna)Tj 19.05 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(tes, we have followed the inspection m)8.1(e)-0.9(thod.)]TJ -19.05 -1.15 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(This m)8.4(eans that we exam)8.4(ine the words, and if )]TJ 18.605 0 TD -0.0019 Tw [(they look like they could have com)8.5(e)-0.5( from)8.5( the)]TJ -18.605 -1.145 TD -0.0006 Tw [(sam)8.4(e)-0.6( root word, we group them)8.4( together.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(As we can expect from)8.1( the group interview, Gbete Vana and Gbete W)9.1(outchaba show a very high)]TJ 0 -1.15 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(degree of)3.8( lex)5.8(i)-1.4(ca)4.6(l sim)8.6(ilar)3.8(ity. The lowe)4.6(r per)3.8(centag)5.8(e)-0.4(s of)3.8( lexical s)5(i)-1.4(m)8.6(ilarity between the Gbete)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw (varieties and Karang than be)Tj 11.44 0 TD -0.0009 Tw [(tween Gbete and the two Mbum)8.2( West languages confirm)8.2( our)]TJ -11.44 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(analysis that Gbete is a Mbum)8.5( W)9.5(e)-0.5(st language.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0012 Tw (We did not anticipate that th)Tj 11.36 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(e Gbete varieties would exh)5.4(i)-1.8(bit )]TJ 12.745 0 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(approxim)8.6(ately the sam)8.6(e)-0.3( degree of)]TJ -24.105 -1.15 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(lexical sim)8.5(ilarity to Mbum)8.5(-Ngaoundere as to )]TJ 18.275 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(Mbum)8.2(-Mbere. 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These included the catechist of the )Tj 17.44 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (Catholic church in Dengdeng, the pastor of the)Tj -17.44 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.002 Tw (Adventist church in Dengdeng, and an elder )Tj 17.89 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (of the Presbyterian church in Belabo.)Tj /TT12 1 Tf -17.89 -2.155 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0021 Tw (2.2.2 Word Lists)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.395 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.001 Tw [(We checked the ex)5.4(isting word lists to verify th)]TJ 18.665 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(e data. The team)8.5( verified the Vana word lis)4.9(t in)]TJ -18.665 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0004 Tw [(Dengdeng and in Goyaum)8.1(. The Woutchaba word li)]TJ 20.495 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(st was checked in Belabo. W)9.1(e)-1( confirmed the)]TJ -20.495 -1.15 TD [(accuracy of both of the word lists, and we d)5.2(i)-2(d not no)5.2(te any chang)5.2(e)-1(s. [See appendix C.])]TJ /TT12 1 Tf 0 -2.155 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.003 Tw [(2.2.3 Rapid Appraisal Rec)-5.8(o)]TJ 12.17 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0023 Tw (rded Text Test \(RA-RTT\))Tj /TT4 1 Tf -12.17 -1.395 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (To verify the classification of )Tj 12.08 0 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(the Gbete language as Mbum)8.5( W)9.5(e)-0.5(st, the team)8.5( adm)8.5(i)-1.5(nistered a RA-)]TJ -12.08 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0014 Tw (RTT after the group interviews. 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[See m)7.8(a)-1.2(p 3 in appendix A.])]TJ /TT10 1 Tf 0 -2.16 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0023 Tw (1.4 Population)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -1.39 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(The people from)8.3( Dengdeng say their village has )]TJ 19.495 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (an interior population of four hundred people)Tj -19.495 -1.15 TD [(and an exterio)5.1(r)-1.9( population of three hundred. Ham)7.9(a)]TJ 20.265 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(n has a village p)5.5(opulation of less than fifty)]TJ -20.265 -1.145 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0006 Tw [(people. The village of Goyaum)8.4( has an inte)]TJ 16.995 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw (rior population of six )Tj 8.725 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (hundred and an exterior)Tj -25.72 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(population of one hundred. W)9.2(outchaba has an )]TJ 18.665 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw (interior population of 3,500 and an exterior)Tj -18.665 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(population of 1,500. 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Kari)]TJ 19.55 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0001 Tw ( Jordan-Diller and Jason Diller of SIL, Dr.)Tj -19.55 -1.15 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0002 Tw [(Engelbert Dom)8(c)-1(h-Teko and Gerald Ngwa of)]TJ 18.295 0 TD ( the University of Yaound I conducted the)Tj -18.295 -1.15 TD 0.0011 Tc 0 Tw [(resea)4.9(r)-0.9(ch.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0011 Tw (Previous research in this language)Tj 13.665 0 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0019 Tw ( includes two word lists in the )Tj 12.25 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (dialects of Gbete as defined by)Tj -25.915 -1.15 TD 0.0011 Tc (the)Tj /TT8 1 Tf 1.225 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw ( Atlas Linguistique du Cameroun)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 13.275 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.001 Tw [( \(referred t)-2.4(o)-0.2( as ALCAM\):)-2.4( )]TJ 10.58 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw (Kepere Voutchaba and Kepere)Tj -25.08 -1.15 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.001 Tw [(Dengdeng. 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Hagege \(1970\))Tj 14.03 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw [( classifies Gbete with Mbum)7.8( and Mbere, saying that the)]TJ -14.03 -1.15 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0005 Tw [(people refer to them)8.3(selves as Vana.)]TJ 0 -2.3 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0004 Tw [(We gratefully acknowledge th)5.4(e assistance a)]TJ 17.47 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(nd welcom)8.3(e received from)8.3( regional and local)]TJ -17.47 -1.15 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0003 Tw [(governm)8.1(e)-0.9(nt, church, and traditional leaders. )]TJ 17.885 0 TD [(W)9.1(ithout their cooperation this m)8.1(i)-1.9(ssion would not)]TJ -17.885 -1.15 TD (have been possible.)Tj /TT10 1 Tf 0 -3.31 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0021 Tw (1.1 Linguistic Classification)Tj /TT4 1 Tf 0 -2.54 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0009 Tw (The language is listed as Gbete [355] in)Tj 15.915 0 TD -0.0002 Tw ( ALCAM \(Dieu and Renaud 1983\). 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