TURKS  . The words " Turk " and " See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish " are used in three senses, See also:

• POLITICAL

political, linguistic and ethnological . Politically, Turk means a See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan subject of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East at any See also:

• RATE

rate it is not employed in speaking of Christians, and its application to See also:

• ARABS

Arabs, Albanians, Kurds, &c., living in Turkey, though not unusual, is hardly correct . The linguistic use of the name, by which it designates a well-marked See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Ural-Altaic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and their speakers, is the most satisfactory . The languages in question are easily identified and defined (see below), and there can be little doubt that they were spoken by the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people called Turks since the 6th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era . Ethnographically, the use of the word presents difficulties, for it is not easy to differentiate the Turks by physique or customs from allied tribes such as the Finno-Ugrians, Mongolians and Manchus . The See also:

• BASHKIRS

Bashkirs, who are probably of Finno-Ugrian stock, speak a Turkish See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, and the See also:

• MAGYARS

Magyars, who speak a Ugrian language, have many Turkish characteristics . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day there is no difficulty in making a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical distinction between Turks and See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols . The former speak Turkish languages, are Moslems by See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, live almost entirely in the western See also:

• HALF

half of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and fall within the Arabic, and to some extent the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European, See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence; the latter speak Mongolian languages, are Buddhists by religion, live in the eastern half of Asia and fall within the sphere of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese influence . Yet both Turkish and Mongol traditions represent the two nations as descended from two See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers: Jenghiz See also:

• KHAN (from the Turki, hence Persian and Arabic Khan)

Khan, the founder of the Mongol See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, must have had large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Turks in his armies, for the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief traces See also:

• LEFT

left in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe of the Mongol invasions are the settlements of Turkish-speaking See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; and the name of his son, Jagatai, is commonly used for a Turkish See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at;, to converse)

dialect and khanate in the regions of the See also:

• OXUS

Oxus . In Central Asia the distinctions between tribes, nations and races are unusually fluid: we are dealing with predatory nomads for ever fighting with one another or with the settled populations See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round them .

The conquerors enslaved the men and married the See also:

• WOMEN

women of the conquered. a successful See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader attracted round his See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard men of different tribes and languages . The See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of See also:

• JANISSARIES (corrupted from Turkish yeni cheri, new troops)

janissaries instituted by the Turks in Europe is no doubt an See also:

• ILLUSTRATION

illustration of what happened during many centuries in Asia . The Turks after taking See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople claimed from the Christian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population a certain number of male See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, who were brought up as Turkish soldiers with few ties or principles except obedience to their See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . There was thus a large class, of Turkish speech and Turkish habits, who had absolutely no Turkish See also:

• BLOOD

blood in their See also:

• VEINS

veins . In addition to this, intermarriage has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to so large an extent that the See also:

• MODERN

modern Turks are almost entirely European in physique . Similarly, no doubt, among the hordes of Central Asia the youths of conquered tribes were absorbed and assimilated by the conquerors and lost their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original language . Such transformations were facilitated by the fact that there was no See also:

• GREAT

great difference in the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and customs of these tribes . They were all nomadic, mostly horsemen, and rapacious . As they settled down from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time they borrowed a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal from their more civilized neighbours, but their natural manner of See also:

• LIFE

life was See also:

• SIMPLE

simple and untrammelled . The Turkish-speaking tribes were apparently the most See also:

• MOBILE

mobile and adventurous . Starting from the confines of See also:

• CHINA

China they reached See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria and the walls of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . They probably formed a large contingent in the hordes of Jenghiz and of the See also:

• HUNS

Huns, and perhaps the See also:

• PETCHENEGS, or PATZINAKS

Petchenegs, See also:

• AVARS

Avars and Comans all belonged to this See also:

• GROUP

group .

In comparison with them the Mongol and Manchu-speaking tribes, though conquerors in the East on no mean See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, seem stationary- and inactive, while the Finno-Ugrians are See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad hunters rather than warriors . To the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the Turks it must be said that, See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad as is their See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration when judged by European See also:

• STANDARDS

standards and especially when applied to Europeans, the empires of the See also:

• SELJUKS

Seljuks, Osmanlis and Moguls which they founded rise far above the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary standard of ephemeral See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental dynasties . The effect of Turkish invasions has been in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main destructive, but they have also played a considerable See also:

• PART

part in transporting both ideas and commodities from one end of the old See also:

• WORLD

world to the other . The achievement by which they are best known—the transplantation of Mahommedanism on to European See also:

• SOIL

soil—is a remarkable, though not successful, feat of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . But they are also largely responsible for the introduction of Mahommedanism into India, for carrying Nestorian See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity and See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship into China, and for the overland intercourse between China and India which fostered if it did not introduce Chinese See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism . They exported Chinese See also:

• SILK

silk to See also:

• BYZANTIUM

Byzantium, and the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Buddhist See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple fn See also:

• JAPAN

Japan contains Persian See also:

• OBJECTS

objects which must have been brought across Asia by their caravans . Divisions.—At the present day the name Turk is applied primarily to the people who have conquered Constantinople and the regions known as Turkey, but the following may be classed as Turkish in the sense of belonging to the same group linguistically and to some extent racially: 1 . The Yakuts are a Siberian tribe who inhabit the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country near the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle and See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LENA

Lena, including See also:

• YAKUTSK

Yakutsk and Verkhoyansk on the Yana . Their language is purely Turkish, though differing considerably from the more western Turkish idioms, but they have largely intermingled with the See also:

• TUNGUSES

Tunguses . They are said to be industrious and skilful alike as artisans, traders and agriculturists . They are nominal Christians, but preserve much of their old nature worship . 2 .

Tatar (q.v.) or See also:

• TARTAR

Tartar is a popular name which in its most correct sense is applied to Turkish-speaking Moslems in Russia, who number over three millions and are mostly remnants of the Mongol invasion which took place in the 13th century . But it is also extended rather loosely to various tribes in See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia and elsewhere who speak Mongolian, Finnish or other languages . The following classes of Tatars speak Turkish languages: (a) The Kazan Tatars, numbering perhaps a million . Their centre is in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Kazan, but they extend down both banks of the See also:

• VOLGA (known to the Tatars as Etil, Jill or Atel; to the Finnish tribes as Rau, and to the ancients as Rha and Oarus)

Volga as far as the government of See also:

• SARATOV

Saratov . (b) The See also:

• ASTRAKHAN

Astrakhan Tatars, numbering only about 'See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c.;, and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon . (c) The Bashkirs, whose headquarters are in the government of See also:

• UFA

Ufa . They appear to be a tribe of Finnish origin who have adopted a Turkish language . (d) The Tatars of the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea, sometimes called the Krim or Nogai Tatars, who occupied the Crimea in the 13th century and had a considerable See also:

• EMPIRE

empire from the 15th to the 17th century . There are also Nogai Tatars in the See also:

• CAUCASUS

Caucasus and See also:

• KUBAN

Kuban country . (e) There are considerable bodies of Tatars in See also:

• RUMANIA
• RUMANIA, or ROUMANIA [Romdnia]

Rumania and See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria, who appear to be Nogais who have emigrated from the Crimea, See also:

• BESSARABIA

Bessarabia and other parts of Russia . (f) The Tatars of the Caucasus seem to be for the most part See also:

• AZERBAIJAN (also spelt ADERBIJAN; the Azerbadegan of medieval writers, the Athro patakan and Atropatene of the ancients)

Azerbaijan Turks mingled with Armenian, Georgian, Lesghian and other blood . But the name is often loosely applied to any Mahommedan Caucasian tribe .

3 . See also:

• KIRGHIZ

Kirghiz (q.v.),' nomadic tribes amounting to about three million souls who are found chiefly in See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Russia . They fall into two chief divisions . (a) The Kazaks, who inhabit the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern and eastern parts of the See also:

• ARAL

Aral-See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, including the government of See also:

• ORENBURG

Orenburg . They do not See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves Kirghiz, and apparently the name has been given them by the Russians in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order not to confuse them with the See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks . (b) The Kara-Kirghiz, who are the less numerous division, live in See also:

• DZUNGARIA, DSONGARIA, or JTNGARIA

Dzungaria, in the See also:

• ALTAI (in Mongolian Altain-ula, the " Mountains of Gold ")

Altai, about lakes See also:

• BALKASH, or BALKHASH (called by the Kirghiz Ak-denghiz or Ala-denghiz and by the Chinese Si-hai)

Balkash and Issyk-kul, and extend southwards to the See also:

• PAMIRS

Pamirs and the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the Oxus . Someof them inhabit Chinese territory . Both divisions live chiefly on the produce of their herds . Their chief drink is See also:

• KOUMISS

koumiss, or fermented See also:

• MARE

mare's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk . 4 . The Kara-Kalpaks (q.v.) or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black-caps, who inhabit the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern shores of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea of Aral, are sometimes classed with the Kirghiz, but seem to be a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• TURKI

Turki stock . They are a feeble See also:

• RACE

race, apparently in See also:

• PROCESS

process of extinction, and now number only about 50,000 .

5 . Uzbeg is a political and not an ethnological See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination . It is derived from Uzbeg Khan of the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden See also:

• HORDE

Horde (1312-1340), and was subsequently used at the beginning of the 16th century to designate the adherents of Shaibani Khan . Finally it was employed as the name of the ruling tribes in the Central Asian khanates (much like Osmanli in Turkey), in opposition to Kirghiz and Sarts, as well as to non-Turkish tribes . The Uzbegs are accordingly a mixed race, but the elements of which they are composed are mostly Turkish . Their numbers have been estimated at about two millions . They are mostly agriculturists or dwellers in cities, not nomads . 6 . Sart is the name commonly given to the Turkish-speaking See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban population of the Central Asian khanates . It is opposed to See also:

• TAJIK, or PARSIWAN

Tajik, which denotes the agricultural, Iranian-speaking population, but both words are used very loosely and have come to mean little more than See also:

• TOWN

town and country people . Sart and Uzbeg are also opposed in the meanings of See also:

• COMMON

common people and See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy, but many Sarts claim Uzbeg descent . The word is hardly suitable for scientific use, but is employed by See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian writers as the name of the Turkish language spoken in See also:

• BOKHARA (Bokhara-i-Sherif)
• BOKHARA, or BUKHARA (the common central Asian pronunciation is Bukhara)

Bokhara, See also:

• SAMARKAND

Samarkand and See also:

• FERGHANA, or FERGANA

Ferghana .

7 . The various Turkish tribes found on the eastern slopes of the Tian Shan, in See also:

• KASHGAR

Kashgar, Yarkand, See also:

• KHOTAN (locally ILcm)

Khotan, &c., are the descendants of the ancient Uighurs or Ouighours . These people were probably the most eastern branch of the Turks who remained behind when the first westward movements were made, but subsequently moved westward themselves . They ruled in Kashgaria from the loth to the 12th centuries, and, like other branches of the Turks, adopted Mahommedanism . They continued, however, to use a variety of the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet introduced by Nestorian missionaries, and a See also:

• BOOK

book, the Kudatku Bilik, composed in their language about 1065, is extant . The Taranchis, an agricultural tribe of the See also:

• ILI

Ili basin, seem also to belong to this group . The Turkish spoken in Kashgaria, &c., is often distinguished as Turki . 8 . See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul, Moghul or Mughal, appears to be the same word as Mongol, but is commonly restricted to the tribes who invaded northern India from Ferghana in 1526 under See also:

• BABER

Baber (or Babar) and established the Mahommedan Empire of See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi . See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs written by Baber in Jagatai Turkish are extant . 9 . The Koibals and Karagasses of the upper See also:

• YENISEI

Yenisei are perhaps of Finnish stock, but they speak languages akin to the Kashgarian Turki .

They are sometimes called Tatars . to . See also:

• TURKOMAN

Turkoman or Turkman is the name usually given to the nomadic tribes who inhabit the country between the Caspian and the Oxus . They appear to be a branch of the Western Turks and not essentially different from the Osmanlis or Azerbaijanis, except that until the Russian occupation of Mery they remained in the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of predatory See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• RIDING

riding nomads, much feared by their neighbours as " See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man-stealing Turks." They are divided into many tribes, of which the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal are (a) The Chaudors in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western part of the Ust-Urt and near the Kara-boghaz Gulf . (b) The Yomuts or Yamuds extending from See also:

• KHIVA

Khiva across the Ust-Urt and along the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Caspian to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . (c) The Goklans or Goklens settled in the Persian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• ASTARABAD

Astarabad . They are said to be the most civilized and friendly of all the Turkomans . (d) The Tekkes, who were the most important tribe when the Russians conquered Transcaspia . They are first heard of in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Mangishlak, but were driven out by the Kalmuks in 1718, and subsequently occupied the Akhal and Mery oases . The Russians inflicted a crushing defeat on them at Geok-Tepe in 1881 . (e) The Sakars inhabit the left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Oxus near Charjui . (f) The Sariks are found in the neighbourhood of See also:

• PANJDEH, or PENJDEH

Panjdeh and Yulatan .

(g) The Salors, an old and important tribe, suffered much in the course of fights with the Tekkes and in 1857 migrated to Zarabad in Persian territory near the Hari-rud . (h) The Ersaris are now chiefly found near Khoja Salih . They were once a very important tribe on the upper Oxus . (i) The See also:

• ALI

Ali-See also:

• ELIS
• ELIS, or ELEIA
• ELIS, PHILOSOPHICAL SCHOOL OF

elis live near See also:

• ANDKHUI

Andkhui . r 1 . The Turkish nomads scattered over Persian territory are often known by the name of Azerbaijanis or Adharbaijanis, though this name is strictly applicable only to the inhabitants of the province of Azerbaijan (q.v.), of which See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz is the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . They are the descendants of various bodies of Turks who have wandered into Persia at various times, but more particularly of the Ghuzz tribes (the Wen of the Greeks) who invaded it during the Seljuk See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis;, way, road)

period . They are also known as Ilat or Iliyat, meaning tribes, and each tribe has its own chieftain or Ilkhani appointed by the shah . Among the tribes are (1) The Kajars, who dwelt in See also:

• TRANSCAUCASIA

Transcaucasia until Abbas the Great (1585–1628) forced a portion of them to See also:

• SETTLE
• SETTLE, ELKANAH (1648–1724)

settle near Astarabad . The present See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta;, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty of Persian Shahs comes from this tribe . (2) The Afshars or Awshars are a very numerous tribe in the province of Azerbaijan . Another division of them is found in the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-See also:

• TAURUS (" the Bull ")

taurus .

(3) The Shekakis and Shah-seven . The latter is a political name which has become hereditary, " those who love the shah," i.e. partisans of the Safawi dynasty (1499–1736), and of the Shiite faith . (4) The Karakoyunlu living near the town of See also:

• KHOI

Khoi . In the south of Persia are found (5) the Abulwerdis, (6) the Kara-Gozlu, (7) the Baharlu, (8) the Inamlu and (9) the Kashkai . These last perhaps include the Khalaches or Khalaj who were already settled near See also:

• HERAT

Herat before the arrival of the Seljuks, and from whom sprang the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian dynasty known as Khalji (1290-1320) . 12 . The Turks now inhabiting the Turkish Empire fall into various categories and have entered it at various times . a . The Osmanlis or Ottomans . This word is loosely used to mean any Mahommedan subject of the sultan, though even then it is not generally extended to Arabs and Albanians . Used more strictly it means the See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan of See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman and their descendants as opposed to Seljuks and other Turks . The name is genealogical rather than ethnic; for though the exploits of the Osmanlis have given them an importance in modern See also:

• HISTORY

history far exceeding that of all the other tribes, they are not distinguished from them in language or customs .

According to tradition the clan came from See also:

• KHORASAN, or KHORASSAN (i.e. " land of the sun ")

Khorasan, supported the Seljuks and received in return the See also:

• FIEF

fief of Eskishehr . In the 14th century they took See also:

• BRUSA, or BROUSSA (anc. Prusa)

Brusa from the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Empire and established a See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom there which withstood the See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of Timur's invasion (1402) . In 1453 they captured Constantinople . Until recently Turkish Mahommedans always employed the words Osmanli and Osmanlija to describe themselves and their language, and avoided the expressions Turk and Turkche as signifying semi-civilized tribes, but in the last twenty years the older words have again come into use as See also:

• NATIONAL

national designations . b . There must be many Turks in the See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman dominions who have no claim to be called Osmanlis in the strict sense . Byzantine authors mention a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of 30,000 Turks on the See also:

• RIVER

river Vardar in See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the 9th century, and many Turks in Europe are still called Koniots or Konariots and claim to be descendants of the Seljuks . After the defeat of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus at Manzikert (1071) '_lurkomans and Turks of every description poured into Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor . The Tatars of the See also:

• DOBRUDJA (Bulgarian Dobritch, Rumanian Dobrogea)

Dobrudja also seem to be an ancient See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement . c . The Kizil-Bash, or red-heads, who are found in the plains of Asia Minor about See also:

• ANGORA, or ENGURI

Angora, See also:

• TOKAT (Armenian Evtoghia, anc. Dazimon)

Tokat and Karahissar, differ somewhat from the surrounding Turkish population in both physique and customs . They appear to be immigrants from Persian territory, where some of them still remain .

They are industrious agriculturists and their women enjoy unusual freedom . They call themselves Eski-Turk or old Turks, and have a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret religion in which Shiite tenets seem to be combined with See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan (or possibly Christian) elements . d . In various parts of western and See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Asia Minor, particularly the plains of See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, are nomadic Turkoman tribes called by the Turks Yiiriik or Gyochebe . They are even found near See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna . They are a peaceful race, with See also:

• FAIR

fair complexions and a See also:

• FINE

fine physique, and are great See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel breeders . Though they do not appear to have a religion of their own like the Kizil Bash, they are only nominally Mahommedans . Besides the peoples mentioned above, a number of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct tribes may have been Turkish-speaking, though in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of linguisticrecords no certain conclusion is possible . Such are the Huns See also:

• EPHTHALITES, or WHITE HUNS

Ephthalites, Avars, Bulgars, See also:

• KHAZARS (known also as Chozars, as 'Aal r?'rpor or X6 apor in Byzantine writers, as Khazirs in Armenian and Khwalisses in Russian chronicles, and Ugri Bielii in Nestor)

Khazars, Comans and Petchenegs . The name Hun is perhaps identical with the Chinese Hiung-nu or with the Turkish word for ten, on or un, meaning the ten tribes . Of the Avars really nothing is known: they were an extremely barbarous people who made no settlements and disappeared as suddenly as they came . They have been identified with the Jwen-Jwen of the Chinese .

The name of the Khazars has a Turkish See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound : they were a relatively civilized people and had a kingdom in the neighbourhood of Astrakhan and the north Caspian which lasted for several centuries . The original Bulgarians were certainly not Slays, though they acquired a See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic language, but it is more probable that they were Finno-Ugrians than Turks . The Petchenegs, also called Ilae;-tviLCai or IZari'See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea/cLTat in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Bisseni in Latin, are said to have been driven into Europe from the lower Ural by the Ghuzz (Oul'oi) at the end of the 9th century, and wandered about the northern frontiers of the Byzantine Empire for about 300 years . Perhaps some of them settled in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and Bulgaria . They were, like the Avars, very barbarous and were probably Turks, for See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Comnena says they spoke the same language as the Comans . This dialect is known by the so-called Codex Cumanicus . Coman or Kuman is a name given by Europeans to the tribes who occupied See also:

• MOLDAVIA

Moldavia and the adjacent regions in the middle ages . See also:

• RUBRUQUIS (or RUBROUCK), WILLIAM OF

Rubruquis speaks of the Coman Kipchaks, and it is probable that the Comans were a hybrid Turkish tribe . History.—The invasions and conquests of the later Turkish dynasties See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an important part of the history of the world and are treated in such articles as TURKEY; SELJUKS; TIMUR; MOGULS . Here it is proposed to See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os;, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch the earlier wanderings and agglomerations (for they can hardly be called kingdoms) of Turkish tribes in eastern and central Asia . Much new in-formation on this subject has been made accessible in the last twenty years by the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery near the river Orkhon, to the south of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• BAIKAL (known to the Mongols as Dalai-nor, and to the Turkish tribes as Bai-kul)

Baikal, of Turkish See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions dating from the 8th century A.D., and by the publication of materials furnished by Chinese writers . But authorities are still not entirely agreed as to the See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology of the events recorded or the identity of the names which appear in Turkish, Greek and Chinese forms, so that the following See also:

• SUMMARY

summary is for many periods tentative .

From 1400 B.C. onwards, but especially about 200 B.C., Chinese history contains notices of warlike nomads called Hiung-nu or Hsiung-nu, who were a danger to the empire . Their political power See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke up in the early centuries of this era before the advance of the Sien-pi and Tobas, who appear to have been Tunguses, and from whom arose the Wei dynasty of northern China . In A.D . 433 a Hiung-nu clan called Asena or A-shih-na, disliking the See also:

• RULE

rule of the Wei, moved eastwards and sought the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a people called Jeu-Jen or Jwen-Jwen, who were also a kind of Hiung-nu . They are the Geougen of See also:

• GIBBON
• GIBBON, EDWARD (1737–1794)

Gibbon and others, and their identity with the Avars has been affirmed and disputed with equal confidence . The Asena served the Jwen-Jwen as workers in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and lived not far from the modern See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Shan-Tan in Kan-suh . In this neighbourhood was a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.;)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill called from its shape Turku, Durku or T'u-chiieh, meaning See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.;)

helmet, and this is said be to the origin of the national name which has become so celebrated . The name Tu-Kiue (Tou-Kiue) or Turk is first used by the Chinese in recording the events of A.D . 545, and the following years, when the Turks, or descendants of the Asena, revolted against the Jwen-Jwen . These latter were crushed and disappear from history, at least under that name . The victorious Turks advanced across their territory, came into collision with the Hephthalites or Ephthalites, whom they defeated, and are heard of on the Oxus about A.D . 56o .

The period 546-582 marks the first brilliant See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of early Turkish history . The tribes were not divided and made the most astonishing advance under Tumen (who took the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Ili-Khan), his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Itsami or She-ti-mi (perhaps the Stembis of Greek writers), his son Mokan and Istami's son Tardu or Ta-t'eu . Though fifty years before only a servile clan in China, they sent an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy in 567 to the East See also:

• ROMAN

Roman emperor See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin II., as related by See also:

• MENANDER
• MENANDER (342–291 B.C.)
• MENANDER (MILINDA)

Menander See also:

• PROTECTOR

Protector (C . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller: Fragm. hilt. graec., vol. iv.) . The See also:

• OBJECT

object of this See also:

• MISSION

mission was to open up commercial relations, especially in the silk See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, with the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and to co-operate with the Greeks against the Persians, because the latter wished to make the Persian Gulf the only outlet for the silk trade, and with that object to hamper the communications of the Turks with Western See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, The ruler who sent this embassy is called in Greek Silziboulos or Dilziboulos, corresponding to the Sinjibu of Arab chroniclers and perhaps representing See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Sin-jabgu in old Turkish, the latter part being a title . He has been identified with Istami . Justin sent as See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to him in return a certain Zemark, who visited the khan at Ektel or Ektag ( ? Ak-dagh), and several subsequent embassies were exchanged . In 598 the khan Tardu wrote to the emperor See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, and in 62o—28 the Turks assisted See also:

• HERACLIUS ('HpaeXaos) (c. 575-642)

Heraclius in his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against Persia . Meanwhile the Turks had themselves split into two divisions with separate princes . A tendency towards division, very natural in so loose and extended a community, had been visible for some time, and the rupture was precipitated in 582 by the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u;', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Ta-lo-pien or Dalobian, who was angry at not being chosen khan . For a century and a half or so we hear of two khanates: the northern Turks, living near Lake Baikal and the southern tributaries of the Yenisei, and the western' Turks, who appear to have had two headquarters, one near Urumchi and one near Aulieata, north of See also:

• TASHKENT, or TASHKEND

Tashkent .

But their conquests, or at least their successful raids, extended very much farther to the west and south . In 63o the Chinese See also:

• PILGRIM

pilgrim Yuan Chwang (Hsuan Tsang) was well received by their khan, T'ung-she-ho, who exercised some kind of authority from Turfan to See also:

• MERV, MERU

Merv . The Chinese followed a consistent policy of spreading dissension among these dangerous tribes and of supporting the factions which were weak or distant against those who were strong or near . Accordingly they were friendly to the western Turks until they had conquered the northern Turks . This western branch lasted until about 750 as a political name . From about 55o till 65o they were See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, and, as mentioned, See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies of the east Roman Empire against the Persians . But about 65o the politics of the Nearer East were transformed by the conquests of the Arabs following on the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet . After subduing Persia in 639 they spread to Transoxiana . At the same time dissension prevailed among the western Turks themselves: the five tribes called Nu-she-pi, who lived west of Issyk-kul, quarrelled with the five tribes called Tu-lu living to the east of it . The Chinese fomented the See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel, and in 659 were able to declare that they annexed the whole territory of the western Turks, including at least Dzungaria, Tashkent, Ferghana, Bokhara, Khulm, See also:

• BADAKSHAN

Badakshan, See also:

• GHAZNI

Ghazni, See also:

• BAMIAN

Bamian, Udyana, Wakhan and See also:

• KARATEGHIN

Karateghin . But it would seem that neither the Turkish occupation nor the Chinese See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of most of these countries was effectivd . From 65o to 750 the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of them was disputed not only by the Turks and Chinese but by the Tibetans in the east and the Arabs in the west .

In the west, the campaigns of Qotaiba b . Moslim or Kutaiba (705—14) completed the Mahommedan See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Transoxiana (see See also:

• CALIPHATE

CALIPHATE, See also:

• SECT

sect . B § 6) . In the east the really effective power seems to have been exercised by a new Turkish tribe called Turgash, who had capitals at Tokmak and in Ili . For the history of the northern Turks' our only authorities are the Orkhon inscriptions and Chinese writers . The half-century following on the division was prosperous for the north-ern as well as for the western Turks, and they menaced China; but in .63o the Chinese conquered them . This is the Chinese See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude mentioned in the inscriptions . In 682 Kutluk (also called Elteres, which seems to be a title) re-established a Turkish See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state on the Orkhon . He was succeeded by his brother Kapagan (or Me-Chuo), who subdued the Turgash, or perhaps merely drove them southwards, early in the 8th century, and was succeeded by Bilga Kagan of the inscriptions . This northern khanate was destroyed by a See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition of the Karluk, See also:

• UIGHUR, or OUIGHOUR

Uighur and Basmal in 744 . These peoples, like the Turgash, appear to have been Turkish; for though Turk was originally the name of the clan whose destinies in its northern and western branches have just' been sketched, yet there is no objection to the usage by which it is extended to the descendants 1 No better name seems forthcoming, but western Turks is a most inconvenient designation because It Is also used (and equally correctly) to signify the Osmanlis and Seljuks as opposed to the Turks of Transoxiana and Kashgar.of similar clans with similar customs and as far as is known similar languages . A See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of these pressed forwards from the east .

When first heard of, the Karluk inhabited the country on the Irtysh and the Urungu, and subsequently occupied Teles and Tokmak . The Uighurs belonged to the group of tribes known as Tdlds or T'ie-le and established themselves at Balasaghun (also known by the forms Kara-Balghasun, Kara-Balgassun and Balagasun: see See also:

• KARAKORUM (Turkish, " black stone debris ")

KARAKORUM) . This brings us to the middle of the 8th century . For the next two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years the Turkish See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in Central Asia, though it must have been numerous, does not cut any figure in history, which is filled with the See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles of Arab and Persian dynasties (see CALIPHATE; See also:

• SAMANIDS

SAMANIDS), but in the loth century we begin to hear of it again . Turkish adventurers founded the dynasty of Ghaznevids at Ghazni, and there was a Uighur kingdom in the east comprising Kashgar and Khotan . Boghra Khan, the ruler of this kingdom, was converted to See also:

• ISLAM

Islam at the end of the loth century, and it continued under various branches of Uighurs until 1120 . An interesting memorial of this period is the book Kudatku Bilik (see below) . More important politically is the rise of the Seljuks . They were the princely See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Kabaks, who were a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the group of tribes called Ghuzz (Oghuz, 0k m), and are heard of in Transoxiana about 985 . Their chieftains Toghrul and Chakir drove the Ghaznevids to India and established themselves as protectors of the Abbasid See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

caliph, who formally ceded his temporal power to them . (For the history of the dynasty see SELJUKS.) See also:

• ALP

Alp Arslan, the son of Chakir, defeated the Byzantines at Manzikert (1071), and prepared the way for the Ottoman conquests . His son Malik Shah ruled over nearly all the modern Turkey in Asia, and as far as the frontiers of China .

On his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1092 his empire broke up into several pieces . See also:

• KONIA

Konia became the capital of the sultanate of Asia Minor and various Seljuk dynasties established themselves in See also:

• KERMAN
• KERMAN (the ancient Karmania)

Kerman, See also:

• IRAK

Irak and See also:

• SYRIA

Syria . A new Turkish power was founded by the khans of Khiva, who are known as the Khwarizm-shahs . They were originally vassals of the Seljuks, with the title of tasdar or ewer-See also:

• BEARER

bearer, but became independent and conquered Khorasan and Irak . They had, however, to contend with yet another new arrival from the east, the Kara-Kitais . These also were probably Turks, and were pushed westwards from' China by the Kins . They conquered Kashgar, Khotan, Yarkand and later Transoxiana, pushing the Ghuzz tribes before them into Persia and See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan . Their See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince See also:

• BORE

bore the title of gur-khan, and the Khwarizm shahs did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to him till 1208, when they unsuccessfully revolted . But all these squabbling principalities were swept away in 1219 by the extraordinary See also:

• WAVE

wave of invasion which surged across Asia to Europe under Jenghiz Khan (q.v.) . After the death of Jenghiz his conquests were divided, and Transoxiana, Kashgar, Badakshan, See also:

• BALKH

Balkh and Ghazni were given to his second son Chagatai or Jagatai . Jenghiz and his family must have been Mongols, but the name Jagatai passed to the population and language of the countries about the Oxus . It does not appear that they ever ceased to be Turkish in speech and customs .

The hordes of Jenghiz must have comprised a considerable Turkish element; the Mongols had no inclination to settle in cities, and Jagatai himself lived near See also:

• KULJA (Chinese, Ili-ho)

Kulja in the extreme east of his dominions . Though the cities in western Central Asia suffered severely the people were not Mongolized, and Mahommedan learning even flourished . But otherwise the whole history of the Jagatai khanate, which lasted from 1234 to 1370, is a See also:

• CON

con-fused See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of dissensions with frequent intervals of anarchy . In 1321 it split into two khanates, Transoxiana and Dzungaria, and in 1370 collapsed before Timur . This great conqueror (1333—1404), who like Jenghiz had an extraordinary power of See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting and leading the hordes of Central Asia, was a native of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Samarkand and a Turk by descent . He conquered successively Dzungaria (1370), Persia and the Caucasus (1390), the Kipchaks on the Volga (1395), and Northern India (1398) . He then invaded Syria and Asia Minor, where he defeated but did not annihilate the Osmanlis . The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Timur did not retain his more distant conquests, but they ruled at Samarkand until 1499 with the usual struggles between different branches of the family . Their possessions included, at least from time to time, the northern parts of Afghanistan and Persia, as well as Transoxiana and See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan . They were one of the most enlightened and cultivated of Turkish dynasties . They beautified the cities of Central Asia and were patrcns of literature . The See also:

• LITERARY

literary languages were as a rule Arabic or Persian; Turkish was used more rarely and chiefly for See also:

• POETRY

poetry .

The Timurids were overthrown and succeeded by the Shaibani dynasty, a branch of the house of Juji, Jenghiz Khan's eldest son, to whom his See also:

• FATHER

father had assigned dominions in the region north of the kingdom of Jagatai . About 1465 a number of this clan migrated into the Jagatai khanate . They were given territory on the Chu River and were known as Uzbegs . About 1500 their chief, Mahommed Shaibani or Shahi Beg, made himself See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Transoxiana and founded the Uzbeg power . The chief opponent of the Uzbegs in their early days was Baber, who represented the house of Timur in the fifth See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation, but he ultimately led his armies in another direction and invaded India (1526), where he founded the Mogul Empire, a far more important state than the principalities of the Oxus . The Shaibanis continued to rule in these latter till 1583, and were followed by the houses of Astrakhan and Mangit; but it is not necessary to continue here the complicated chronicles of these dynasties . The Osmanlis, or house of Osman, the founders of the present Turkish Empire, appear to have been a clan similar to the early Seljuks or the present Turkomans of Transcaspia, who migrated into Asia Minor from Khorasan and made the neighbourhood of Brusa their headquarters . Their conspicuous position in history is mainly due to the fact that they attained pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence very See also:

• LATE

<a class="seealsoWord" onClick=