If we assume there is some arbitrary, unknown length header on the file, we can read the entire file and then rather than parsing the header, just take the final 512x512 bytes from the tail of the file:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from PIL import Image
import pathlib
# Slurp the entire contents of the file
f = pathlib.Path('image.raw').read_bytes()
# Specify height and width
h, w = 512, 512
# Take final h*w bytes from the tail of the file and treat as greyscale values, i.e. mode='L'
im = Image.frombuffer('L', (w,h), f[-(h*w):], "raw", 'L', 0, 1)
# Save to disk
im.save('result.png')
Or, if you prefer Numpy to Pathlib:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np
# Specify height and width
h, w = 512, 512
# Slurp entire file into Numpy array, take final 512x512 bytes, and reshape to 512x512
na = np.fromfile('image.raw', dtype=np.uint8)[-(h*w):].reshape((h,w))
# Make Numpy array into PIL Image and save
Image.fromarray(na).save('result.png')
Or, if you don't really fancy writing any Python, just use tail in Terminal to slice the last 512x512 bytes off your file and tell ImageMagick to make an 8-bit PNG from the grayscale byte values:
tail -c $((512*512)) image.raw | magick -depth 8 -size 512x512 gray:- result.png
hto500in my code as a quick check.