Rhodophyta

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: CAM
Cladus: Archaeplastida
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Rhodophyta

Subdivisiones: Cyanidiophytina - Proteorhodophytina - Eurhodophytina

Classes: Bangiophyceae - Compsopogonophyceae - Cyanidiophyceae - Florideophyceae - Porphyridiophyceae - Rhodellophyceae - Stylonematophyceae

+ Familiae (Classes, ordines incertae sedis): Pterocladiophilaceae

+ Genera (Classes, ordines, familiae incertae sedis): Callophycus – Chalicostroma – Enigma – Perinema – Rhododiplobia – Selkia

Name

Rhodophyta Wettstein (1901)

Synonyms

Rhodophyceae Ruprecht, 1851; Thuret, 1855; Rabenhorst, 1863
Rhodophycota Papenfuss, 1946
Rhodoplantae Saunders & Hommersand, 2004
Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro subregum)
Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, Prosyllabus Tracheoph.: lxxiii. 2001 (pro phylum)
Bangiophyta Vaga, Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 37: 646. 1952 (“Bangieae”) (pro phylum)
Porphyridiophyta Shameel, Pakistan J. Mar. Biol. 7: 24. 2001 (pro phylum)

References

Primary references

Wettstein, R. von 1901. Handbuch der systematischen Botanik. Vol. 1 pp. [i]–iv, [v], [1]–201. Leipzig & Wien [Vienna]: Franz Deuticke. Reference page. : 46, 182.

Additional references

Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page.
Saunders, G. W. & Hommersand, M.H. 2004. Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91(10): 1494–1507. (online) PDF DOI: 10.3732/ajb.91.10.1494 Reference page.
Kamiya, M., Lindstrom, S.C., Nakayama, T., Yokoyama, A., Lin, S.-M., Guiry, M.D., Gurgel, F.D.G., Huisman, J.M., Kitayama, T., Suzuki, M., Cho, T.O. & Frey, W. 2017. Rhodophyta. In: Syllabus of Plant Families, 13th ed. Part 2/2: Photoautotrophic eukaryotic Algae. (Frey, W. Eds), pp. [i]–xii, [1]–171. Stuttgart: Borntraeger Science Publishers. ISBN 978-3-443-01094-2. Reference page.
Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page.
Yoon, H.S., Nelson, W., Lindstrom, S.C., Boo, S.M., Pueschel, C., Qiu, H. & Bhattacharya, D. 2016. Rhodophyta. pp. 1–45. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_33-1 Reference page.
Muñoz-Gómez, S.A., Mejía-Franco, F.G., Durnin, K., Colp, M., Grisdale, C.J., Archibald, J.M. & Slamovits, C.H. 2017. The new red algal subphylum Proteorhodophytina comprises the largest and most divergent plastid genomes known. Current Biology 27: 1–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.04.054 Reference page.

Links

Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. Rhodophyta. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed 11 March 2018.
Rhodophyta in the World Register of Marine Species
Rhodophyta – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
IUCN link: Rhodophyta threatened species

Vernacular names

беларуская: Чырвоныя водарасці
български: Червени водорасли
čeština: Ruduchy
dansk: Rødalger
Deutsch: Rotalgen
English: Red Algae
eesti: Punavetiktaimed
euskara: Alga gorri
suomi: Punalevät
français: Rhodophycées, algues rouges
Gàidhlig: Feamainn dearg
galego: Algas vermellas
עברית: אדומיות
magyar: Vörösmoszatok
Bahasa Indonesia: Ganggang merah
日本語: 紅藻
ქართული: ძოწეული წყალმცენარეები
한국어: 홍조류
lietuvių: Raudondumbliai
македонски: Црвени алги
Nederlands: Roodalgen
norsk: Rødalger
polski: Krasnorosty
română: Algă roşie
русский: Красные водоросли
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Crvene alge
slovenčina: Červené riasy
slovenščina: Rdeče alge
српски / srpski: Црвене алге
svenska: Rödalger
Türkçe: Kırmızı algler
українська: Червоні водорості
Tiếng Việt: Tảo đỏ
中文: 紅藻门

Alternative classifications

Dixon (1973)

Dixon, P. S. (1973). Biology of the Rhodophyta. University Reviews in Biology No. 4. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, [1], [2].

Division Rhodophyta
- Class Bangiophyceae
  - Order Porphyridiales
  - Order Compsopogonales
  - Order Rhodochaetales
  - Order Bangiales
- Class Florideophyceae
  - Order Nemalionales
  - Order Gigartinales
  - Order Cryptonemiales
  - Order Rhodymeniales
  - Order Ceramiales

Pueschel & Cole (1982)

Pueschel, C.M. & Cole, K.M. 1982. Rhodophycean pit plugs: an ultrastructural survey with taxonomic implications. American Journal of Botany 69 (5): 703–720, [3].

Division Rhodophyta
- Class Bangiophyceae
- Class Florideophyceae
  - Order Palmariales
  - Order Corallinales
  - Order Gelidiales
  - Order Hildenbrandiales
  - Order Nemaliales
  - Order Batrachospermales
  - Order Bonnemaisoniales
  - Order Gigartinales
  - Order Cryptonemiales
  - Order Rhodymeniales
  - Order Ceramiales

[Note: the authors did not consider taxa in which pit plugs are absent or lack both caps and cap membranes.]

Gabrielson et al., in Margulis et al. (1990)

Gabrielson, P.W., Garbary, D.J., Sommerfeld, M.R., Townsend, R.A. & Tyler, P.L., 1990. 8. Phylum Rhodophyta. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 102-118. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [4].

Kingdom Protoctista
- Section II: Phyla without flagellated stages, but with complex sexual cycles
  - Phylum 8. Rhodophyta
    - Class Rhodophyceae

van den Hoek et al. (1995)

Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [5].

"Algae"
- Division Rhodophyta
  - Class Bangiophyceae
    - Order Porphyridiales (e.g., Porphyridium, Chroodactylon)
    - Order Rhodochaetales (e.g., Rhodochaete)
    - Order Erythropeltidales (e.g., Erythrotrichia)
    - Order Compsopogonales
    - Order Bangiales (e.g., Porphyra, Bangia)
  - Class Florideophyceae
    - Order Acrochaetiales (e.g., Audouinella)
    - Order Palmariales (e.g., Palmaria, Rhodophysema)
    - Order Nemaliales (e.g., Nemalion, Galaxaura)
    - Order Batrachospermales (e.g., Lemanea, Batrachospermum)
    - Order Corallinales (e.g., Lithophyllum, Jania)
    - Order Hildenbrandiales
    - Order Bonnemaisoniales
    - Order Gelidiales (e.g., Gelidium)
    - Order Gigartinales (e.g., Acrosymphyton, Dumontia, Chondrus, Mastocarpus)
    - Order Gracilariales
    - Order Ahnfeltiales
    - Order Rhodymeniales (e.g., Chylocladia)
    - Order Ceramiales (e.g., Polysiphonia, Callithamnion, Ceramium, Hypoglossum)

Doweld (2001)

Doweld, A.B. 2001. Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Tentamen systematis plantarum vascularium (Tracheophyta) [Prosyllabus Tracheophytorum. Опыт системы сосудистых растений]. LXXX + 110 pp. Moscow: Geos. ISBN 5-89118-283-1. Фундаментальная электронная библиотека «Флора и фауна» DJVU Google Books Reference page.

Regnum Rhodymeniobiota Doweld, 2001

Subregnum Cryptomonadobiotina Doweld, 2001
- Phylum 1: Cryptomonadophyta Pascher, 1931 ("Cryptophyta")
  - Class Goniomonadophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993
  - Class Cryptomonadophyceae Pascher ex Schoenichen, 1925 ("Cryptomonadinae")
Subregnum Glaucocystobiotina Doweld, 2001
- Phylum 1: Glaucocystophyta Skuja, 1954 ("Glaucophyta")
  - Class Glaucocystophyceae Skuja, 1954 (= Glaucosphaerophyceae Cavalier-Smith, 1993)
Subregnum Rhodymeniobiotina Doweld, 2001
- Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld, 2001
  - Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, 1982
- Phylum 2: Rhodymeniophyta Doweld, 2001
  - Class Bangiophyceae Wettstein, 1901 ("Bangiales")
  - Class Rhodymeniophyceae Doweld, 2001

Saunders & Hommersand (2004)

G. W. Saunders & M. H. Hommersand (2004). Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1494–1507, [6].

Kingdom Plantae

Subkingdom Rhodoplantae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subregnum nov.
- Phylum 1: Cyanidiophyta Moehn ex Doweld 2001
  - Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola et al., 1981
    - Order Cyanidiales T. Christensen 1962
- Phylum 2: Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901
  - Subphylum 1: Rhodellophytina Cavalier-Smith 1998
    - Class Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
      - Order 1 “Porphyridiales 1” (in Fig. 2; including Rhodella, on which the class and subphylum are based)
      - Order 2 Stylonematales K. Drew 1956 (Porphyridiales 2 in Fig. 2, includes Stylonemataceae K. Drew)
      - Order 3 Porphyridiales Kylin ex Skuja 1939 (Porphyridiales 3 in Fig. 2, includes Porphyridiaceae Skuja)
  - Subphylum 2: Metarhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
    - Class Compsopogonophyceae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand classis nov.
      - Order 1 Compsopogonales Skuja 1939: 34. (includes Boldiaceae Herndon and Compsopogonaceae Schmitz)
      - Order 2 Erythropeltidales Garbary et al. 1980 (includes Erythrotrichiaceae G.M. Smith [cf. Silva, 1996])
      - Order 3 Rhodochaetales Bessey 1907 (includes Rhodochaetaceae Schmitz)
  - Subphylum 3: Eurhodophytina G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subphylum nov.
    - Class 1: Bangiophyceae A. Wettstein 1901
      - Order Bangiales Nägeli 1847
    - Class 2: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
      - Subclass 1: Hildenbrandiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
        Order Hildenbrandiales Pueschel et K.M. Cole 1982: 718.
      - Subclass 2: Nemaliophycidae Christensen 1978
        Order Acrochaetiales
        
        Order Balbianiales
        
        Order Balliales
        
        Order Batrachospermales
        
        Order Colaconematales
        
        Order Corallinales
        
        Order Nemaliales Schmitz in Engler 1892
        
        Order Palmariales
        
        Order Rhodogorgonales
        
        Order Thoreales
      - Subclass 3: Ahnfeltiophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
        Order 1 Ahnfeltiales Maggs et Pueschel 1989: 349.
        
        Order 2 Pihiellales Huisman et al. 2003
      - Subclass 4: Rhodymeniophycidae G.W. Saunders et Hommersand subclassis nov.
        Order Bonnemaisoniales
        
        Order Ceramiales
        
        Order Gelidiales
        
        Order Gigartinales
        
        Order Gracilariales
        
        Order Halymeniales
        
        Order Nemastomatales
        
        Order Plocamiales
        
        Order Rhodymeniales Schmitz in Engler 1892: 19.

Yoon et al. (2006)

Yoon, H.S., Müller, K.M., Sheath, R.G., Ott, F.D., & Bhattacharya, D. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42: 482–492. DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2006.00210.x (PDF) Reference page.

Phylum Rhodophyta Wettstein 1901

Subphylum 1: Cyanidiophytina H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, subphylum nov.
- Class Cyanidiophyceae Merola, Castaldo, De Luca, Gambardella, Musacchio et Taddei 1981
Subphylum 2: Rhodophytina
- Class 1: Bangiophyceae Wettstein 1901
- Class 2: Compsopogonophyceae G. W. Saunders et Hommersand 2004
- Class 3: Florideophyceae Cronquist 1960
- Class 4: Porphyridiophyceae H. S. Yoon, K. M. Müller, R. G. Sheath, F. D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, class nov.
- Class 5: Rhodellophyceae Cavalier-Smith 1998
- Class 6: Stylonematophyceae H.S. Yoon, K.M. Müller, R.G. Sheath, F.D. Ott et D. Bhattacharya, classis nov.

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Ruggiero, M.A., Gordon, D.P., Orrell, T.M., Bailly, N., Bourgoin, T., Brusca, R.C., Cavalier-Smith, T., Guiry, M. D. & Kirk, P. M. (2015). A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms. PLoS ONE 10(4): e0119248, [7].

Superkingdom Eukaryota
- Kingdom Plantae [= Archaeplastida]
  - Subkingdom Biliphyta
    - Phylum Glaucophyta
      - Class Glaucophyceae
        Order Glaucocystales
    - Phylum Rhodophyta
      - Subphylum Cyanidiophytina
        Class Cyanidiophyceae
        Order Cyanidiales
      - Subphylum Eurhodophytina
        Class Bangiophyceae
        Order Bangiales
        
        Order Goniotrichales
        
        Class Florideophyceae
        Subclass N.N.
        Order Rhodachlyales
        
        Subclass Ahnfeltiophycidae
        Order Ahnfeltiales
        
        Order Pihiellales
        
        Subclass Corallinophycidae
        Order Corallinales
        
        Order Rhodogorgonales
        
        Order Sporolithales
        
        Subclass Hildenbrandiophyceae
        Order Hildenbrandiales
        
        Subclass Nemaliophycidae
        Order Acrochaetiales
        
        Order Balbianiales
        
        Order Balliales
        
        Order Batrachospermales
        
        Order Colaconematales
        
        Order Entwisleiales
        
        Order Nemaliales
        
        Order Palmariales
        
        Order Thoreales
        
        Subclass Rhodymeniophycidae
        Order Acrosymphytales
        
        Order Bonnemaisoniales
        
        Order Ceramiales
        
        Order Gelidiales
        
        Order Gigartinales
        
        Order Gracilariales
        
        Order Halymeniales
        
        Order Nemastomatales
        
        Order Peyssonneliales
        
        Order Plocamiales
        
        Order Rhodymeniales
        
        Order Sebdeniales
      - Subphylum Metarhodophytina
        Class Compsopogonophyceae
        Order Compsopogonales
        
        Order Erythropeltidales
        
        Order Rhodochaetales
      - Subphylum Rhodellophytina
        Class Porphyridiophyceae
        Order Porphyridiales
        
        Class Rhodellophyceae
        Order Dixoniellales
        
        Order Glaucosphaerales
        
        Order Rhodellales
        
        Class Stylonematophyceae
        Order Rufusiales
        
        Order Stylonematales
  - Subkingdom Viridiplantae
    - Infrakingdom Chlorophyta
    - Infrakingdom Streptophyta
      - Superphylum Charophyta
      - Superphylum Embryophyta
        Phylum Anthocerotophyta
        
        Phylum Bryophyta
        
        Phylum Marchantiophyta
        
        Phylum Tracheophyta