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Open-mid front unrounded vowel

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Open-mid front unrounded vowel
ɛ
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPAE

The open-mid front unrounded vowel is a sound used in some spoken languages. It is in English and is usually written as e, as in get.

Characteristics

[change | change source]
  • The vowel height is open-mid, also known as low-mid, which means the tongue is made with a open vowel (low vowel) and a mid vowel together.
  • The vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned in the front.
  • It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Examples

[change | change source]
LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Akan (Twi) ɛyɛ [ɛjɛ] 'it is good/fine' See Akan phonology
ArabicQuranicاَتٰىهُمْ/atāhum[atɛːhum]'he came to them'/aː/ in Modern Standard Arabic. See Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[1]էջ/ēj[ɛd͡ʒ]'page'
BavarianAmstetten dialect[2][example needed]Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩.
Bengali[3]ব্যাঙ/bêṅ[bɛŋ]'frog'Also pronounced as /æ/. See Bengali phonology
Breton[4]gwenn[ˈɡwɛnː]'white'
Bulgarian[5]пет/pet[pɛt̪]'five'See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6]set[ˈsɛt]'seven'See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin[7] 天 / tiān [tʰi̯ɛn˥]ⓘ 'sky' Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
Chuvash ҫепĕҫ [ˈɕɛp̬ɘɕ] 'gentle, tender'
Czech[8][9]led[lɛt]'ice'In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front [ɛ], open-mid near-front [ɛ̠] and mid near-front [ɛ̝̈].[8] See Czech phonology
DanishStandard[10][11]frisk[ˈfʁɛsk]'fresh'Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨æ⟩. See Danish phonology
DutchStandard[12]bed[bɛt]ⓘ'bed'See Dutch phonology
The Hague[13]jij[jɛ̞ː]ⓘ'you'Corresponds to [ɛi] in standard Dutch.
EnglishGeneral American[14]bed[bɛd]ⓘ'bed'
Northern England[15]May be somewhat lowered.[15]
Received Pronunciation[16][17]Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel [e̞]. See English phonology
Younger General Australian speakers Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology
Scottish[18]
Cockney[19]fat[fɛt]'fat'
Singaporean[20]
New Zealand[21]See New Zealand English phonology
Broad Australian Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See Australian English phonology
Some Broad
South African speakers[22]		Other speakers realize this vowel as [æ] or [a]. See South African English phonology
Belfast[23]days[dɛːz]'days'Pronounced [iə] in closed syllables; corresponds to [eɪ] in RP.
Zulu[24]mate[mɛt]'mate'Speakers exhibit the met–mate merger.
Faroese[25]frekt[fɹɛʰkt]'greedy'See Faroese phonology
French[26][27]bête[bɛt̪]ⓘ'beast'See French phonology
Galicianferro[ˈfɛro̝]'iron'See Galician phonology
Georgian[28]გედი/gedi[ɡɛdi]'swan'
GermanStandard[29][30]Bett[b̥ɛt]ⓘ'bed'Also described as mid [ɛ̝].[31] See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent[32]oder[ˈoːdɛ]'or'Used instead of [ɐ].[32] See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents[32]
Swabian accent[33]fett[fɛt]'fat'Contrasts with the close-mid [e].[33] See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents[34]See[z̥ɛː]'lake'Close-mid [eː] in other accents; contrasts with the near-open [æː].[35] See Standard German phonology
HindustaniHindi–Urduख़ैरियत–خیریت / khairiyat[xɛːɾɪjət̪]'well-being'See Hindustani phonology.
Hungarian lesz [ˈlɛsː] 'will be' Allophone of [æ].
Italian[36]bene[ˈbɛːne]ⓘ'good'See Italian phonology
Kaingang[37]mbre[ˈᵐbɾɛ]'with'
Korean매미 / maemi[mɛːmi]'cicada'Merged with /e/ for many speakers. See Korean phonology
Kurdish Kurmanji (Northern) hevde [hɛvdɛ] 'seventeen' See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) هه‌ڤده/hevde [hɛvdæ]
Pehlewî (Southern) [hɛvdæ]
Limburgish[38][39][40]crème[kʀ̝ɛːm]'cream'The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lithuanianmesti[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]'throw'See Lithuanian phonology
Lower Sorbian[41]serp[s̪ɛrp]'sickle'
Luxembourgish[42]Stär[ʃtɛːɐ̯]'star'Allophone of /eː/ before /ʀ/.[42] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian[43][44]Standardмед/med[ˈmɛd̪]'honey'See Macedonian language § Vowels
Malay Standard paling [pälɛŋ] 'most' Possible realisation of /i/ and /e/ in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
Negeri Sembilan cepat [cɔpɛʔ] 'quick' See Negeri Sembilan Malay
karpet [käpɛʔ] 'carpet'
Kelatan-Pattani ayam [äjɛː] 'chicken' See Kelatan-Pattani
Terengganu biasa [bɛsə] 'normal' See Terengganu Malay
Perak mata [matɛ] 'eye' See Perak Malay
kero [kɛro̞] 'crab'
NormanJerseyaffaûrder[afɔrˈdɛ]'to afford'
NorwegianSognamål[45]pest[pʰɛst]'plague'See Norwegian phonology
Occitangrèga[ˈɣɾɛɣɔ]'Greek'See Occitan phonology
Polish[46]ten[t̪ɛn̪]ⓘ'this one' (nom. m.)See Polish phonology
PortugueseMost dialects[47][48]pé[ˈpɛ]'foot'Stressed vowel might be lower [æ]. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as [e̞ e ɪ i ɨ], varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[49]tempo[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]'time'Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
RomanianTransylvanian dialects[50]vede[ˈvɛɟe]'(he) sees'Corresponds to mid [e̞] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian[51]это/eto[ˈɛt̪ə]ⓘ'this'See Russian phonology
Shiwiar[52][example needed]Allophone of /a/.
Slovenemet[mɛ́t]'throw' (n.)See Slovene phonology
SpanishEastern Andalusian[53]las madres[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]'the mothers'Corresponds to [e̞] in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian[53]
Swahili shule [ʃulɛ] 'school'
SwedishCentral Standard[54]ät[ɛ̠ːt̪]'eat' (imp.)Somewhat retracted.[54] See Swedish phonology
Tagalogpeke[ˈpɛxɛʔ]'fake'See Tagalog phonology
Telugu చేప [tʃɛːa] 'Fish'
మేక [mɛːka] 'Goat'
Thaiแตร / trae[trɛː˧]'horn (instrument)'
Turkish[55][56]ülke[y̠l̠ˈkɛ]'country'Allophone of /e/ described variously as "word-final"[55] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[56] See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[57]день/den'[dɛnʲ]'day'See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian[41][58]čelo[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]'calf'
Welsh nesaf [nɛsav] 'next' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian[59]beppe[ˈbɛpə]'grandma'See West Frisian phonology
Yoruba[60]ẹsẹ̀[ɛ̄sɛ]'leg'

References

[change | change source]
  1. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  2. ↑ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ↑ Khan (2010), p. 222.
  4. ↑ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
  5. ↑ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
  6. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  7. ↑ Lin (2007), p. 65.
  8. 1 2 Dankovičová (1999), p. 72.
  9. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 228.
  10. ↑ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  11. ↑ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
  12. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  13. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 136.
  14. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009a).
  15. 1 2 Lodge (2009), p. 163.
  16. ↑ Schmitt (2007), pp. 322–323.
  17. ↑ "Received Pronunciation". British Library. Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  18. ↑ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
  19. ↑ Hughes & Trudgill (1979), p. 35.
  20. ↑ Bet Hashim & Brown (2000).
  21. ↑ Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009b).
  22. ↑ Lanham (1967), p. 9.
  23. ↑ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  24. ↑ "Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English". Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-17.
  25. ↑ Árnason (2011), pp. 68, 75.
  26. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  27. ↑ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
  28. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), pp. 261–262.
  29. ↑ Hall (2003), pp. 82, 107.
  30. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
  31. ↑ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  32. 1 2 3 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 40.
  33. 1 2 Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
  34. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 65.
  35. ↑ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 34, 65.
  36. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
  37. ↑ Jolkesky (2009), pp. 676–677, 682.
  38. ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  39. ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
  40. ↑ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  41. 1 2 Stone (2002), p. 600.
  42. 1 2 Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 70.
  43. ↑ Friedman (2001:10)
  44. ↑ Lunt (1952:10–11)
  45. ↑ Haugen (2004), p. 30.
  46. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 105.
  47. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  48. ↑ Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira Archived 2014-12-15 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP
  50. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 29.
  51. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 41.
  52. ↑ Fast Mowitz (1975), p. 2.
  53. 1 2 Zamora Vicente (1967), p. ?.
  54. 1 2 Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
  55. 1 2 Göksel & Kerslake (2005), p. 10.
  56. 1 2 Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 155.
  57. ↑ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  58. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 20.
  59. ↑ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  60. ↑ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
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