In Colombia, three major conglomerates dominate the media landscape, while local production remains limited, leaving 60 per cent of the country without access to local news coverage. Radio continues to be the most widespread medium but independent stations struggle to survive in the face of economic difficulties. The public broadcasting network, which operates 72 frequencies, has strengthened its presence in recent years, as have digital media, particularly on TikTok and YouTube, social media platforms that are gaining ground thanks to influencers perceived as being closer to the public. While many traditional media outlets have transitioned to digital formats, the disappearance of several newspapers and the withdrawal of international funding have particularly weakened independent media, further reducing media pluralism.

Colombia elected a left-wing coalition government for the first time in its history in 2022. However, political support has waned as the alliance broke down in Congress and local elections in late 2023 showed poor results for the ruling party. The government has been using social media to combat criticism from the traditional media, and senior officials have been accused of vilifying journalists. The executive branch has launched several initiatives concerning the information sector, including protection measures for journalists and support for alternative media, the creation of “solidarity” communication networks promoting more inclusive and participatory journalism, and proposals to support media management.

The 1991 constitution guarantees freedom of expression and information. Each media sector has its own case law, but the multiplicity of laws is such that it lends itself to confusion. The administration that was in power from 2018 to 2022 used Congress to modify TV and information laws, while also making several attempts to restrict press freedom. During elections, media coverage of “public order” issues is restricted to information confirmed by official sources. 

Most regional media are co-opted by funding from the public sector or local companies, which limits their critical capacity. The funding available to community, independent, and alternative media is limited but online media have seen a significant increase in earnings from advertising, and at least two independent media outlets now survive on what their public contributes. Paid news sites are on the rise and traditional media are now resorting to the subscription system. After the pandemic, some newspapers resumed producing a print version, but a newsprint shortage and currency devaluation have made supplies more expensive.

Studies warn of growing disinformation and the public has become disenchanted with the media’s news coverage, regarding journalists as biased. Connecting the country to the Internet has been held back by corruption within the Ministry of Technology, Information and Communication. The links between journalism, politics and the business world persist in the regions. Some influential figures have contributed to the stigmatisation of outspoken journalists.

Journalism remains a high-risk profession in Colombia. Journalists covering environmental issues such as mining and deforestation, as well as subjects concerning armed conflict, corruption and community rights are exposed to threats, stigmatisation and violence. The expansion of armed groups, now present in 253 municipalities, has aggravated the situation. The Gulf Clan controls 60 areas, while dissidents from the former armed conflict and other criminal actors operate across large regions of the country. Despite the journalist protection program, threats persist.