Papers by Dr. Subhankar Mandal
Sanshodhak, UGC CARE LISTED, 2024
This article examines the main debates between radical and liberal feminism, focusing the fact th... more This article examines the main debates between radical and liberal feminism, focusing the fact that they approach patriarchy, equality, and freedom separately. Radical feminism, on the other hand, challenges modern law and politics as basically patriarchal and demands revolutionary change, whereas liberal feminism promotes reform within these structures for achieving gender equality. This essay investigates the ways in which these two schools of philosophy consider power, individual rights, sexuality, and social change through historical background, philosophical frameworks, and modern relevance. The essay proposes for a pluralistic feminist politics that uses the positive aspects of both traditions to address issues of the twenty-first century through studying their intersections and disputes, highlighting both the unchanging value and weaknesses of each position.
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJH, 2025
Immanuel Kant's critique of the ontological argument centers on the assertion that existence is n... more Immanuel Kant's critique of the ontological argument centers on the assertion that existence is not a predicate or intrinsic attribute that can be ascribed to a being. He contends that while we can conceive of a being with all perfections, this conception does not necessitate its existence in reality. Kant argues that existence does not add to the essence of a being but merely indicates its occurrence in reality. Therefore, the ontological argument, which attempts to prove God's existence solely through the definition of a supremely perfect being, fails because it incorrectly assumes that existence is a defining predicate.
The Social Science Review A Multidisciplinary Journal.
Between ancient times and the postmodern era, aesthetic thought has seen significant changes. Aes... more Between ancient times and the postmodern era, aesthetic thought has seen significant changes. Aesthetic thought reflects changes in philosophy, culture, and the place of art in society, starting with the metaphysical questions of Plato and Aristotle and continuing through the romantic revolt of the 18th and 19th centuries, the rationality of the Enlightenment, and the humanism of the Renaissance. With an emphasis on influential philosophers and creative movements, this article explores how aesthetic theory has changed throughout time. It draws attention to the shift in aesthetic thought from an objective definition of beauty to a postmodern perspective that is pluralistic, subjective, and frequently cynical. The study comes to the conclusion that human interaction with beauty, meaning, and representation is becoming increasingly complicated, as revealed by the development of aesthetic theory.
The Social Science Review A Multidisciplinary Journal., 2025
The ontological concepts presented by the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school of Indian philosophy are among t... more The ontological concepts presented by the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika school of Indian philosophy are among the most rigorous in ancient thought. The core of this theory is its doctrine of padārthas, which are basic categories that explain all that exists and is knowable. Traditionally listed in seven categories, these categories-dravya (substance), guṇa (quality), karman (motion), sāmānya (universal), viśeṣa (particularity), samavāya (inherence), and abhāva (non-existence)-provide a complex framework that combines epistemology, logic, and metaphysics. The historical evolution of each padārtha is traced in this article, from Kaṇāda's Vaiśeṣika Sūtra to Praśastapāda's comments, and its applicability to current metaphysical discussions is highlighted. Through an analysis of the relationship between substance, quality, and relation, the paper demonstrates how the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika category theory anticipates present-day discussions in analytic metaphysics and ontology.
International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management (IJH, 2025
Immanuel Kant's critique of the ontological argument centers on the assertion that existence is n... more Immanuel Kant's critique of the ontological argument centers on the assertion that existence is not a predicate or intrinsic attribute that can be ascribed to a being. He contends that while we can conceive of a being with all perfections, this conception does not necessitate its existence in reality. Kant argues that existence does not add to the essence of a being but merely indicates its occurrence in reality. Therefore, the ontological argument, which attempts to prove God's existence solely through the definition of a supremely perfect being, fails because it incorrectly assumes that existence is a defining predicate.
International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR, 2025
This article critically examines the intersections between women, power, and the philosophy of li... more This article critically examines the intersections between women, power, and the philosophy of liberation from a feminist philosophical standpoint. It investigates how feminist thinkers have challenged traditional concepts of power, redefined autonomy, and reconstructed liberation beyond patriarchal and colonial frameworks. Drawing on the works of Paulo Freire, bell hooks, María Lugones, and various postcolonial and indigenous feminists, this paper argues that liberation is not merely a structural or political objective, but a transformative praxis grounded in ethics, relationality, and epistemic resistance. It further analyzes global and local feminist movements to show how women create and enact liberatory spaces through both resistance and reimagination. The article emphasizes the importance of intersectionality, consciousnessraising, and care ethics in the ongoing struggle for freedom and justice.
Shodh Sarita- An International Bilingual Peer Reviewed Refereed Research Journal , 2025
Conventional anthropocentric frames of justice are unethical in the face of ecological disasters,... more Conventional anthropocentric frames of justice are unethical in the face of ecological disasters, mass extinction, and the industrial exploitation of nonhuman species. The philosophical underpinnings and ethical requirements of expanding justice beyond the human realm to include nonhuman animals and the environment are examined in this essay. The research challenges the human-centric shortcomings of traditional theories of justice by drawing on moral philosophy, including deontological, utilitarian, ecological, and post-humanist ethics. It looks at the intrinsic worth of ecosystems, the moral standing of animals, and the philosophical need for a larger moral community. This paper argues for a reconceptualization of justice that includes nonhuman others-not just as passive recipients of ethical concern, but as co-constituents of a shared moral and political world.
Shodh Sarita_An International Multidisciplinary Quarterly Bilingual Peer Reviewed Refereed Research Journal (U.G.C. Care Listed), 2020
Abstract:
From Plato's early conceptualizations of gender thinking to Simone de Beauvoir's ground... more Abstract:
From Plato's early conceptualizations of gender thinking to Simone de Beauvoir's groundbreaking feminist discoveries and beyond, this article covers the development of gender thought in Western philosophy. From Plato's radical inclusion of women in the ideal state to Aristotle's upholding of natural hierarchies, and from Hegel's dialectical framework to Marx's materialist approach to social injustice, it examines the ways in which influential thinkers throughout history have addressed gender. The essay explores the historical foundations of gender discrimination in philosophical discourse and emphasizes feminist philosophers' critical reactions, which have reframed and broadened the field of philosophical study. By doing this, it highlights how gender philosophy is still relevant in discussions about equality, justice, and identity today. By discussing these many viewpoints, the paper emphasizes the role that philosophy plays in upholding and questioning social norms, eventually promoting a more inclusive and equitable future via the prism of gender theory.
U.G.C. Care Listed Journal- এবং মহুয়া ( বাংলা ভাষা, সহিত্য ও গবেষণাধর্মী মাসিক পত্রিকা), 2020
‘সুখ’ নিয়ে প্রাচ্য ও পাশ্চাত্যের দর্শনের ইতিহাসে বিস্তর আলোচনা দেখতে পাওয়া যায়। ভারতের প্রাচীন মহ... more ‘সুখ’ নিয়ে প্রাচ্য ও পাশ্চাত্যের দর্শনের ইতিহাসে বিস্তর আলোচনা দেখতে পাওয়া যায়। ভারতের প্রাচীন মহাকাব্যে অর্থাৎ মহাভারতে এর সমাজে সুখ বলতে কি বোঝানো হয়েছে? এখানে সুখের স্বরূপ কি? মানসিক সুখ ও শারীরিক সুখের মধ্যে কোনটি অধিক গ্রহণযোগ্য? এই প্রবন্ধে তার সংক্ষিপ্ত পরিচয় দেওয়ার চেষ্টা করা হয়েছে । সুখ সংক্রান্ত মতবাদ অতি প্রাচীন। এই সুখ দুই প্রকার- দৈহিক সুখ ও মানসিক সুখ। প্রতিটি সচেতন ব্যক্তিই সুখকে কামনা করে থাকে। সুখকে কামনা করে কেবল সুখের জন্য। এই সুখের বিচারেই বা সুখের পরিপ্রেক্ষিতেই প্রতিটি কর্মের নৈতিক বিচার করা হয়ে থাকে। তাই বলা হয় যে সকল কর্ম দুঃখের তুলনায় অধিক মাত্রায় সুখ প্রদান করে থাকে সেই কর্ম সম্পাদন করা কর্তব্য। দুঃখজনক কর্ম পরিত্যাগ করা ভাল।
U.G.C. -Care Listed Journal_এবং মহুয়া- ( বাংলা ভাষা, সাহিত্য ও গবেষণাধর্মী মাসিক পত্রিকা), 2020
সারসংক্ষেপ: এই প্রবন্ধে প্রাচীন ভারতীয় সাহিত্য ও দর্শনের প্রেক্ষাপটে ইকোফেমিনিজম এবং পরিবেশনৈতিক... more সারসংক্ষেপ: এই প্রবন্ধে প্রাচীন ভারতীয় সাহিত্য ও দর্শনের প্রেক্ষাপটে ইকোফেমিনিজম এবং পরিবেশনৈতিকতার সম্পর্ক বিশ্লেষণ করা হয়েছে। নারীর সঙ্গে প্রকৃতির গভীর সম্পর্ক, যা ঋগ্বেদ, উপনিষদ, পুরাণ এবং অন্যান্য শাস্ত্রে বিশদভাবে চিত্রিত হয়েছে, আধুনিক পরিবেশবিষয়ক এবং নারীবিষয়ক দৃষ্টিভঙ্গিকে নতুন আলোয় উদ্ভাসিত করে। প্রবন্ধটিতে আলচনা করা হয়ে, কীভাবে 'পৃথিবী মাতৃরূপে'র ধারণা এবং 'প্রকৃতি-নারী-শক্তি'র সমন্বিত দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি আমাদের আজকের পরিবেশগত ও লিঙ্গভিত্তিক সংকট সমাধানে সহায়ক হতে পারে। একই সঙ্গে, আধুনিক ইকোফেমিনিজমের সঙ্গে প্রাচীন ভারতীয় দর্শনের তুলনামূলক পর্যালোচনার মাধ্যমে একটি সামগ্রিক পরিবেশনৈতিক চেতনার সন্ধান করা হয়েছে, যা আধুনিক সময়ে নতুন দিশা হিসেবে কাজ করতে পারে।
International Journal Of Novel Research And Development(IJNRD)), 2025
The intersections of gender, ecology, and social justice are highlighted in this article's explor... more The intersections of gender, ecology, and social justice are highlighted in this article's exploration of the intricate and nuanced link between ecofeminism and environmental justice. Drawing on theoretical, historical, and modern viewpoints, the article makes the case that ecofeminism, particularly in its activist and intersectional manifestations, provides a potent criticism of social injustice and ecological degradation. The patriarchal control of women and the environment is contested by ecofeminist theory, which connects environmental exploitation to more general oppressive structures like colonialism, racism, and class. Additionally, the piece emphasizes important ecofeminist movements and contributions from the Global South, particularly the challenges of rural and Indigenous women. In the end, it demands a more ethical, gender-sensitive, and inclusive approach to environmental justice that acknowledges the leadership and voices of women in international ecological support.
International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), 2025
The Mahabharata is a profound philosophical work that examines the roles and significance of wome... more The Mahabharata is a profound philosophical work that examines the roles and significance of women in addition to being a story of bravery and conflict. The main female characters-Draupadi, Kunti, Gandhari, Subhadra, and Uttara-are examined in this article along with their impact on the moral and ethical climate of the epic. It talks about how these women defy social expectations and live out the values of dharma, karma, and renunciation. Their agency and wisdom are reflected in their positions as decision-makers, mentors, and change agents. This study illuminates the intellectual depth of the Mahabharata and the crucial role that women played in forming its story by examining their hardships and contributions.
International Conference on Contemporary Researches in Engineering, Science, Management & Arts (ICCRESMA), 2022
Mahavarata says everything in the world is impermanent. Whoever has creation has destruction. Not... more Mahavarata says everything in the world is impermanent. Whoever has creation has destruction. Nothing in this world is eternal. This world is impermanent so it is not proper to mourn for it. The ignorant person always thinks of impermanence due to ignorance. That is why ignorant people mourn. But scholars are aware of the true nature of the world, so they do not grieve. In the Mahabharata, five Mahabhutas are recognized, which are elements of the world. Earth, water, fire, air and ether are five elements (panchabhuta). These five elements are impermanent. Mahavarata also accepted the five senses organ, the five-motor organ and the mind, these eleven organs. The doctrines mentioned in the Mahabharata concerning the functioning of the senses are not contradictory to logical conclusions, but are consistent with them. Each demon has been characterized here according to its deeds. The Mahabharata states that the earth has these five qualities of sound, touch, rupa or shape, taste and smell. Water contains sound, touch, rupa and rasa. In fire has sound, touches and rupa or shape. Sound and touch quality from the air. There is only one quality in the ether - the sound. All those smells are earthly. There are ten types of gandha, six types of rasas, twelve types of colour, eleven types of touch, ten types of sounds. In the Mahabharata, the soul or Parameswar is acknowledged as the only eternal. Because it is against the Veda to accept any eternal thing other than the soul. Therefore, in the Mahabharata, are not accepted eternal substance like Vaisesika Philosophy. Twenty-six theories have been accepted in the review of the world in the Mahabharata Samkhya philosophy. At the highest level is Paremeswar or Bramha. Second place is Purusha or self. Then the place of Prakriti or primal matter. This world is impermanent, come from Prakriti. This Prakriti is called pradhan. There is no causal relationship between these three theories. Mahat or intelligence is first product of by Prakriti. Ahangkar or ego is second product of Mahat. Ahankara has four kind- mind, five sense organ, five motor organ and five tanmantra or mahavuta and mana or min. In the Mahabharata, the world is called impermanent. This world originates from the Eternal Parabrahma or Parameswar.
Books by Dr. Subhankar Mandal
Self, Consciousness and Body: A comparative reflections in Indian and Western Philosophy , 2017
ভারতীয় দর্শনে আত্মা সত্তার আলোচনা যথেষ্ট গুরুত্বপূর্ণ স্থান দখল করে আছে। আত্মা সম্পর্কে আমরা চারট... more ভারতীয় দর্শনে আত্মা সত্তার আলোচনা যথেষ্ট গুরুত্বপূর্ণ স্থান দখল করে আছে। আত্মা সম্পর্কে আমরা চারটি ভিন্ন মতবাদ পাই-
জড়বাদ, প্রত্যয়ভাদ, বস্তুস্বান্ত্র-বাদ, আধ্যাত্মিকবাদ। যদিও একের মধ্যে মতপার্থক্য আছে। তার মধ্যে আধ্যাত্মিক মতটি অন্যতম। এই প্রবন্ধে অদ্বৈত বেদান্তের আত্মার স্বরূপ সম্পর্কে আলোকপাত করার চেষ্টা করছি।
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Papers by Dr. Subhankar Mandal
From Plato's early conceptualizations of gender thinking to Simone de Beauvoir's groundbreaking feminist discoveries and beyond, this article covers the development of gender thought in Western philosophy. From Plato's radical inclusion of women in the ideal state to Aristotle's upholding of natural hierarchies, and from Hegel's dialectical framework to Marx's materialist approach to social injustice, it examines the ways in which influential thinkers throughout history have addressed gender. The essay explores the historical foundations of gender discrimination in philosophical discourse and emphasizes feminist philosophers' critical reactions, which have reframed and broadened the field of philosophical study. By doing this, it highlights how gender philosophy is still relevant in discussions about equality, justice, and identity today. By discussing these many viewpoints, the paper emphasizes the role that philosophy plays in upholding and questioning social norms, eventually promoting a more inclusive and equitable future via the prism of gender theory.
Books by Dr. Subhankar Mandal
জড়বাদ, প্রত্যয়ভাদ, বস্তুস্বান্ত্র-বাদ, আধ্যাত্মিকবাদ। যদিও একের মধ্যে মতপার্থক্য আছে। তার মধ্যে আধ্যাত্মিক মতটি অন্যতম। এই প্রবন্ধে অদ্বৈত বেদান্তের আত্মার স্বরূপ সম্পর্কে আলোকপাত করার চেষ্টা করছি।