Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer

Maria G Dominguez-Bello^{1

2}, Kassandra M De Jesus-Laboy², Nan Shen³, Laura M Cox¹, Amnon Amir⁴, Antonio Gonzalez⁴, Nicholas A Bokulich¹, Se Jin Song^{4

5}, Marina Hoashi^{1

6}, Juana I Rivera-Vinas⁷, Keimari Mendez⁷, Rob Knight^{4

8}, Jose C Clemente^{3

9}

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
² Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
³ Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
⁶ New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York, USA.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
⁸ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

PMID: 26828196
PMCID: PMC5062956
DOI: 10.1038/nm.4039

Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer

Maria G Dominguez-Bello et al. Nat Med. 2016 Mar.

. 2016 Mar;22(3):250-3.

doi: 10.1038/nm.4039. Epub 2016 Feb 1.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, USA.
² Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
³ Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
⁴ Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁵ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
⁶ New York University Tandon School of Engineering, New York, New York, USA.
⁷ Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Science Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA.
⁸ Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
⁹ Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.

PMID: 26828196
PMCID: PMC5062956
DOI: 10.1038/nm.4039

Abstract

Exposure of newborns to the maternal vaginal microbiota is interrupted with cesarean birthing. Babies delivered by cesarean section (C-section) acquire a microbiota that differs from that of vaginally delivered infants, and C-section delivery has been associated with increased risk for immune and metabolic disorders. Here we conducted a pilot study in which infants delivered by C-section were exposed to maternal vaginal fluids at birth. Similarly to vaginally delivered babies, the gut, oral and skin bacterial communities of these newborns during the first 30 d of life was enriched in vaginal bacteria--which were underrepresented in unexposed C-section-delivered infants--and the microbiome similarity to those of vaginally delivered infants was greater in oral and skin samples than in anal samples. Although the long-term health consequences of restoring the microbiota of C-section-delivered infants remain unclear, our results demonstrate that vaginal microbes can be partially restored at birth in C-section-delivered babies.

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Figures

**Figure 1. Restoring the maternal microbiota in infants born by C-section**
(a) Infants born by C-section were swabbed with a gauze that was incubated in the maternal vagina 30–60 min prior to the C-section. All mothers delivering by C-section received antibiotics (ABX) as part of standard of care. The gauze was extracted prior to the procedure, kept in a sterile container, and used to swab the newborn within the first one to three minutes after birth, starting with the mouth, face, and rest of the body. (b) Proportion of each sample estimated to originate from different maternal sources (using bacterial sourcetracking) of anal (top row), oral (middle), and skin (bottom) samples in infants delivered either vaginally (left column, n = 7 subjects sampled at six time points), by C-section (unexposed) (right, n = 8 × 6), or by C-section and exposed to vaginal fluids (middle, n = 4 × 6). (c) Bacterial community distances in anal (left), oral (middle), and skin (right) samples between vaginally delivered and C-section-delivered exposed (I-V) or not exposed (C-V) to the vaginal gauze, during the first month of life (Unweighted UniFrac distances). Bars indicate standard deviation from the mean. Distances between vaginal and exposed C-section infants were significantly smaller than from unexposed C-section infants (ANOVA and Tukey’s honest significant difference test. * P < 0.01) (d) Representative bacterial taxa enriched in infants with perinatal exposure to vaginal fluids during the first month of life. Bars indicate standard deviation from the mean.

**Figure 2. Transmission of maternal vaginal microbes to the gauze**
(a) Principal coordinate analysis of unweighted UniFrac community distances for maternal anal, oral, skin, and vaginal microbiota (n = 95 samples) and gauze (n = 4) microbiota at day one. Vaginal gauze bacteria resemble vaginal communities. Arrows indicate vaginal samples from mothers exposed to antibiotics. (b) Bacterial community distances between gauzes and each maternal body site at day one. Bars indicate standard deviation from the mean. (c) Proportion of gauze samples estimated to originate from different maternal sources using bacterial sourcetracking. Each stacked bar represents a gauze sample from a different mother. Oral samples were not found to be a potential source for any gauze and are not indicated in the legend. (d) Bacterial diversity (Faith’s phylogenetic diversity) of maternal vaginal microbiota in mothers that received (n = 13) or did not receive (n = 5) antibiotics prior to vaginal sampling before delivery. (e) Relative abundance of bacterial genera in the vaginal microbiota in mothers that received (n = 13) or did not receive (n = 5) antibiotics prior to vaginal sampling before delivery.

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Comment in

First microbial encounters.
Khoruts A. Khoruts A. Nat Med. 2016 Mar;22(3):231-2. doi: 10.1038/nm.4042. Epub 2016 Feb 1. Nat Med. 2016. PMID: 26828194 No abstract available.

References

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Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer

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Partial restoration of the microbiota of cesarean-born infants via vaginal microbial transfer

Authors

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Abstract

Figures

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References

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MeSH terms

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Other Literature Sources

Medical

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