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Review
. 2009 Dec 1;587(Pt 23):5569-75.
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.179499. Epub 2009 Sep 14.

Beyond epidemiology: field studies and the physiology laboratory as the whole world

Hiroshi Nose  1 , Mayuko Morikawa, Toshiaki Yamazaki, Ken-Ichi Nemoto, Kazunobu Okazaki, Shizue Masuki, Yoshi-Ichiro Kamijo, Hirokazu Gen-No
Affiliations
Review

Beyond epidemiology: field studies and the physiology laboratory as the whole world

Hiroshi Nose et al. J Physiol. .

Abstract

There is no exercise training regimen broadly available in the field to increase physical fitness and prevent lifestyle-related diseases in middle-aged and older people. We have developed interval walking training (IWT) repeating five or more sets of 3 min fast walking at 70% peak aerobic capacity for walking (w ) per day with intervening 3 min slow walking at 40% w , for 4 days week(1), for 5 months. Moreover, to determine w in individuals and also to measure their energy expenditure even while incline walking, we have developed a portable calorimeter. Further, to instruct subjects on IWT even if they live remotely from the trainers, we have developed e-Health Promotion System. This transfers individual energy expenditure during IWT stored on the meter to a central server through the internet; it sends back the achievement to individuals along with advice generated automatically by the sever according to a database on 4000 subjects. Where we found that 5 months of IWT increased physical fitness and improved the indices of lifestyle-related diseases by 10-20% on average. Since our system is run at low cost with fewer staff for more subjects, it enables us to develop exercise prescriptions appropriate for individuals.

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Figures

Figure 2
Figure 2. Changes in systolic (SAP) and diastolic (DAP) blood pressures at rest after training
†Significant differences from the corresponding values in no-WT at the levels of P < 0.05. The number of subjects and other symbols are the same as in Fig. 1. From Nemoto et al. (2007).
Figure 1
Figure 1. Changes in isometric knee extension and flexion forces and peak aerobic capacity by graded walking exercise
Percentage changes in isometric knee extension (FEXT) and flexion forces (FFLX) (A) and peak aerobic capacity by graded walking exercise (wformula image) (B) after training in 3 groups: no-walking training (no-WT; males = 9, females = 37, total = 46); moderate-intensity continuous walking (WCNT; males = 8, females = 43, total = 51); high-intensity interval walking (WINT; males = 11, females = 31, total = 42). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001: significant differences from the pre-training values. ††P < 0.01, †††P < 0.001: significant differences from the corresponding values in no-WT. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001: significant differences from the corresponding values in WCNT. From Nemoto et al. (2007).
Figure 3
Figure 3. Interval walking training and the e-Health Promotion System
Participants in the training visit a health care institution, a drug store, or a local community office every 2 weeks to transfer their walking records from the tracking device, JD Mate, to a central server computer through the internet. Then, the server computer gives them back a trend graph of the records with advice automatically generated by the server. Based on this, the staff (nurses, dieticians, or trainers) give them their advice. If participants have the facilities at their homes, they can receive the similar service from the staff through the internet. By anonymizing and combining the DNA data stored in a separate offline computer and the clinical data stored in the central server computer, we have started to search the genomic variation explaining inter-individual variation in response to the training. The outcome from the research may be used to revise the e-Health Promotion System to develop the algorithm to predict the effects of interval walking training on physical fitness and the indices of lifestyle-related diseases in individuals with different physical and genetic characteristics. e-Key is used to limit a person to access the data base (DB). The squares on the circle of internet indicate the fire-wall function. The continuous arrows indicate online communications between users and the sever through internet and the dotted arrows indicate offline communications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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