CN105116848A - Residential building indoor environment monitoring and health grade evaluation Internet of Things system - Google Patents
Residential building indoor environment monitoring and health grade evaluation Internet of Things system Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种居住建筑室内环境监测与健康等级评价物联网系统，属于居住建筑室内环境检测技术及信息通讯技术领域。其特征是利用数据采集模块实时采集室内各功能房间环境参数，综合分析室内环境各参数对人体健康的影响权重及健康危险等级；并给出改善相应环境状况的专家意见及策略。同时构建物联网实时数据监测系统，不仅能够及时将数据传输到用户显示终端及远程中央服务系统，而且可作为基础科研数据以及政府相关部门的决策依据。本发明的效果和益处是解决了以单一参数实时表征室内环境的不科学性，能够同时实现居住环境室内综合评价参数实时监测及用户移动终端同步查讯对比结果，并获得有效改善环境的建议及措施；应用面广，普及率高。
The invention relates to an Internet of things system for indoor environment monitoring and health grade evaluation of residential buildings, which belongs to the field of indoor environment detection technology of residential buildings and information communication technology. Its feature is to use the data acquisition module to collect the environmental parameters of each functional room in the room in real time, comprehensively analyze the impact weight and health risk level of each parameter of the indoor environment on human health, and give expert opinions and strategies to improve the corresponding environmental conditions. At the same time, the real-time data monitoring system of the Internet of Things is constructed, which can not only transmit data to user display terminals and remote central service systems in a timely manner, but also serve as basic scientific research data and decision-making basis for relevant government departments. The effect and benefit of the present invention is to solve the unscientific nature of using a single parameter to characterize the indoor environment in real time, realize the real-time monitoring of the indoor comprehensive evaluation parameters of the living environment and the synchronous inquiry and comparison results of the user's mobile terminal at the same time, and obtain suggestions for effectively improving the environment and Measures; wide application, high penetration rate.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于居住建筑室内环境检测技术及信息通信技术领域，涉及到一种通过物联网系统的构筑，同时实现居住建筑各功能房间室内外九种环境参数的实时监测、数据实时采集、数据集总运算处理、室内健康环境等级评价以及室内环境改善策略和专家建议。The invention belongs to the field of residential building indoor environment detection technology and information communication technology, and relates to the construction of an Internet of Things system to simultaneously realize real-time monitoring of nine indoor and outdoor environmental parameters of each functional room of a residential building, real-time data collection, and data collection. Computing processing, indoor health environment grade evaluation, indoor environment improvement strategies and expert advice.
背景技术Background technique
在进一步降低建筑能耗的同时，营造健康的居住环境是保障和改善民生的重要举措。相关研究表明人的一生约2/3的时间是在室内度过的，室内环境质量的优劣对人体的健康影响起到主导作用，经毒理学、临床医学等学科研究发现，室内污染物与居民多发疾病如哮喘等有密切的关联，如何对室内环境的健康状况进行有效的监测评估及预警改善是目前亟待解决的问题。While further reducing building energy consumption, creating a healthy living environment is an important measure to ensure and improve people's livelihood. Relevant studies have shown that about 2/3 of a person's life is spent indoors, and the quality of the indoor environment plays a leading role in the impact on human health. Studies in toxicology, clinical medicine and other disciplines have found that indoor pollutants and Residents' frequently-occurring diseases such as asthma are closely related. How to effectively monitor and evaluate the health status of the indoor environment and improve early warning is an urgent problem to be solved.
经检索发现，专利号CN103278192A公开了一种基于ZigBee技术的建筑室内温湿度检测系统及方法，其主要特点是：采用多个传感器测量室内相对湿度，采用支持ZigBee技术的CC2530无线处理器作为主控芯片形成温湿度传感器节点，具有无需通信连线、组网方便、高精度及实时显示功能；由于该技术仅仅对室内的温湿度进行监控，因此，难以表征其它污染物对室内环境健康性能的影响。专利号CN102682576A公开了一种基于无线传感的智能室内环境监测系统，其主要特点是：对室内卧室的致病、致癌、致死风险的有毒气体进行检测，主结点单片机存储数据信息，并对数据信息处理分析，将处理分析结果传输给显示报警终端，在环境条件异常时发出报警信息。该技术仅对卧室内的有毒气体污染物进行检测，但部分气体虽不是有毒气体但浓度累计到一定的程度也会对人体的健康产生影响如二氧化碳，同时也存在以部分参数表征整体室内环境健康性能的弊端。专利号CN103529776A介绍了一种室内环境检测系统监测方法，利用绿色建筑环境管理模块与空气环境检测采集器对接实时监测空气质量数据，自动调节改善室内空气质量，生成空气质量报告；利用空调系统执行温湿度调节指令，对室内环境空气质量的监测与改善提供了较好的控制。该技术未对室内的功能房间进行划分，监测点的布置位置对参数监测的准确性是有很大的影响的，不同功能房间的主污染物及污染程度是不一致的。专利号CN103529776A公开了一种智能家居微环境检测控制系统，根据所检测到的室内温度、湿度、气体，控制电器控制机启动室内电器进行工作，并向预设手机发送报警短信，该技术辅助了控制调节设备，但不是所有住户家内都有相应的电器设备，不利于技术的推广。After searching, it is found that the patent No. CN103278192A discloses a building indoor temperature and humidity detection system and method based on ZigBee technology. The chip forms a temperature and humidity sensor node, which has the functions of no communication connection, convenient networking, high precision and real-time display; because this technology only monitors the indoor temperature and humidity, it is difficult to characterize the impact of other pollutants on the health performance of the indoor environment . Patent No. CN102682576A discloses an intelligent indoor environment monitoring system based on wireless sensing. Its main features are: detection of toxic gases that cause disease, cancer, and death in indoor bedrooms, and the main node single-chip microcomputer stores data information. Data information processing and analysis, the processing and analysis results are transmitted to the display alarm terminal, and an alarm message is issued when the environmental conditions are abnormal. This technology only detects toxic gas pollutants in the bedroom, but although some gases are not toxic gases, their concentration will have an impact on human health if they accumulate to a certain extent, such as carbon dioxide, and there are also some parameters to characterize the overall indoor environmental health. performance drawbacks. Patent No. CN103529776A introduces a monitoring method for an indoor environment detection system, which uses a green building environment management module to connect with an air environment detection collector to monitor air quality data in real time, automatically adjusts and improves indoor air quality, and generates an air quality report; Humidity adjustment command provides better control for the monitoring and improvement of indoor ambient air quality. This technology does not divide the indoor functional rooms. The location of the monitoring points has a great influence on the accuracy of parameter monitoring. The main pollutants and pollution degrees of different functional rooms are inconsistent. Patent No. CN103529776A discloses a smart home microenvironment detection and control system. According to the detected indoor temperature, humidity, and gas, the electrical appliance controller is controlled to start the indoor electrical appliances to work, and sends an alarm message to the preset mobile phone. This technology assists Control and adjust equipment, but not all households have corresponding electrical equipment in their homes, which is not conducive to the promotion of technology.
发明内容Contents of the invention
本发明的目的是提供一种居住建筑室内环境监测与健康等级评价物联网系统，实时监测室内外各环境参数对人体健康的影响，综合分析居住建筑室内环境状况及健康危险等级评价，并给出改善相应环境状况的专家意见及调控措施；同时构建物联网监测系统，及时上传监测参数至数据库，作为基础科研数据及政府相关部门决策依据。解决居住建筑室内健康环境评价方法不完善、室内空气质量调控方法不健全的实际问题。The purpose of the present invention is to provide a residential building indoor environment monitoring and health grade evaluation Internet of things system, real-time monitoring of the impact of indoor and outdoor environmental parameters on human health, comprehensive analysis of residential building indoor environmental conditions and health risk grade evaluation, and give Expert opinions and control measures to improve the corresponding environmental conditions; at the same time, build an Internet of Things monitoring system, upload monitoring parameters to the database in time, as basic scientific research data and decision-making basis for relevant government departments. Solve the practical problems of imperfect evaluation methods of indoor healthy environment of residential buildings and imperfect control methods of indoor air quality.
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:
如图1所示，整个物联网系统分为三层结构，底层为Zigbee子网，其采用Zigbee无线通信实现传感器数据传输；中间层为数据采集网关，其实现Zigbee网络与以太网之间的通信转换；上层为云服务器和客户端，中间层的数据采集网关通过路由器接入Internet网络，进而将所采集的数据上传到云服务器，云服务器完成数据的分析、计算及健康等级的评价，而PC客户端和移动客户端则通过Internet访问云服务器，从而浏览建筑室内环境的监测数据。As shown in Figure 1, the entire IoT system is divided into three layers. The bottom layer is the Zigbee subnet, which uses Zigbee wireless communication to realize sensor data transmission; the middle layer is the data acquisition gateway, which realizes the communication between the Zigbee network and Ethernet. conversion; the upper layer is the cloud server and the client, the data collection gateway in the middle layer is connected to the Internet network through the router, and then uploads the collected data to the cloud server, and the cloud server completes the data analysis, calculation and health level evaluation, while the PC The client and mobile client access the cloud server through the Internet to browse the monitoring data of the building's indoor environment.
一个Zigbee子网实现了一个或多个房间的环境监测，综合采集室内的温度、相对湿度、空气流速、PM2.5浓度、CO2浓度、CO浓度、甲醛浓度、光照度、噪声等环境参数，各传感器通过模拟量变送、数字通信、脉冲序列等方式将其信号或数据传输到Zigbee模块。Zigbee模块完成传感器信号的模数转换及量程变换(或直接读取传感器数据)，然后将通过Zigbee无线通信将所获得的传感器数据传送到数据网关。在一个Zigbee子网中，设计支持64个传感器节点，对于离数据采集网关较远的传感器节点，通过Zigbee通信中继器增强数据传输能力。A Zigbee subnet realizes the environmental monitoring of one or more rooms, comprehensively collects indoor temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, PM2.5 concentration, CO2 concentration, CO concentration, formaldehyde concentration, illuminance, noise and other environmental parameters. The sensor transmits its signal or data to the Zigbee module through analog quantity transmission, digital communication, pulse sequence, etc. The Zigbee module completes the analog-to-digital conversion and range conversion of the sensor signal (or directly reads the sensor data), and then transmits the obtained sensor data to the data gateway through Zigbee wireless communication. In a Zigbee subnet, the design supports 64 sensor nodes. For sensor nodes far away from the data collection gateway, the data transmission capability is enhanced through Zigbee communication repeaters.
一个数据采集网关对应一个Zigbee子网，其包括数据采集器和Zigbee模块两部分。由于Zigbee模块同时支持Zigbee无线通信和RS485通信，进而实现两者之间的通信转换；数据采集器通过RS485通信从Zigbee模块中读取现场环境监测数据，并进一步转换为以太网通信方式，进行数据上传。数据采集器是基于M-SCM9022嵌入式工控模块硬件平台开发。多个数据采集网关对一层楼或多层楼的环境数据进行采集，最终通过同一个路由器接入Internet网络，不同建筑则需通过不同的路由器接入到Internet网络。A data acquisition gateway corresponds to a Zigbee subnet, which includes two parts: a data collector and a Zigbee module. Since the Zigbee module supports Zigbee wireless communication and RS485 communication at the same time, the communication conversion between the two is realized; the data collector reads the on-site environmental monitoring data from the Zigbee module through RS485 communication, and further converts it into Ethernet communication mode to perform data processing. upload. The data collector is developed based on the M-SCM9022 embedded industrial control module hardware platform. Multiple data acquisition gateways collect the environmental data of one or more floors, and finally access the Internet network through the same router, and different buildings need to access the Internet network through different routers.
云服务器通过Internet网络获取不同地域、不同建筑的环境监测数据，进而完成数据的实时显示、存储、分析、计算、健康等级和污染危害度的评估。PC客户端和移动客户端对云服务器的访问亦通过Internet网络完成。The cloud server obtains the environmental monitoring data of different regions and different buildings through the Internet network, and then completes the real-time display, storage, analysis, calculation, health level and pollution hazard assessment of the data. PC clients and mobile clients also access the cloud server through the Internet.
一个Zigbee模块(如图2所示)通过模拟量输入、脉冲量输入、I2C接口、SPI接口、UART接口同时采集多个传感器信号，且传感器采用模拟量或脉冲变送输出，或采用直接数字输出，为外部传感器的选择提供了方便。A Zigbee module (as shown in Figure 2) simultaneously collects multiple sensor signals through analog input, pulse input, I2C interface, SPI interface, and UART interface, and the sensor uses analog or pulse transmission output, or uses direct digital output , provides convenience for the selection of external sensors.
本发明的效果和益处是：Effect and benefit of the present invention are:
1、综合考虑了居住建筑室内环境对人体健康影响的物理参数及各功能房间的特殊性来评价环境对人体的健康风险。本发明室内环境健康性能检测分析仪能够以多参数多空间对室内环境进行检测分析，避免了以单一参数来表征室内环境的不严谨性，全面有效地了解室内污染物浓度及空间分布。1. Comprehensively consider the physical parameters of the indoor environment of residential buildings on human health and the particularity of each functional room to evaluate the health risks of the environment to human body. The indoor environmental health performance detection analyzer of the present invention can detect and analyze the indoor environment with multiple parameters and multiple spaces, avoiding the impreciseness of using a single parameter to characterize the indoor environment, and comprehensively and effectively understand the concentration and spatial distribution of indoor pollutants.
2、利用室内环境综合表征参数评价居住室内健康风险等级，不仅能够实时显示室内环境参数实际值，还能够对环境的健康风险进行评价及给出等级标识，当出现健康风险时，检测系统将给出环境质量改善措施的专家建议。2. Using the indoor environment comprehensive characterization parameters to evaluate the health risk level of the living room, not only can display the actual value of the indoor environment parameters in real time, but also can evaluate the health risk of the environment and give a grade mark. When a health risk occurs, the detection system will give Provide expert advice on environmental quality improvement measures.
3、实时检测数据不仅在测试现场实时显示，还能通过数据传输通信系统，将数据传输到中央服务器端，在检测中心实时监控，为建立不同城市或地区的室内环境健康性能检测网和数据库提供了技术手段。3. The real-time detection data is not only displayed in real time at the test site, but also transmitted to the central server through the data transmission communication system, and monitored in real time in the test center, providing a basis for the establishment of indoor environmental health performance testing networks and databases in different cities or regions technical means.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1是居住建筑室内环境监测与健康等级评价物联网系统网络结构框图。Figure 1 is a block diagram of the network structure of the Internet of Things system for indoor environment monitoring and health rating evaluation of residential buildings.
图2是Zigbee模块硬件设计原理框图。Figure 2 is a block diagram of Zigbee module hardware design.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
以下结合技术方案和附图详细叙述本发明的具体实施方式。The specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the technical solutions and accompanying drawings.
如图1所示，将测试参数(如温湿度、空气流速、照度、噪声、PM2.5、CO2、甲醛、TVOC浓度)的传感器与ZigBee无线传输模块集合成一个固定的数据监测终端模块，在室内各功能房间布置相应的终端模块，户外的检测终端模块(如温湿度、空气流速、照度、噪声、PM2.5、CO2浓度)传感器及ZigBee无线传输模块，五部分的实时监测数据传输到室内的ZigBee数据集成网关，此后数据分两部分进行传输。一部分为室内可视化终端面板，对数据进行实时显示及评价分析，另一部分通过网络传输到中央服务器端进行分析及存储。数据经中央服务器后也分两方面展开，一方面为监测平台中心，对所有现有的监控住户室内环境参数状况及健康风险评价进行实时监测；另一方面为数据处理分析中心，对数据进行计算处理并存储，设置数据库中心，供用户上网查询室内环境排名情况及下载相关数据。As shown in Figure 1, the sensor of the test parameters (such as temperature and humidity, air velocity, illuminance, noise, PM 2.5 , CO 2 , formaldehyde, TVOC concentration) and the ZigBee wireless transmission module are integrated into a fixed data monitoring terminal module. Corresponding terminal modules are arranged in each functional room in the room, outdoor detection terminal modules (such as temperature and humidity, air velocity, illuminance, noise, PM 2.5 , CO 2 concentration) sensors and ZigBee wireless transmission modules, five parts of real-time monitoring data are transmitted to the room The ZigBee data integration gateway, after which the data is transmitted in two parts. One part is the indoor visual terminal panel, which displays and evaluates the data in real time, and the other part is transmitted to the central server through the network for analysis and storage. After the data passes through the central server, it is also divided into two aspects. On the one hand, it is the monitoring platform center, which conducts real-time monitoring of all existing indoor environmental parameters and health risk assessments of the monitored households; on the other hand, it is the data processing and analysis center, which calculates the data Process and store, and set up a database center for users to query the ranking of indoor environment and download related data online.
如图2所示，Zigbee模块同步支持4路模拟量输入(AI0～AI3)、4路脉冲隔离输入(PI0～PI3)、1路I2C总线接口、1路SPI接口、1路UART通信接口、1路RS485通信接口、1路Zigbee无线通信接口；CPU采用32位ARM7内核的STM32F407微处理器；模拟量输入采用单端输入设计，支持0～10V、0～5V、0～50mV、0～20mA、4～20mA等输入信号，并自动完成电流-电压转换，输入信号经差动衰减后，统一变换为0～50mV信号；4路模拟量输入通道经CD4051模拟开关选择后，接入运算放大器，经同相放大40倍后变换为0～2V电压信号，放大器采用LM324，通道选择则由CPU的P3.0和P3.1控制；放大器输出信号经数模转换后，由CPU通过SPI接口读取转换结果，数模转换器采用MCP3201，转换精度为12位，外部参考电压为2.048V，由LM4120提供。CPU获得转换数据后，将依据预先设置的量程上限和量程下限，完成量程变换。模拟开关和运算放大器均采用+5V和-5V供电，数模转换过程中，每轮采集周期，模拟开关均切换一次地，以便读取运放零点飘移量，软件处理时，将实际读取的数模转换值减去零点漂移值，有效消除零点漂移。As shown in Figure 2, the Zigbee module synchronously supports 4 analog inputs (AI0~AI3), 4 pulse isolation inputs (PI0~PI3), 1 I2C bus interface, 1 SPI interface, 1 UART communication interface, 1 RS485 communication interface, 1 Zigbee wireless communication interface; CPU adopts STM32F407 microprocessor with 32-bit ARM7 core; analog input adopts single-ended input design, supports 0~10V, 0~5V, 0~50mV, 4~20mA and other input signals, and automatically complete the current-voltage conversion. After the input signal is differentially attenuated, it is uniformly transformed into a 0~50mV signal; after the 4 analog input channels are selected by the CD4051 analog switch, they are connected to the operational amplifier. After being amplified 40 times in the same phase, it is transformed into a 0-2V voltage signal. The amplifier uses LM324, and the channel selection is controlled by P3.0 and P3.1 of the CPU; after the output signal of the amplifier is converted from digital to analog, the conversion result is read by the CPU through the SPI interface. , The digital-to-analog converter adopts MCP3201, the conversion accuracy is 12 bits, and the external reference voltage is 2.048V, which is provided by LM4120. After the CPU obtains the conversion data, it will complete the range conversion according to the preset upper limit and lower limit of the range. Both the analog switch and the operational amplifier are powered by +5V and -5V. During the digital-to-analog conversion process, the analog switch is switched once in each round of acquisition cycle, so as to read the zero drift of the operational amplifier. When the software is processed, the actually read The zero drift value is subtracted from the digital-to-analog conversion value to effectively eliminate the zero drift.
4路脉冲输入经高速光耦隔离后，输入到CPU的P3.4～P3.7引脚，以产生中断，软件上采用定时计数的方法获得输入脉冲频率，其测量的频率范围为0～10KHz。After the 4-way pulse input is isolated by the high-speed optocoupler, it is input to the P3.4~P3.7 pins of the CPU to generate an interrupt. The software uses a timing counting method to obtain the input pulse frequency, and the measured frequency range is 0~10KHz .
I2C接口、SPI接口和UART接口由CPU直接提供。对于I2C接口，SDA为双向数据传输线，SCL为CPU提供的I2C时钟信号；对于SPI接口，CS1为片选控制线，CLK1为CPU提供的SPI时钟信号，频率为100KHz，MISO1为SPI接口的主入从出信号，MOSI1为SPI接口的主出从入信号；对于UART接口，TXD0为发送信号线，RXD0为接收信号线。I2C interface, SPI interface and UART interface are provided directly by CPU. For the I2C interface, SDA is a bidirectional data transmission line, SCL is the I2C clock signal provided by the CPU; for the SPI interface, CS1 is the chip select control line, CLK1 is the SPI clock signal provided by the CPU, the frequency is 100KHz, and MISO1 is the master input of the SPI interface. For the slave output signal, MOSI1 is the master output slave input signal of the SPI interface; for the UART interface, TXD0 is the sending signal line, and RXD0 is the receiving signal line.
无线通信接口采用CC2530，其与CPU之间通过SPI2接口完成数据交互，看门狗选择IMP807，阈值电压为2.93V。RS485通信接口采用ADM2587，将CPU中UART1口的发送TXD1和RXD1转换为DT+和DT-信号，进行RS485半双工通信。The wireless communication interface adopts CC2530, and the data interaction between it and the CPU is completed through the SPI2 interface. The watchdog selects IMP807, and the threshold voltage is 2.93V. The RS485 communication interface adopts ADM2587, which converts the TXD1 and RXD1 of the UART1 port in the CPU into DT+ and DT- signals for RS485 half-duplex communication.
Zigbee模块采用+12V供电，外部输入的220VAC经开关电源变换后，得到+12V，为模块供电，开关电源选择的是明纬电源，型号为S-12-15，额定输出功率为15W；+12V信号经7805变换后的到+5V信号；+5V信号经SPX1117-3.3V芯片变换后，得到3.3V，为CPU提供电源；+5V信号经34C063变换后，得到-5V；+5V和-5V为模拟开关和运算放大器供电。整个Zigbee模块为外部传感器提供12V、+5V、-5V、+3.3V电源。The Zigbee module adopts +12V power supply, and the external input 220VAC is converted by the switching power supply to obtain +12V to supply power for the module. The switching power supply is MEAN WELL power supply, the model is S-12-15, and the rated output power is 15W; +12V The signal is converted by 7805 to +5V signal; +5V signal is converted by SPX1117-3.3V chip to obtain 3.3V, which provides power for the CPU; +5V signal is converted by 34C063 to obtain -5V; +5V and -5V are Analog switches and op amps are powered. The whole Zigbee module provides 12V, +5V, -5V, +3.3V power supply for external sensors.
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