TheSci International Science Journal

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International Science Journal. Issue 2, Volume 1, No. 02, July-December 2025, is a biannual electronic publication edited by Quality Consulting Instituto de Educación Capacitación y Certificación de México. Street el Rosario 82, Settlement San Antonio del Carmen, Dolores Hgo., Gto. Mexico, ZIP Code 37803. Phone: +52 418 106 3722. Email: [email protected]

Editors-in-Chief: PhD. Alfredo Gutiérrez García.
Co-editor: PhD. Dirk Hans Krakaur Floranes.

Exclusive Use Rights Reserved No. 04-2025-100312450800-102, ISSN: 3122-3591, both granted by the Instituto Nacional del Derecho de Autor (National Institute of Copyright).
Welcome to International Science Journal, an international magazine for scientific and technological outreach in engineering and its many branches, created with the purpose of bringing specialized knowledge closer to the general public, academia, and professionals. We are a platform where innovation finds its voice, and where technical discoveries transcend laboratory boundaries to inspire real-world solutions. International Science Journal is a bridge between rigorous research and accessible understanding. Each issue features original articles and in-depth analyses by experts exploring the most relevant trends in engineering, technology, and sustainability.Our mission is to transform the complex into the comprehensible, foster scientific culture, and promote the exchange of ideas among professionals, researchers, and those interested in advancing applied technical knowledge.
Phone: +52 418 106 3722
Address: Street el Rosario 82, Settlement San Antonio del Carmen, Dolores Hgo., Gto. Mexico, ZIP Code 37803.

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Forensic Applications of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Traumatic Brain Injury: Metabolic and Hemodynamic Perspectives in Invisible Cerebral Damage

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of neurological disability worldwi... more Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains one of the leading causes of neurological disability worldwide and represents a major challenge in forensic medicine, particularly in cases involving persistent symptoms without visible structural abnormalities on conventional neuroimaging. This study analyzed the forensic and clinical relevance of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (^1H-MRS) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the evaluation of traumatic brain injury, emphasizing their role in detecting metabolic, neuronal, and hemodynamic alterations associated with invisible cerebral damage. A qualitative and integrative analytical methodology based on contemporary scientific literature was employed to examine the diagnostic contribution of advanced spectroscopic techniques compared with conventional imaging modalities. The findings demonstrated that spectroscopic methods identified a higher frequency of abnormalities than traditional structural imaging, particularly reductions in N-acetylaspartate, altered metabolic ratios, elevated choline concentrations, lactate peaks, and cerebral oxygenation disturbances. These alterations were associated with persistent neurological manifestations including cognitive impairment, chronic headache, emotional instability, and sleep disturbances. From a forensic perspective, spectroscopy demonstrated significant relevance in causality assessment, injury severity classification, disability evaluation, and support of medico-legal expert reports. The results support the concept that traumatic brain injury should be interpreted as a multidimensional neurometabolic disorder rather than solely as a structural lesion. Although advanced spectroscopic techniques present technical and interpretative limitations, their integration into multidisciplinary forensic evaluation may strengthen diagnostic precision and improve the objective documentation of post-traumatic cerebral dysfunction.

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