Byzantine Samrajya

Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Empire
330–1453
	Empire, 555 AD me, Justinian I ke niche, jon time ii sab ; se jaada area cover karat rahaa, Western Roman Empire; ke khalaa hoe ke baad.vassals pink me shaded hae
Capital	Constantinople (Abhi ke Istanbul)
Common languages	Greek
Religion	Christianity (official)
Demonym(s)	Byzantine; Roman; Eastern Roman; Template:End plainlist
Government	Autocracy
Notable emperors
• 306–337	Constantine I
• 379–395	Theodosius I
• 408–450	Theodosius II
• 527–565	Justinian I
• 610–641	Heraclius
• 717–741	Leo III
• 976–1025	Basil II
• 1081–1118	Alexios I
• 1143–1180	Manuel I
• 1261–1282	Michael VIII
• 1449–1453	Constantine XI
Historical era	Late antiquity to Template:Nwr
Population
• 457	16,000,000
• 565	20,000,000
• 775	7,000,000
• 1025	12,000,000
• 1320	2,000,000
Currency	Solidus, denarius, and hyperpyron

Byzantine Samrajya (dosara naam: Pooravi Roman Samrajya), tukarra hone ke baad, Roman Samrajya ke Greek bhaag ke naam rahaa jon ki Middle-ages talak jinda rahaa. Iske capital Constantinople rahaa, jon ki abhi Turkey me hai aur jiske abhi Istanbul ke naam se jaana jaae hae. Jab ki Western Roman Samrajya me Latin bhasa me baat karaa jaat rahaa, Byzantine Empire ke log Greek bhasa me baat karat raha aur iske sankriti Greek rahaa.

Naam

Empire ke log, jiske abhi "Byzantines" bola jaae hae, apne ke Romans (in Greek, Ῥωμαῖοι or Romaioi) maanat rahin. Yahii rakam se, uu time ke Islamic log aapan empire ke "land of the Romans" (Bilād al-Rūm) bolat rahin.^[5] 800 AD ke baad, Western Europe ke log ii log ke "Greeks" (Graeci) bolat rahin, kaaheki Pope aur medieval German emperors apne ke aslli inheritors of Roman identity maanat rahin. Adjective "Byzantine", Byzantion (Byzantium in Latin) se aais hae, jon uu jagha ke naam hae jahaan pe Greek settlement Constantinople ke banaawa gais rahaa, aur iske khaali city ke log ke describe karaa jaawat rahaa; ii empire ke naam nai rahaa, jiske iske citizens Romanía (Ῥωμανία or "Romanland") bolat rahin.

Jab empire khalaas hoe gais rahaa, tab early modern scholars iske dher naam se bolat rahin, jisme rahaa "Eastern Empire", "Low Empire", "Late Empire", "Empire of the Greeks", "Empire of Constantinople", "Roman Empire".^[6] 15th-century historian Laonikos Chalkokondyles, jiske kaam ke Hieronymus Wolf barrhaawa diis rahaa, ke kaaran "Byzantine" aur "Byzantine Empire" ke kaam me laae lagaa rahaa, aur description jaise "Empire of the Greeks" ke saaathe, 19th century talak.^[7] Yahii term ke aaj-kal empire ke sab chij khaatir kaam me laawa jaae hae; lekin kuchh historian ii biswas kare hae ki iske nai kaam me laawa jaae ke chaahi kaaheki pahile ii prejudicial aur inaccurate rahaa.

Empire ke suruwat 330 - 476 AD

A map showing the western and eastern Roman empires c. 395, divided in the Balkans and North Africa — Empiure ke vibhaajan Theodosius I ke maut ke baad, 395 me
The Western Roman Empire

The Byzantine/Eastern Roman Empire

Roman Emperor, Constantine I, Roman Empire ke capital ke Byzantium hatae ke kar diis aur iske naam badal ke Constantinople kar diis. Dher din ke baad Rome city ke Germanic log lae liin aur puura "Roman" Empire ke Constantinople hatae ke kar diis aur ek nawaa empire suruu bhais. Ii nawaa empire Christian Rome ke rkam chalawa gais lekin iske territory purana Roman Empire ke kamtii rahaa.

Empire trouble me: 476 - 717 AD

Wars in west

Byzantine Empire, Rome aur Italy ke German log se fir chhine ke kosis karis. 500 aur 600 AD ke biich me, Byzantines log dher larrai jiitin aur Rome ke fir se lae liin.

Lekin ii bahut din talak nai chalaa. Aur German log aae ke Italy aur Rome ke aapan niche kar liin. Prastithi aur kharaab hoe gais jab ki Avar log Bulgaria aur Greece ke Byzantines Empire se jiit liin. Avar lag baad me apne ke Bulgarian bole lagin.

East me larrai

Jab Rome ke Germanic log lae lin tab, Byzantine Empire ke niche Egypt, Greece, Palestine, Syria aur Turkey rahaa. Lekin Persian Empire bhi ii sab jagha ke aapan niche kare maangat rahaa. 476 aur 628 AD ke biich me Byzantines aur Persians log dher larrai larrin aur aakhri me 627 AD me Persianslog Ninevah jon ki abi ke Iraq me rahaa, ke haar hoe gais aur , Byzantines log ii des ke rakkhe rahin.

Iske baad uu logan ke duusra dusman Arabs rahaa. Bahut din talak Persian log se larre ke baad Byzantines log kamjor hoe gain rahaa aur uu log Arabs se dher larai harin aur Palestine, Syria aur Egypt ke bhi haar gain, lekin Turkey ke rakkhe rahin.

Empire fir tagatwar bhais: 717 - 1025 AD

Stability was somewhat restored during the reign of Theophilos 717 AD me Arabs log Byzantine Capital, Constantinople ke bahaar ek larrai me bhari maar khain aur Arab threat khalaas hoe gais. West me Byzantines log Bulgarian log ke uppar yudh karin jisme se kuchh me uu logan ke safaltaa milaa. Empire ke dusman logan ke apne me larrai kare ke kaaran Byzantine Empire fir se tagatwar bhais.

West me jiit

1007 se lae ke 1014 talak, Byzantine Emperor Basil II Bulgaria ke attack karis aur Greece ke fir se aapan niche kar liis aur 1018 me Bulgaria ke bhi aapan niche kar liis.

East me jiit

East me Arab log fir se threat hoin aur Basil II uu logan pe larrai kar ke Syria ke barrraa hissa aapan niche aur Turkey aur Armenia ke surakchhit karis. 1025 ke baad Arabs logan Byzantine Empire ke threat nai rahin.

Empire ke decline 1025 - 1453

1025 - 1071

Byzantine Emperor Basil II ke maut ke baad duusra Emperor logan Army ke chota kar diin aur bhaara pr soldier logan ke le ke des ke defend kare ke kosis karin.

Turks ke invasion 1071 - 1091

1091 talak Turk log jon ki Central Asia se aawe rahin Turkey ke Byzantines se lae liin. Lekin First Crusade se Byzantines ke madat mila.

Byzantines bach gain 1091 - 1185

Ii European ke madat se Byzantine Empire aadha Turkey ke fir se aapan niche kar liis.

Byzantines fir se kamjor hae gain, 1185 - 1261

West me Europeans log Byzantines ke uppar larrai kar ke 1204 me Constantinople ke le liin lekin Byzantines 1261 me fir se iske jiit liin. Iske baad Byzantines log chhota chhota Greek states me bat ke apne me larre lagin Empire pe raj kare ke khatir.

Turks log Byzantine ke le liin 1261 - 1453

Jab ki Byzantines log Europeans se larrat rahin, Turks log bhi aage barrhe lagin aur 1331 talak puura Turkey ke le liin.

1354 me Turks log Greece pe hamla kar ke 1450 talak sab bhaag ke aapan niche kar liin. Byzatines Europe se madat mangin lekin ii nai mila aur April 1453 me Turk logan Constantinople ke attack karin aur May 1453 me Constantinople pe kapjaa kar liin aur ii Empire khalaa hoe gais.

References

↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 137.
↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 278.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Treadgold 1997, p. 236.
↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 570.
↑ Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022a, p. 1.
↑ Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022a, p. 2.
↑ Kaldellis 2022a, pp. 352, 355, 357.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997137-1] Treadgold 1997, p. 137.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997278-2] Treadgold 1997, p. 278.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997236-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Treadgold 1997, p. 236.

[FOOTNOTETreadgold1997570-4] Treadgold 1997, p. 570.

[FOOTNOTEAschenbrennerRansohoff2022a1-5] Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022a, p. 1.

[FOOTNOTEAschenbrennerRansohoff2022a2-6] Aschenbrenner & Ransohoff 2022a, p. 2.

[FOOTNOTEKaldellis2022a352,_355,_357-7] Kaldellis 2022a, pp. 352, 355, 357.

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