Rabbi

 

Rabbi
Jewish religious occupation (en) , taken girmamawa, sana'a da sana'a a addini
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	shugaban addini da religious figure (en)
Field of this occupation (en)	Halakha (en)
Yadda ake kira mace	rabbin, ربانية, רבה, Rabbinerin, rabina, rabenino, rabina, rabina, rabbina, rabina, rabina, femme rabbin, rabbine, rabínka, ربانية da Rabbinerin
ISCO-08 occupation class (en)	2636
ISCO-88 occupation class (en)	2460

wa'azi rabbi (/ˈræbaɪ/ i; Ibrananci: , , []) shugaba ne na ruhaniya ko malamin addini a Addinin Yahudanci . Mutum ya zama rabbi ta hanyar sanya shi ta wani rabbi - wanda aka sani da semikhah - yana bin tsarin nazarin Tarihin Yahudawa da matani, gami da Tanakh, Midrash, Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud, Halakha, da kuma sharhin rabbi a ciki. Hanyar malamai ta samo asali ne tsakanin Haikali na Biyu (167 KZ-73 AZ) - wanda Farisiyawa suka rinjayi shi sosai - da kuma lokutan Rabbinic (70-640 AZ), lokacin da malamai masu ilimi - sun haɗu da Tannaim, Amoraim, Savoraim, da farkon Geonim - sun taru don tsara dokokin Yahudanci da aka rubuta da na baki. An fara amfani da taken "rabbi" a ƙarni na farko AZ. A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, ayyukan rabbi sun ƙara rinjayar ayyukan Ministan Kirista na Furotesta, saboda haka taken "rabi na pulpit". Bugu da ƙari, a cikin karni na 19 na Jamus da Amurka, ayyukan rabi kamar isar da laccoci, ba da shawara ga fastoci, da wakiltar al'umma zuwa waje duk sun karu da muhimmanci.he

A cikin ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa daban-daban, akwai buƙatu daban-daban don tsarkakewa na rabbi, da bambance-bambance a ra'ayi game da wanda aka gane shi a matsayin rabbi. Ƙungiyoyin da ba na Orthodox ba, gami da addinin Yahudanci na Conservative, addinin Yahudci na Reform, addinin Yahudawa na Reconstructionist, da Sabuntawar Yahudawa, sun saita bukatun su don semikhah bisa ga abin da suke la'akari da dalilai na halakhic (kamar a cikin addinin Yahudda na Conservative) da dalilai na ɗabi'a (kamar yadda yake a cikin Reform da Reconstructionism).

Magana da furcin

The word comes from the Mishnaic Hebrew construct רְבִּי rǝbbī, meaning 'Master [Name]'; the standard Hebrew noun is רב rav 'master'. Rav is also used as a title for rabbis, as are rabbeinu ('our master') and ha-rav ('the master'). A derived term is rebbe.

Tushen Ibrananci ya samo asali ne dangi Tushen Semitic (R-B-B), wanda a cikin Aramaic na Littafi Mai-Tsarki yana nufin 'babban' a hanyoyi da yawa, gami da 'mai girma', amma ya bayyana da farko a matsayin prefix a cikin siffofin gini. Kodayake amfani da rabim 'da yawa' (kamar 1 Sarakuna 18:25, הָרַבִּים) 'mafi yawan', 'tambayar' tana faruwa ne don taron al'umma a cikin Littafin Tekun Gishiri, babu wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan haɗin wannan amfani tare da taken "rabbi". Tushen yana da alaƙa da rabbin Larabci ربّ, ma'ana 'Ubangiji' (wanda ake amfani dashi gabaɗaya lokacin da ake magana game da Allah, amma kuma game da iyayengiji na lokaci), da kuma kalmar Syriac. 

Wasu al'ummomi, musamman Sephardic da Yemenite Yahudawa, a tarihi sun furta taken רִבִּי rībbī; wannan furcin ya yi gasa da רְבִּת rǝbbī da רַבִּּי rabbī a Ashkenaz har zuwa zamani.

Bayani na tarihi

"Rabin" ba sana'a ce da aka samu a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ba, kuma tsararraki na dā ba su yi amfani da lakabi masu alaƙa kamar Rabban, 'rabbi', ko rav ga ko dai masu hikima na Babila ko masu hikima a Isra'ila ba. Misali, Hillel I da Shammai (shugabannin addini na farkon karni na farko) ba su da lakabin rabbi da aka sanya wa sunayensu. An fara ambaton sunayen sarauta "rabban" da "rabbi" a cikin wallafe-wallafen Yahudawa a cikin Mishnah. An fara amfani da Rabban ga Rabban Gamaliel the Elder, Rabban Simeon ben Gamliel (dansa), da Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai, dukansu shugabannin ne ko shugabannin Sanhedrin a karni na farko. Wadanda suka fara karɓar taken rabbi sun haɗa da Rabbi Zadok da Rabbi Eliezer ben Jacob, tun daga lokacin almajiran Rabban Yohanan ben Zakkai. Taken "Rabbi" (transliteration na Helenanci na ῥαββί) ya faru ne a cikin littattafan Kirista na Matiyu, Markus, da Yahaya a Sabon Alkawari, inda aka yi amfani da shi - wani lokacin a cikin mummunar - dangane da "Wasuba da Farisiyawa" da kuma Yesu.

According to some,  the title "rabbi" or "rabban" was first used after 70 CE to refer to Yohanan ben Zakkai and his students, and references in Rabbinic texts and the New Testament to rabbis earlier in the 1st century are anachronisms or retroactive honorifics. Other scholars  believe that the term "rabbi" was a well-known informal title by the beginning of the first century CE, and thus that the Jewish and Christian references to rabbis reflect the titles used in this period.

The governments of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were based on a system that included the Jewish kings; the Jewish prophets; the legal authority of the high court of Jerusalem, the Great Sanhedrin; and the ritual authority of the priesthood (כֹּהֲנִים, kōhănīm). Members of the Sanhedrin had to receive their ordination through an unbroken line of transmission from Moses; however, instead of being called "rabbis", they were referred to as "priests" or "scribes", like Ezra, who is called in the Hebrew Bible "Ezra the priest-scribe, a scholar in matters concerning GOD's commandments and laws to Israel"(Ezra 7:11, Revised JPS Edition). "Rabbi" as a title does not appear in the Hebrew Bible, though later Rabbinic sources occasionally use it as a title for wise biblical figures, as in tractate Pirkei Avot 6:3.

With the destruction of the two Temples in Jerusalem, the end of the Jewish monarchy, the decline of the dual institutions of prophets and the priesthood, and the later failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the focus of scholarly and spiritual leadership within the Jewish people shifted to the sages of the Great Sanhedrin (הַסַּנְהֶדְרִין הַגְּדוֹלָה, ha-Sanhedrin ha-Gedolah). The Great Sanhedrin was composed of the earliest group of "rabbis" in the contemporary sense of the word, in large part because they began the formulation and explication of what became known as Judaism's Oral Torah (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה, Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe, 'Torah of the mouth'). The Oral Torah was eventually codified in the Mishnah, Talmud, and subsequent Rabbinic scholarship, leading to what is known as Rabbinic Judaism.

Lokacin Talmud

The traditional explanation is that from the 1st to 5th centuries, the title "rabbi" was given to those sages of the Land of Israel who received formal ordination (semikhah), while the lesser title "rav" was given to sages who taught in the Talmudic Academies in Babylonia, as ordination could not be performed outside the Land of Israel. Sherira Gaon summarized the relationship between these titles as follows: "Rabbi is greater than Rav, Rabban is greater than Rabbi, [and] one's name is greater than Rabban". However, some modern scholars  argue that "rabbi" and "rav" are the same title, pronounced differently due to variations in dialect.

Bayan da Theodosius II ya murkushe Shugabancin Yahudawa da Sanhedrin a cikin 425, ba za a iya yin tsarkakewa a cikin al'ada ba. Kamar masu hikima na Babila, ana iya kiran sanannen masanin Rav ko Hakham (חכם, 'Mai Hikima [daya]').[one] Bayar da ilmantarwa daga malami zuwa almajiri ya kasance mai matukar muhimmanci, amma babu wani cancantar rabbi na yau da kullun.

Zamanin Tsakiya

A Farkon Zamanin Tsakiya, "rabbi" ba lakabi ne na al'ada ba, amma an yi amfani da shi azaman kalmar girmamawa ga Yahudawa masu ilimi da suna. Bayan fitowar addinin Yahudanci na Karaite, Yahudawa waɗanda suka kasance a cikin ikon ka'idoji - watau, addinin Yahuduki na Rabbinic - sun zama sanannun "rabbanites". Da farko, al'ummomi na iya samun alƙali na addini wanda babban <i id="mwAR0">geonate</i> ya nada, sau da yawa yana da takardar shaidar da aka sani da pitka dedayanuta ko kuma yana ɗauke da taken chaver (gajere ga chaver besanhedrin hagedolah, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a Isra'ila) ko aluf (wanda aka yi amfani dashi a Babila). A ƙarni na 11, yayin da geonate ya raunana ya zama ruwan dare ga al'ummomin Yahudawa su zabi ikon ruhaniya na gida. A cikin karni na 11 zuwa 12, wasu hukumomin rabbi na gida a Spain sun sami takardar shaidar da aka sani da ketav masmich ko ketav minui a shirye-shiryen rawar jagorancin su. Maimonides ya yanke hukuncin cewa kowane ikilisiya ya tilasta wa mai wa'azi da malami don gargadi al'umma da koyar da Attaura, kuma tsarin zamantakewa da ya bayyana shine kwayar rabbinate na zamani.

Har zuwa tsakiyar karni na 14th Black Death annoba, al'ummomin Ashkenazi yawanci suna yin yanke shawara na addini ta hanyar yarjejeniyar malamai a kan majalisa, maimakon yanke shawara na hukuma ɗaya. A cikin karni na 14, ra'ayin ya fito ne daga mutum ɗaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin ikon addini na wani yanki (mara de'atra). An fara yin rikodin tsari na yau da kullun tsakanin Ashkenazim tare da Meir ben Baruch Halevi (ƙarshen karni na 14), wanda ya ba da taken Moreinu (malaminmu) ga malamai. Koyaya, mai yiwuwa ya wanzu a baya. A karni na 15, wannan tsari na yau da kullun, wanda aka sani da Semicha, ya zama abin da ake buƙata don a gane shi a matsayin rabbi. Da farko, wasu al'ummomin Sephardic sun ki amincewa da irin wannan tsari na yau da kullun, amma a tsawon lokaci su ma sun karɓi tsarin. : 13 

With the formation of rabbinical seminaries starting in the nineteenth century, the rabbinate experienced a degree of professionalization still underway. An ordained graduate of a rabbinical seminary that is affiliated with one of the modern branches of Judaism, Reform, Conservative, Reconstructionist, or modern Orthodox, has become able to find employment—whether as a congregational rabbi, teacher, chaplain, campus Hillel director, camp director, social worker or administrator—through the placement office of their seminary. Like any modern professional, ordained graduates negotiate the terms of employment with potential employers and sign a contract specifying duties, duration of service, salary, benefits, pension, and the like. A rabbi's salary and benefits have become similar to those of other modern professionals, such as lawyers and accountants, with comparable levels of post-graduate education. It is also possible to engage in the rabbinate part-time (e.g., at a synagogue with a small membership); the rabbi's salary will be proportionate to the services rendered and they are likely to have additional employment outside the synagogue.

Ikon iko

The practical basis for rabbinic authority involves the acceptance of the rabbinic individual and their scholarly credentials. In practical terms, Jewish communities and individuals commonly proffer allegiance to the authority of the rabbi they have chosen. Such a rabbinic leader is sometimes called the "Master of the Locale" (mara d'atra). Jewish individuals may acknowledge the authority of others but will defer legal decisions to the mara d'atra.

Rabi yana samun iko daga nasarorin da aka samu a cikin tsarin meritocratic. Ikon rabbi ba na ainihi ba ne ko na ruhaniya, bisa ga takaddun shaida. Yawanci, rabbi yana karɓar hatimi na amincewa. Wannan ikon yana ba su damar shiga cikin tsarin halakhic kuma su yi ka'idojin doka.

Irin wannan tsari gaskiya ne a cikin al'ummomi masu yawa, daga al'ummomin Hasidic zuwa kungiyoyin malamai ko ƙungiyoyi. Za a sami tsari na al'ada ko na zahiri na ikon rabbi wanda ke da alhakin membobin al'umma. Koyaya, al'ummomin Hasidic ba su da rabbi; a maimakon haka suna da Rebbe, wanda ke taka irin wannan rawar amma ana zaton yana da alaƙa ta musamman da Allah. Ikon Rebbe, to, ya dogara ne akan alaƙar ruhaniya da Allah, kuma ana girmama su daban daga malamai.

Daraja

A cewar Talmud, umarni ne (mitzvah) don girmama rabbi da masanin Attaura, tare da tsofaffi, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Leviticus 19:32, "Tashi a gaban tsofaffi, kuma girmama tsofaffi. " Ya kamata mutum ya tsaya a gaban su ya yi musu magana da girmamawa. Ana buƙatar Kohanim (firistoci) don girmama malamai da malamai na Attaura kamar jama'a gaba ɗaya. Koyaya, idan mutum ya fi ilimi fiye da rabbi ko masanin, babu buƙatar tsayawa. Dole ne a nuna girmamawa ga matar masanin Attaura. Har ila yau umarni ne ga malamai da malamai su girmama ɗaliban su. Rabbai da malaman Attaura suna da ikon sanya mutanen da suka zagi su a ƙarƙashin haramtacciyar yankan zumunci don tabbatar da horo a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa.

Tsaro

Tsaro na gargajiya

Misalai na farko da aka rubuta na na naɗa shi ne Musa yana ba da ikonsa ga Joshua da dattawa 70. Hakazalika, Iliya ya ba da ikonsa ga Elisha.

A cewar Pirkei Avot, an ba da izini ba tare da katsewa ba daga Musa zuwa Joshua, ga dattawa, ga annabawa, ga mutanen Babban Taron, ga Zugot, ga Tannaim. Wataƙila sarkar semikhah ta ɓace a ƙarni na 4 ko 5, kodayake mai yiwuwa a ƙarshen ƙarni na 12.

A cewar Maimonides (karni na 12), idan zai yiwu a tara manyan masu hikima na ƙarni, kotun da aka sake ginawa na iya ba da classic semikhah ko naɗa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an yi ƙoƙari da yawa na zamani don farfado da Sanhedrin. Ya zuwa farkon karni na 21 babu irin wannan yunkurin da aka yarda da shi a matsayin mai inganci tsakanin yarjejeniyar malamai, ko kuma ya ci gaba da wuce kusan ƙarni.

Tsarkakewa na zamani

Tun ƙarshen naɗa na gargajiya, wasu nau'ikanɗa sun haɓaka waɗanda ke amfani da yawancin kalmomin iri ɗaya, amma suna da ƙaramin ma'ana a cikin dokar Yahudawa.

A zamanin yau, ana ba wa ɗalibin rabbi semikhah (tsarkakewar rabbi) bayan kammala shirin ilmantarwa a cikin yeshiva ko makarantar sakandare ta zamani ko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin wani rabbi. Daidaitaccen karatun ya bambanta da ƙungiya, amma mafi yawansu suna cikin kewayon shekaru 3-6. Shirye-shiryen duk sun haɗa da nazarin Talmud, ka'idojin Dokar Yahudawa da kuma alhakin zuwa mafi girma ko ƙarami, dangane da reshen addinin Yahudanci. Baya ga wallafe-wallafen malamai, makarantun sakandare na zamani suna ba da darussan a cikin batutuwan fastoci kamar ba da shawara, ilimi, addinin kwatankwacin da kuma ba da laccoci. Yawancin ɗaliban rabbi za su kammala karatunsu a tsakiyar shekarunsu na 20. Babu matsayi kuma babu babban iko a cikin addinin Yahudanci wanda ke kula da ilimin malamai ko yin rikodin umarni; kowane reshe na addinin Yahudhi yana tsara umarnin malamai da ke da alaƙa da shi.

Tsarin da aka fi amfani da shi a kan takardar shaidar semikhah shine Yore a baya ("Yana iya koyarwa, yana iya koyarwa", wani lokacin ana fassara shi azaman tambaya da amsa, "Sai ya koyar? Zai iya koyarwa"). Yawancin Rabin suna da wannan cancanta; wani lokacin ana kiransu Moreh Hora'ah ("malamin hukunce-hukunce"). Wani nau'i mai zurfi na semikhah shine yadin yadin ("Yana iya yin hukunci, zai iya yin hukunci" ko "Yana iya yi hukunci? Zai iya yin hukunci". Wannan yana bawa mai karɓa damar aiki a matsayin alƙali a kotun rabbinical da yin hukunci game da shari'o'in dokar kuɗi, da sauran alhakin. Wanda ya karɓi wannan tsarkakewa za a iya magance shi a matsayin dayan ("alƙali") kuma ya riƙe taken rabbi. Ƙananan kashi ne kawai na malamai ke samun yadin yadin. Kodayake ba lallai ba ne, yawancin malamai na Orthodox sun riƙe cewa Bet din (kocin dokar Yahudawa) ya kamata a hada da dayanim tare da wannan tsarkakewa.

Addinin Orthodox da Orthodox na zamani

Rabbi Moshe Feinstein, babban jami'in Rabbinical na addinin Orthodox na rabin rabin karni na ashirin.

Wani Orthodox semikhah yana buƙatar kammala shirin da ya kunshi dokar Yahudawa ("Halakha") da kuma responsa cikin bin al'adar da ta daɗe. Malamai na Orthodox yawanci suna karatu a yeshivas, "kolejoji" waɗanda ke ba da karatun Attaura gabaɗaya, kuma suna ƙaruwa a cibiyoyin da aka keɓe da suna kollelim; dukansu ana kiransu "Makarantun Talmudical / Rabbinical ko kwalejoji". A lokuta biyu, shirin yana da digiri na biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi shekaru biyu a matsakaici, biyo bayan akalla karatun yeshiva na shekaru huɗu.

A cikin cimma semikhah, ɗaliban rabbi suna aiki don samun ilimi a cikin takamaiman kuma masu dacewa na Talmudic sugyas, da ci gaban su a cikin Rishonim da Acharonim (masu sharhi na farko da na ƙarshe), wanda ke haifar da aikace-aikacen su a Halakha - musamman kamar yadda Tur ya gano. Gina akan wannan, shine nazarin waɗancan sassan Shulchan Aruch (dokar Yahudawa) - tare da manyan sharhin - waɗanda suka shafi tambayoyin rayuwar yau da kullun (kamar dokokin kiyaye kosher, Shabbat, da dokokin tsabtar iyali). Wani bangare na shimush, ko "koyon aiki", sau da yawa ana buƙatarsa.

Daliban addinin Zionist da na Orthodox na zamani, kamar waɗanda ke Hesder yeshivot da Jami'ar Yeshiva bi da bi, ban da haka suna nazarin hashkafa, watau manyan abubuwa na tauhidin da falsafar da aikace-aikacen su ga tambayoyin zamani, suna ci gaba da tsari ta hanyar Ayyukan rabbi na gargajiya a nan; wasu ɗalibai za su yi nazarin waɗannan ayyukan da kansu (duba Yeshiva § Ethics, mysticism da falsafar).

Abubuwan da ake buƙata don yeshiva na Orthodox sun haɗa da tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin dokar Yahudawa, liturgy, nazarin Talmudic, da harsuna masu halarta (misali, Ibrananci, Aramaic kuma a wasu lokuta Yiddish). Musamman, ana sa ran ɗalibai sun sami ƙwarewar nazari mai zurfi, da faɗin, a cikin Talmud kafin su fara karatun su na rabbi. A lokaci guda, tunda karatun rabbinical yawanci yana gudana daga wasu karatun yeshiva, wadanda ke neman semichah yawanci ba a buƙatar su kammala karatun jami'a. Akwai banbanci, kamar Jami'ar Yeshiva, wanda ke buƙatar duk ɗaliban rabbi su kammala digiri na farko kafin su shiga shirin, da kuma Masters ko kwatankwacin kafin a naɗa su.

A tarihi, mata ba za su iya zama malamai na Orthodox ba. Farawa a shekara ta 2009, wasu cibiyoyin Orthodox na zamani sun fara naɗa mata da taken "Maharat", kuma daga baya tare da lakabi ciki har da "Rabbah" da "Rabbi". Wannan a halin yanzu batun da ake jayayya da shi ga cibiyoyin Orthodox da yawa, wanda ke jagorantar wasu don neman wasu lakabi da matsayi ga mata (duba Mata malamai da Attaura § Orthodox Judaism, Toanotniy Rabot, da Yoetzet Halacha).

While some Haredi (including Hasidic) yeshivas do grant official ordination to many students wishing to become rabbis, most of the students within the yeshivas engage in learning Torah or Talmud without the goal of becoming rabbis or holding any official positions. The curriculum for obtaining ordination as rabbis for Haredi scholars is the same as described above for all Orthodox students wishing to obtain the official title of "Rabbi" and to be recognized as such.

A cikin duniyar Hasidic, matsayi na jagorancin ruhaniya ana watsa su ne a cikin iyalai da aka kafa, yawanci daga iyaye zuwa 'ya'ya maza, yayin da ƙananan ɗalibai ke samun izini na hukuma don zama dayanim ("alƙalai") a Kotunan addini, poskim ("masu yanke shawara" na Dokar Yahudawa), da malamai a makarantun Hasidic. Haka kuma gaskiya ne ga wadanda ba Hasidic Litvish yeshivas waɗanda ke sarrafawa ta hanyar rosh yeshivas da aka watsa ta daular kuma yawancin ɗalibai ba za su zama malamai ba, koda bayan shekaru da yawa na karatun kollel na digiri.

Wasu yeshivas, kamar Yeshivas Chafetz Chaim da Yeshivas Ner Yisroel a Baltimore, Maryland, na iya ƙarfafa ɗaliban su su sami Semichah kuma galibi suna aiki a matsayin malamai waɗanda ke koyarwa a wasu yeshivas ko makarantun Ibrananci. Sauran yeshivas, kamar Yeshiva Chaim Berlin (Brooklyn, New York) ko Mirrer Yeshiva (a Brooklyn da Urushalima), ba su da "shirin rabin / rabbi" na hukuma don horar da rabbi, amma samar da semichah a kan "kamar yadda ake buƙata" idan kuma lokacin da aka ba ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗaliban su matsayin rabbi amma kawai tare da amincewar rosh yeshivas.

Haredim sau da yawa za su fi son amfani da sunayen Ibrananci don lakabi na [./<i id=]Reb" id="mwA4U" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="rebbe">Rebbe bisa ga tsoffin al'adun gargajiya, kamar su: Rav (yana nufin "rabbi"), HaRav ("rabbiinmu"), 'Moreinu HaRav (malaminmu"), 'Moreinu VeRabeinu HaRav ("malaminmu da malaminmu / malaminmu"), "rabbimu / master" ("Mur"Mur"y"Murge / / / /er""), "Mur"[the][of]

Lura: [./<i id= Reb]" id="mwA4w" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Rebbetzin">Rubetzin (amfani da Yiddish da aka saba amfani da shi tsakanin Ashkenazim) ko Rabbanit (a cikin Ibrananci kuma ana amfani da shi a tsakanin Sephardi) shine "sunan" na hukuma da aka yi amfani da shi, ko ta, matar kowane Orthodox, Haredi, ko Hasidic rabbi. Hakanan ana iya amfani da Rebbetzin a matsayin daidai da Reb kuma wani lokacin ana taƙaita shi kamar haka.

Addinin Yahudanci da ba na Orthodox ba

Addinin Yahudanci mai ra'ayin mazan jiya

Addinin Yahudanci mai ra'ayin mazan jiya yana ba da semikhah bayan kammala shirin a cikin ka'idojin dokar Yahudawa da kuma al'adun Yahudawa. Baya ga ilimi da kuma iko da nazarin Talmud da halakhah, Conservative semikhah kuma yana buƙatar ɗalibanta na rabbi su sami horo mai zurfi a Tanakh, sharhin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na gargajiya, sukar Littafi Mai-Machal, Midrash, Kabbalah da Hasidut, ci gaban tarihi na addinin Yahudanci daga zamanin d ̄ a zuwa zamani, ka'idojin Yahudawa, hanyar halakhic na Conservative responsa, ayyukan gargajiya da na zamani na tauhidin da falsafarki, gudanar da ba da riba ba, da kewayawa na zamani. Bukatun shiga cibiyoyin nazarin malamai na Conservative sun haɗa da asali a cikin dokar Yahudawa da liturgy, saba da wallafe-wallafen malamai, Talmud, da dai sauransu, kiyaye al'ada bisa ga halakha na Conservative, da kuma kammala digiri na jami'a. Dangane da buƙatun izinin kwaleji na ƙasa, ɗaliban rabbi na Conservative suna samun Master of Arts a cikin Littattafan rabbi ban da karɓar naɗa. Dubi Jerin makarantun malamai § ConservativeList of rabbinical schools § Conservative

Juyin Juya Halin Yahudanci

A cikin Reform Judaism ana ba da umarnin karatun rabbi a cikin kulawar fastoci, ci gaban tarihi na addinin Yahudanci, sukar Littafi Mai-Tsarki na ilimi, ban da nazarin rubutun rabbi na gargajiya. Ana kuma buƙatar ɗaliban rabbi don samun ƙwarewar rabbi ta hanyar aiki a ikilisiya a matsayin mai horar da rabbi a kowane shekara na karatu daga shekara ɗaya zuwa gaba. Dukkanin seminaries na Reform suna naɗa mata da mutanen LGBTQ a bayyane a matsayin malamai da cantors. Dubi Jerin makarantun malamai § GyaraList of rabbinical schools § Reform

Cibiyoyin da ba su da alaƙa da manyan ƙungiyoyi

Akwai dama da yawa don karɓar tsarkakewar rabbi ban da seminaries da manyan addinan Yahudawa ke kiyayewa; waɗannan sune Kwalejin Addinin Yahudawa a Birnin New York, AJR a California, Shirin Gudanar da ALEPH, Cibiyar Sabuntawa ta Yahudawa a kan layi, Kwalejin Ibrananci a Boston, da Cibiyar Nazarin Ibrananci da Illinois. Tsarin da tsarin karatun a nan sun fi yawa kamar yadda yake a wasu yeshivot wadanda ba na Orthodox ba.

Kwanan nan aka kafa akwai wasu makarantun da ba na gargajiya ba, da kuma wadanda ba na addini ba (wanda ake kira "transdenominational" ko "postdenominational"). Wadannan suna ba da semicha tare da ƙananan buƙatu re time, kuma tare da tsarin karatun da aka gyara, gabaɗaya suna mai da hankali kan jagoranci da matsayi na fastoci. Waɗannan su ne JSLI, RSI, PRS, da Ateret Tzvi. Wolkowisk Mesifta an yi niyya ne ga masu sana'a na al'umma tare da muhimmiyar ilimi da gogewa, kuma yana ba da tsarin karatun da aka tsara ga kowane dan takara.

Sanarwar addinai

A tarihi kuma har zuwa yanzu, fahimtar rabbi yana da alaƙa da fahimtar al'umma game da ƙwarewar rabbi don fassara dokar Yahudawa da aiki a matsayin malami a kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci a cikin addinin Yahudanci. Fiye da haka, batun kasancewa mai cancanta ga gado mai tsarki ne.

A sakamakon haka, koyaushe akwai rikice-rikice masu girma ko ƙananan game da halatta da ikon rabbi. Misalan tarihi sun hada da Samariyawa da Karaites.

Rarraba tsakanin addinan Yahudawa na iya samun bayyanarsu mafi mahimmanci akan ko rabbi daga wata ƙungiya sun amince da halatta ko ikon rabbi a wani.

A matsayin mulki na gaba ɗaya a cikin Orthodoxy da kuma wasu a cikin ƙungiyar Conservative, malamai ba sa son karɓar ikon wasu malamai waɗanda ƙa'idodin Halakhic ba su da tsananin kamar nasu. A wasu lokuta, wannan yana haifar da kin amincewa da halattaccen wasu malamai; a wasu, ana iya gane rabbi mai laushi a matsayin jagoran ruhaniya na wani al'umma amma ba za a yarda da shi a matsayin mai iko a kan dokar Yahudawa ba.

• Ma'aikatar malamai ta Orthodox ta ki amincewa da ingancin malamai na Conservative, Reform da Reconstructionist a kan dalilin cewa koyarwar ƙungiyoyin su sun saba wa ka'idodin gargajiya na Yahudawa. Wasu malamai na Orthodox na zamani suna girmamawa ga malamai wadanda ba na Orthodox ba kuma suna mai da hankali kan daidaito koda kuwa ba su yarda da fassarar wasu yankuna na Halakha ba (tare da malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya) ko ikon Halakha (tare da lalamai masu gyarawa da sake ginawa).
• Malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun yarda da halattaccen malamai na Orthodox, kodayake galibi suna sukar matsayin Orthodox. Kodayake ba za su kalli malamai masu gyarawa ko sake ginawa ba don yanke shawara na Halakhic, sun yarda da halattaccen jagorancin addini na waɗannan malamai.
• Malamai masu gyara da sake ginawa, a kan batun cewa duk manyan ƙungiyoyi sun dace da addinin Yahudanci, za su yarda da halattaccen jagorancin wasu malamai, kodayake ba za su yarda le ra'ayoyinsu game da dokar Yahudawa ba, tunda masu gyara da Reconstructionists sun ƙi Halakha a matsayin mai ɗaurewa.

Wadannan muhawara suna haifar da manyan matsaloli don amincewa da auren Yahudawa, juyowa, da sauran yanke shawara na rayuwa waɗanda dokar Yahudawa ta taɓa. Malamai na Orthodox ba su yarda da juyowa daga malamai marasa Orthodox ba. Malamai masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun amince da duk juyowa da aka yi bisa ga Halakha. A ƙarshe, masu gyara da sake ginawa na Arewacin Amurka sun amince da Matrilineality, a wasu yanayi, a matsayin da'awar da ta dace ga addinin Yahudanci, yayin da Conservative da Orthodox ke kula da matsayin da aka bayyana a cikin Talmud da Codes cewa mutum na iya zama Bayahude ne kawai ta hanyar matrilinealiity (wanda aka haifa daga mahaifiyar Bayahude) ko ta hanyar juyowa zuwa addinin Yahudaya.

Mata malamai

Tare da 'yan kaɗan, an cire matan Yahudawa daga aiki a matsayin malamai. ya canza a cikin shekarun 1970s; daidai da canji a cikin al'ummar Amurka da ta shafi mata na biyu, Kwalejin Ibrananci-Jewish Union Institute of Religion ta fara nada mata a matsayin malamai. A yau, matan Yahudawa suna aiki a matsayin malamai a cikin dukkan rassan ci gaba na addinin Yahudanci, yayin da a cikin addinin Yahudhi mata malamai lamari ne mai rikitarwa, kodayake al'ummomi da yawa suna ba da izinin matsayi na mata (duba: Yoetzet Halacha). An kirkiro sunayen sarauta iri-iri na zamani ga malamai mata, gami da Rabbah, Rabbanit, da Maharat.   

 

Bayani

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