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Hakkin LGBTQ a Iran

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Hakkin LGBTQ a Iran
Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Hakkokin LGBT ta ƙasa ko yanki
Ƙasa Iran

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, da transgender (LGBTQ) mutane a Iran suna fuskantar kalubale masu tsanani waɗanda ba mazaunan LGBTQ ba suka fuskanta. Ayyukan jima'i tsakanin 'yan jinsi ɗaya ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma Ana iya hukunta shi da mutuwa, [1] [2] kuma mutane na iya canza jima'i a lokacin haihuwa ne kawai ta hanyar tiyata ta sake fasalin jima'i.

Hakkin LGBT a Iran sun shiga rikici da dokar azabtarwa tun daga shekarun 1930. A cikin Iran bayan juyin juya hali, an haramta kowane irin jima'i a waje da auren jima'i. Ayyukan jima'i na jinsi guda ana hukunta su ta hanyar ɗaurin kurkuku, azabtar da jiki, tarar, ko kisa. [1] [2] Maza masu luwadi sun fuskanci matakai masu tsauri a karkashin doka fiye da 'yan mata.

Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran an dauke ta daya daga cikin mafi nuna bambanci ga masu luwadi a duniya.[3] An kiyasta cewa an kashe daruruwan ko dubban mutane nan da nan bayan juyin juya halin wadanda wasu 20 ne masu luwadi.[4] Ruhollah Khomeini ya yi kira da a hallaka su a shekara ta 1979.[5]

Ana gane asalin jinsi ta hanyar tiyata ta sake fasalin jima'i. Ayyukan gyaran jima'i suna samun tallafin kuɗi daga jihar. Wasu 'yan luwadi a Iran an matsa musu su yi musu tiyata don sake fasalin jima'i don kauce wa tsanantawa ta shari'a da zamantakewa saboda kasancewa ɗan luwaɗi.[1][6] A cikin aikin sake fasalin jima'i da aka gudanar, Iran ta kasance ta biyu a duniya bayan Thailand. [1] [6]

Tarihin LGBT a Iran

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kusan 250 KZ, a lokacin Daular Parthian, an rubuta rubutun Zoroastrian Vendidad . Ya ƙunshi tanadi waɗanda suke wani ɓangare na ka'idar jima'i da ke inganta jima'i na haihuwa wanda aka fassara don hana jima'i iri ɗaya a matsayin zunubi. Tsohon sharhin kan wannan nassi ya nuna cewa ana iya kashe wadanda ke yin sodomy ba tare da izini daga babban firist ba. Koyaya, masana tarihi na Girka sun tabbatar da al'adar luwadi mai ƙarfi a Iran daga ƙarni na 5 zuwa gaba, don haka haramcin a bayyane ba shi da tasiri sosai ga halayen Iran ko halayyar jima'i a waje da matsayi na masu ibada na Zoroastrians a yankunan karkara na gabashin Iran. [7] [8] [9]

Akwai adadi mai yawa na wallafe-wallafen a Farisa wanda ya ƙunshi bayyane kwatancin jima'i.[10] Wasu Waƙoƙin soyayya na Farisa da matani daga shahararren mawaki na Farisa na zamani Saadi Shirazi's Bustan da Gulistan an kuma fassara su a matsayin waƙoƙi na homoerotic.[11]

A karkashin mulkin Mohammad Reza Shah, sarki na karshe na Daular Pahlavi, an haramta luwadi, kodayake galibi an yarda da shi har ma da ba da izinin ɗaukar labarai game da bikin auren jinsi ɗaya. Janet Afary ta yi jayayya cewa Juyin juya halin 1979 ya kasance wani bangare ne saboda rashin mutunci na ɗabi'a ga gwamnatin Shah, kuma musamman game da bikin auren jinsi guda tsakanin samari biyu da ke da alaƙa da kotu. Ta ce wannan ya bayyana mummunan zalunci na cin zarafin ɗan luwaɗi a Iran.[12] Reza Pahlavi, Yarima mai daraja kuma ɗan Shah Mohammed Reza, ya yi jayayya cewa mutanen LGBT suna da 'yanci kafin "Mullah Regime" (juyin juya halin 1979). [13] Bayan juyin juya halin 1979, an kashe dubban mutane a fili, gami da wasu masu luwadi.

  • A Safavid Persian miniature from 1627, depicting Abbas I of Iran with a page. Louvre, Paris.
    A Safavid Persian miniature from 1627, depicting Abbas I of Iran with a page. Louvre, Paris.
  • Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926.
    Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper. From Iran. Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926.
  • Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926.
    Two men engaged in anal sex. Watercolour on paper.From Iran.Kinsey Institute, Bloomington, Indiana. Around 1880 - 1926.
  • A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from Jami's Haft Awrang, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
    A depiction of a youth conversing with suitors from Jami's Haft Awrang, in the story A Father Advises his Son About Love. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Men and youths depicted on a Safavid ceramic panel from Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan. Louvre, Paris.
    Men and youths depicted on a Safavid ceramic panel from Chehel Sotoun, Isfahan. Louvre, Paris.

Shari'a ta jima'i na jinsi ɗaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan jima'i na maza

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mataki na 233 na 2013 na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana sodomy (lavāt) a matsayin "shigawar jikin mutum har zuwa fata na mutum a cikin anus na mutum". [14] [15] A karkashin labarin 234, abokin karɓar yana karɓar hukuncin kisa; abokin haɗin gwiwar yana karɓar hukunci na mutuwa idan sun yi amfani da karfi ko tilastawa, sun yi aure, ko kuma idan ba Musulmi ba ne kuma abokin karɓar Musulmi ne; in ba haka ba, hukuncin ga abokin haɗin gwiwarsa ɗari ne. Mataki na 235 ya hukunta jima'i tsakanin maza da bulala ɗari; wani mutum da ke sanya azzakarsa tsakanin ƙafar mutum ba tare da saka shi cikin madaidaiciya ba an kuma rarraba shi a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 235. Koyaya, a ƙarƙashin labarin 235, idan abokin tarayya mai aiki ba Musulmi ba ne kuma abokin tarayya mai zaman kansa ba Musulmi bane, hukuncin shine kisa. Mataki na 237 ya aikata laifuka ga duk sauran ayyukan da ke tsakanin maza, tare da azabtarwa tsakanin talatin da daya zuwa saba'in da hudu, wanda aka zaba ta hanyar shari'a. A karkashin Mataki na 114, idan mai laifin ya tuba daga babban laifi kafin a yanke masa hukunci, kuma alƙalin ya ɗauki tuba na gaskiya ne, to ana iya rage hukuncin zuwa bulala, ɗaurewa, ko ma tsawatawa; idan mai laicin ya tuba bayan an yanke masa hukunci.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 El-Bernoussi, Zaynab; Dupret, Baudouin (2017). "Sex Reassignment". Oxford Islamic Studies Online: 2, 3 – via HAL Open Science. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Iran: Islamic Penal Code". Retrieved 7 January 2021. Article 234: 'The hadd punishment for the receptive/passive party, in any case (whether or not he meets the conditions for ihsan) shall be the death penalty.' Article 236: 'If the active party is a non-Muslim and the passive party is a Muslim, the hadd punishment for the active party shall be the death penalty' Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ "'We Are a Buried Generation' Discrimination and Violence against Sexual Minorities in Iran". Human Rights Watch. December 15, 2010. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  4. ↑ "Denied Identity: Human Rights Abuses Against Iran's LGBT Community" (PDF). Iran Human Rights Documentation Center. November 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2020. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  5. ↑ Parsi, Arsham (2014). "Iranian Queers and Laws: Fighting for Freedom of Expression". Harvard International Review. 36 (2): 53. JSTOR 43649271. Retrieved 7 January 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Saeidzadeh, Zara (2014). "The legality of sex change surgery and construction of transsexual identity in contemporary Iran". Lund University (Sociology of Law, Master's thesis on Social Studies of Gender) (in Turanci). pp. 12, 13, 7, 18, 48, 49.
  7. ↑ Ervad Behramshah Hormusji Bharda (1990). "The Importance of Vendidad in the Zarathushti Religion". tenets.zoroastrianism.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  8. ↑ Ervad Marzban Hathiram. "Significance and Philosophy of the Vendidad" (PDF). frashogard.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Ranghaya, Sixteenth Vendidad Nation & Western Aryan Lands". heritageinstitute.com. Heritage Institute. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
  10. ↑ ">> literature >> Middle Eastern Literature: Persian". glbtq. Archived from the original on October 4, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
  11. ↑ Liukkonen, Petri. "Sa'di". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Iranian Sources Question Rape Charges in Teen Executions". Archived from the original on July 23, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2012.
  13. ↑ "شاهزاده رضا پهلوی: اقلیت‌های جنسی و جنسیتی در ایران پیش از «رژیم ملاها» آزادی داشتند" [Prince Reza Pahlavi: Sexual and gender minorities in Iran had freedom before the "Mullah regime."]. Voice of America (in Farisanci). Archived from the original on 2024-10-04. Retrieved 2024-10-03.
  14. ↑ Poorbafrani, Hassan; Zamani, Masoud (2015). "A Comparative Critique of Regulating the Personal and the Passive Personality Principles in the Iranian Penal System". Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law. doi:10.5167/UZH-117637.
  15. ↑ "ISLAMIC PENAL CODE: THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 2025-03-23.
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