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Battambang

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Battambang
ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង (km)

Wuri
Map
 13°06′10″N 103°11′54″E / 13.1028°N 103.1983°E / 13.1028; 103.1983
Ƴantacciyar ƙasaKambodiya
Province of Cambodia (en) FassaraBattambang Province (en) Fassara
District of Cambodia (en) FassaraBattambang Municipality (en) Fassara
Babban birnin
Yawan mutane
Faɗi 130,000
• Yawan mutane 443.69 mazaunan/km²
Labarin ƙasa
Yawan fili 293 km²
Altitude (en) Fassara 39 m
Bayanan tarihi
Ƙirƙira 1907 (Julian)
Bayanan Tuntuɓa
Kasancewa a yanki na lokaci
UTC+07:00 (en) Fassara
Wasu abun
Yanar gizo battambang.gov.kh

Battambang (Khmer, UNGEGN) ita ce babban birnin Lardin Battambang kuma birni na uku mafi girma a Cambodia . Birnin yana kan Kogin Sangkae, wanda ke gudana ta lardin.

An kafa Battambang a karni na 11 ta Daular Khmer.  Daga baya ta zama babbar cibiyar kasuwanci kuma babban birnin lardin Siamese na Cambodia na ciki.  An mayar da ita cikin Cambodia lokacin mulkin mallaka na Faransa.  A cikin karni na 20, Battambang shine birni na biyu mafi girma a Cambodia, amma ci gaban Siem Reap ya mamaye shi.  Rikici da kisan kare dangi ne suka yi tasiri a cikin ƙarni na 20, tare da tilastawa garin ficewa a lokacin Democratic Kampuchea.  Har ila yau, wurin da aka gwabza fada a lokacin rikicin Khmer Rouge har zuwa shekarun 1990.

Da yake amfana daga ƙasa mai kyau da ke kewaye da ita, an daɗe ana sanar da Battambang don abinci, fasaha, da al'adu, kuma ya zama wurin yawon bude ido. Gine-ginen mulkin mallaka na Faransa da aka kiyaye da kyau da sauran gine-ginen al'adun gargajiya sun kasance batun shirye-shiryen kiyayewa na gida. An amince da Battambang a matsayin Birnin Gastronomy kuma an haɗa shi a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Cities ta UNESCO a cikin 2023.

Tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
"Ganin Battambang" (1863) daga Le Tour du MondeTafiya ta Duniya

An kafa Battambang a matsayin ƙauyen masu kamun kifi a ƙarni na 11, wanda ke kewaye da kogin Sangkae.[1]  A cikin 1795, Siam (Tailan na yau) ya mamaye yawancin arewa maso yammacin Cambodia, gami da lardunan Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Oddar Meanchey, Pailin, da Siem Reap, zuwa lardin Inner Cambodia.  Siamese ya mallaki Battambang a matsayin babban birnin lardi ta hanyar dangin Khmer Abhaiwongse masu magana da Thai, reshe na gidan sarautar Khmer, wanda ya yi mulki har tsawon tsararraki shida.  A shekara ta 1880, Battambang ya zama muhimmin birni na kasuwanci wanda kusan mazaunan 2,500 ke zaune, tare da kogin yana aiki a matsayin babban hanyar sufuri zuwa Phnom Penh da Saigon.  A karkashin mulkin Thailand, hanya daya ce kawai aka gina a cikin birnin, tare da samar da gidaje a bangarorin biyu.  Sauran wuraren tarihi da aka gina sun haɗa da katafaren gida da gwamnan ke zaune, kasuwa, pagoda da yawa, da kuma asibitin Katolika..[1]

A cikin 1907, an ba da lardin Battambang ga Faransa don sake haɗuwa da Cambodia a matsayin wani ɓangare na Indochina na Faransa.[2][1] A karkashin Faransanci, an haɓaka Tsarin birane, wanda ya haifar da faɗaɗa garin Mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Wannan yunkurin farko na sabuntawa ya haifar da tituna da aka tsara a cikin tsarin grid da jerin hanyoyin budewa da gadoji, a cikin yankin da yanzu ake kira Yankin Kula da Tarihi. Dukkanin koguna sun haɗu da gina gadoji biyu a cikin 1917. [1] A cikin 1926, an aiwatar da mataki na biyu na ci gaban birane, yana mai da hankali kan yammacin Battambang, tare da sabon hanyar jirgin kasa da aka gina wanda ke haɗa birnin zuwa Phnom Penh. An kuma gina gidaje masu zaman kansu, kasuwar tsakiya, da gine-ginen jihar.[1]

A shekara ta 1953, Yarima Norodom Sihanouk ya zaɓi Battambang a matsayin cibiyar ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Cambodia, kuma ya jagoranci sabuntawa a lokacin jagorancin Cambodia mai zaman kanta. [3] Battambang ta kirkiro wani shiri na zama cibiyar masana'antu da tattalin arziki a arewa maso gabashin Cambodia.[1] Battambang ita ce birni na biyu mafi girma a Cambodia a cikin karni na 20. [3] Masu saka hannun jari na Faransa da na kasar Sin ne suka gina masana'antun masana'antu da tufafi, an gina Filin jirgin saman Battambang, kuma an tsawaita layin jirgin ƙasa zuwa iyakar Thai a Poipet. Don biyan bukatun al'adu na yawan jama'a, an gina makarantu da yawa da jami'a, da kuma cibiyar wasanni, gidan kayan gargajiya, da kuma zauren baje kolin.[1]

Kamar sauran Cambodia, yakin basasar Cambodia da kisan kare dangi ya shafi rayuwa a Battambang.] Ci gaba ya tsaya a Battambang a karkashin Jamhuriyar Khmer, kuma an yi watsi da shi gaba daya a lokacin Democratic Kampuchea, tare da tilastawa jama'arta kaura zuwa sansanonin kwadago kuma an soke ikon mallakar filaye. Gidan kayan tarihi na lardin Battambang ya zama gidan yari. Kashe kogo na Phnom Sampeau, wurin da ake aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na Khmer Rouge, yana da nisan kilomita shida daga birnin. A cikin 1980, bayan mamayewar Vietnam da ya hambarar da gwamnatin Khmer Rouge, dubban 'yan gudun hijira sun koma birnin, amma tsare-tsaren ci gaba ba zai iya faruwa ba saboda rashin saka hannun jari. A shekarar 1990 ne mayakan Khmer Rouge suka yi wa birnin Battambang kawanya, amma sun kasa kwace shi.] Rikici ya ci gaba a cikin birnin da kewaye har zuwa shekarar 1997.[1].[4]

Battambang a cikin 2009

Tun daga 1989, lokacin da aka sake dawo da haƙƙin mallaka na masu zaman kansu, Battambang ya fara haɓaka tattalin arziƙi a kan kayayyakin aikin gona, kuma ƙananan masana'antu sun bayyana. Gwamnatin karamar hukumar birnin ta kafa yankin Kariya a cikin 2009 don kiyaye gine-ginen tarihi kusan 800. Bayan saka hannun jari daga GIZ, gwamnatin ƙasa ta amince da shirin "Master Development Plan 2030" a cikin 2015, wanda ya zama birni ɗaya tilo na Cambodia baya ga Phnom Penh da ke da irin wannan shirin. A cikin 2022, Sashen Al'adu da Fine Arts na Lardi ya jera tsoffin gidajen ibada, wuraren tarihi, gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, da gidajen Khmer na gargajiya a matsayin gine-ginen da ke ƙarƙashin kiyayewa.[5]

Battambang tana da Yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi (Köppen: Aw).

Climate data for {{{location}}}
Watan Janairu Fabrairu Maris Afrilu Mayu Yuni Yuli Ogusta Satumba Oktoba Nuwamba Disamba Shekara
[Ana bukatan hujja]

Alamomi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gidan Bauta na Bahá'í

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gidan Bauta na Bahá'í a Battambang

Kusan kilomita 7 (4 kudu da Battambang, a cikin garin Odambang, yana tsaye da gidan ibada na Bahá'í na birnin. An kaddamar da shi a cikin 2017, zagaye, ginin bangarori tara yana da tsakiya na tsakiya, ƙwanƙwasawa, da kuma fuka-fuki waɗanda ke tunatar da Gidan Taron Chaktomuk na Phnom Penh. [6][7]  

Ramayana da aka nuna a kan zane-zane daga karni na 11

An gina Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Battambang a cikin 1968 kuma yana da fasahar al'adu da kayan tarihi.

Psar Nath

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kasuwar Psar Nath a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2000

Psar Nath ita ce babbar kasuwar Battambang, wadda aka gina a 1936, sananniya ce ga salon Art Deco. Ya lalace a cikin wutar lantarki a shekarar 2020.

Phnom Sampov

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Phnom Sampov wani tudu ne kuma wurin addini ne mai nisan kilomita 12 daga birnin, wanda ke nuna babban mazaunin jemagu da kuma wurin kashe Khmer Rouge a cikin kogon.[8] 

Wat Damrei Sar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wat Domrei Sar

Wat Damrei Sar ita ce mafi tsufa a cikin birnin Battambang, a sama da shekaru 100.[9]

Yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  An adana bayanan hukuma na yawan mutanen Battambang tun 1998, lokacin da aka ruwaito yawan jama'a 138,271. [1] Dangane da ƙididdigar shekara ta 2019, birnin Battambang yana da yawan jama'a 119,251, raguwar kashi 1.9% tun shekara ta 2008. [10]

An ambaci jami'o'i tara na birnin a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa ga jan hankalin dalibai 9,579 daga yankin da ke kewaye, tun daga shekara ta 2016.[1]

Infrastructure da ci gaba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Bayanan sararin samaniya na birnin Battambang

Yayinda kasar ta sauya zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa a Zamanin zamani, gwamnatin Battambang ta yi gwagwarmaya don dawo da ababen more rayuwa irin su samar da Ruwa bayan Zaben 1993, ta sami cakuda kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da tallafin NGO.[11]

Battambang ta sami rancen dala miliyan 60 daga Bankin Ci Gaban Asiya a cikin 2023 don inganta magudanar ruwa, magudanar shara, da hanyoyi. "Smart City Master Plan" na birnin ya kuma tsara fadada damar samun ruwa mai tsabta, ci gaban masana'antu da yawon bude ido, tafiya, da inganta kula da sharar gida.[12][13] 

Asibitin Bayani na Lardin Battambang yana aiki da birnin da gundumomin da ke kewaye da shi, tare da gadaje 270, kuma yana karɓar kusan marasa lafiya 2,000 a kowane wata.[14]

Battambang yana da rauni ga Tasirin canjin yanayi kamar matsanancin zafi da ambaliyar ruwa.[15][16] Birnin yana da wasu yankuna masu lalacewa waɗanda talakawa na birane ke zaune waɗanda ke da saukin kamuwa da waɗannan abubuwan yanayi. Samun ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ruwa, da wutar lantarki gabaɗaya ana samun su ga mazauna ƙauyuka, duk da iyakantaccen damar aiki.[16]

Tattalin Arziki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwannin Battambang da yawa a cikin birane sun ba shi damar zama cibiyar tattalin arziki ga lardin.[1] A cikin 2018, kashi 71.3% na ma'aikata a cikin birni sun yi aiki a cikin ayyuka, gami da aikin gona, siyarwa, yawon shakatawa, da gini. Aikin noma ya dauki ma'aikata 27.2% na yawan jama'a, kuma 1.5% sun yi aiki a sana'a.[1] Yawancin kasuwancin suna cikin gidaje ko kuma suna aiki ba bisa ka'ida ba a tituna Battambang.[1] Gidaje a cikin birni sun fadada cikin sauri a cikin shekarun 2010. [1]

Gine-gine da al'adun Battambang sun haifar da ci gaban bangaren yawon bude ido.[17] Yana jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa fiye da sauran biranen Kambodiya, musamman Siem Reap . A cikin 2023, gwamnan Battambang Sok Lu ya ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen inganta Filin jirgin saman Battambang da shirya ci gaban kogi da gidaje 800 na gargajiya na Khmer don fadada yawon bude ido na gaba.[18]

Gwamnati

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A karkashin kundin tsarin mulki na 1993 na Cambodia, tsarin birane na Battambang yana karkashin dokokin kasa da kuma ci gaba da hukumomin lardin Battambang da na gari. A karkashin bangarorin gudanarwa na Cambodia, an sake raba birnin zuwa sangkat 10 da ƙauyuka 62, kowannensu yana da majalisun gida.[1] Kudin shekara-shekara na birnin na US $ 625,000 (kamar yadda na 2019) daga gwamnatin ƙasa an kara shi da kudaden ci gaban kasa da kasa da saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu, suna ba shi damar gina ingantaccen ababen more rayuwa kamar maganin datti da hanyoyi.[1]

Al'adu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An lura da Battambang saboda muhimmancinsa na dogon lokaci a matsayin cibiyar Fasahar Kambodiya, kiɗa, da al'adu, tare da shahararrun masu fasaha da mawaƙa da aka haifa ko kuma suna zaune a cikin birni.[19] Zamanin Khmer Rouge ya haifar da tsanantawa ko bacewar fitattun masu fasaha da mawaƙa da yawa da kuma raguwa a fagen zane-zane, amma an yi ƙoƙari don sake farfado da shi bayan rikici.[19] Battambang tana da zane-zane da bita da ke nuna masu zane-zane na gida da masu zane-zanen.[4][19] Kungiyar al'adu mai zaman kanta Phare Ponleu Selpak, wacce ke ba da ilimi da horo na zane-zane kyauta ga matasa, marasa galihu, tana zaune ne a Battambang kuma tana daidaita wasan motsa jiki na zamani.[19][20] Battambang tana karbar bakuncin shekara-shekara, bikin zane-zane na kwana uku na Chumnor, tare da bita da wasan kwaikwayo.[19]

Ana yin Prahok a Battambang

An san birnin da al'adun abinci, saboda filayen noma masu kyau na lardin.UNESCO's culinary map"},"url":{"wt":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/19/how-a-sleepy-town-in-cambodia-won-a-place-on-unsescos-culinary-map&quot;},&quot;access-date&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;9 February 2025"},"work":{"wt":"The Observer"},"issn":{"wt":"0029-7712"}},"i":0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBCM\"> </span><cite about=\"#mwt150\" class=\"citation news cs1\" id=\"CITEREFDunston2023\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Dunston, Lara (19 November 2023). </cite>"}}" id="cite_ref-:4_28-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Battambang#cite_note-:4-28 [1]] An dauki lardin Battambang a matsayin "kwandon shinkafa na Cambodia", tare da birnin da ke dauke da ma'adanai da yawa waɗanda ke sarrafa shinkafa don kasuwannin ƙasa da na duniya.[1] Battambang sananne ne ga shinkafa na jasmine da kayan abinci na gida, gami da ayaba da shinkafa.[21] A ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2023, Battambang na ɗaya daga cikin birane 55 da aka kara a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Al'adu ta UNESCO, inda aka jera shi a matsayin Birnin Gastronomy. [21] [22] Ita ce birni na farko na Kambodiya da ta shiga cibiyar sadarwa.[23] UNESCO ta amince da shirye-shiryen Battambang wajen inganta Abincin Khmer da Abinci na titi da kuma haɗa al'adu cikin ci gaban birane.[23]

Addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Addinin Buddha

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Haikali na Buddha a Battambang

Battambang gida ce ga wasu pagodas na Buddha. A cikin 2022, 31 daga cikin waɗannan sun sami matsayin gado, dukansu sun wuce shekaru 60, kuma an inganta su don Yawon shakatawa na addini na cikin gida.[9] Gine-ginen Thai da salon Rattanakosin suna bayyane a kan pagodas da stupas da aka gina a lokacin mulkin Siamese. Pagodas da aka gina daga baya suna nuna salon gine-gine na musamman ga Battambang.[24]

Katolika

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Battambang tana da karamin al'ummar Katolika da kuma prefecture na manzanni. An tsananta wa al'ummar Katolika a Cambodia sosai a zamanin Khmer Rouge, kuma an lalata Cocin Our Lady of the Assumption.[25][26]

Sufuri

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Battambang Royal

Battambang tana da alaƙa ta hanyar National Highway 5 zuwa Phnom Penh da Bangkok, kuma tana zaune a kan National Road 57, wanda ke haɗa shi da iyakar Thai ta hanyar Lardin Pailin.[1]

Battambang an haɗa shi da hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta Cambodia, amma an watsar da tsarin a zamanin Khmer Rouge.[27] Gyara hanyar jirgin kasa ta sake haɗa Tashar jirgin kasa ta Battambang Royal zuwa Serei Saophoan a cikin 2018, tare da shirye-shiryen kammala layin don haɗa birnin zuwa Phnom Penh.[28]

Jirgin Norry, ko jirgin bamboo, yana gudana kilomita 4 (2 daga Prasat Banan zuwa garin Chhoeuteal. A baya an samo shi a kan layin dogo a waje da birni, an sake komawa jirgin bamboo a cikin 2017 don buɗe hanyar sake dawo da zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa.[29] Norry ya zama abin jan hankali ga masu yawon bude ido.[27]

An kafa Filin jirgin saman Battambang a shekarar 1968, tare da haɗin jirgin sama zuwa Phnom Penh . An rufe filin jirgin sama a lokacin yakin basasa kuma daga baya sojoji suka yi amfani da shi, kafin a rufe shi a shekarar 1991. [1] [18][30] Hukumar Kula da Halitta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Cambodia ta yi amfani da shi don tallafawa ayyukan helikofta a cikin 1992 da 1993. An sanar da shirye-shiryen inganta shi don saduwa da ƙarfin Filin jirgin saman Siem Reap a cikin 2019, amma annobar COVID-19 ta jinkirta waɗannan.[18][30] Yayinda aka rufe, an yi amfani da shi azaman wurin shakatawa na jama'a da kasuwar abinci.[18][31]

Akwai haɗin jirgin ruwa tsakanin Battambang da Siem Reap ta hanyar Kogin Sangkae, wanda ke ɗaukar tsakanin sa'o'i shida zuwa bakwai.[32][33]

Garin biyu da 'yan uwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Han, Sun Sheng; Lim, Ymeng (1 April 2019). "Battambang City, Cambodia: From a small colonial settlement to an emerging regional centre". Cities. 87: 205–220. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.10.003. ISSN 0264-2751. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (August 1946). "The Treaty of March 23, 1907 between France and Siam and the Return of Battambang and Angkor to Cambodia". The Journal of Asian Studies. 5 (4): 439–454. doi:10.2307/2049791. ISSN 2326-3067. JSTOR 2049791.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Battambang | City, Geography, History, & Population | Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lindt, Naomi (15 December 2011). "A Pocket of the Past in Battambang, Cambodia". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  5. ↑ "Historic building preservation a boon for Battambang history buffs". The Phnom Penh Post. 21 December 2022. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  6. ↑ Muong, Vandy. "Baha'i House of Worship emerges in Battambang". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  7. ↑ "Spirit and aspirations of a people: Reflections of Temple's architect". Bahá'í World News Service. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  8. ↑ Horng, Pengly (31 July 2024). "Phnom Sampov: The pearl of Battambang – Khmer Times". Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Vibol, Torn (22 September 2022). "More than 31 pagodas in Battambang get heritage listing – Khmer Times". Khmer Times. Retrieved 22 February 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content
  10. ↑ "Krong Battambang (Municipality, Cambodia) – Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location". citypopulation.de. Retrieved 21 February 2025.
  11. ↑ Devas, Nick (1996). "Reshaping government at the local level in Cambodia: with an example of urban water supply in Battambang". Public Administration and Development. 16 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-162X(199602)16:1<31::AID-PAD843>3.0.CO;2-J. ISSN 1099-162X.
  12. ↑ Horng, Pengly (11 March 2024). "Battambang's grand infrastructure on track for 2025 completion – Khmer Times". Retrieved 20 February 2025.
  13. ↑ Lord, Fiona Nicole; Retamal, Monique; Davila, Federico (13 August 2024). "Strengthening transformative capacities for urban sustainability: a case study of waste reform in Battambang, Cambodia". Urban Transformations. 6 (1): 8. Bibcode:2024UrbTr...6....8L. doi:10.1186/s42854-024-00065-3. ISSN 2524-8162.
  14. ↑ Lon, Chanthap; Timmermans, Ans; Buathong, Nillawan; Nou, Samon; Se, Youry; Sitthy, Ngo; Chann, Soklyda; Kraesub, Somporn; Wongstitwilairoong, Tippa; Walsh, Douglas S.; Tyner, Stuart; Fukuda, Mark; Callender, David; Sherwood, Jeffrey; Koy, Lenin (27 June 2013). "Severe malaria in Battambang Referral Hospital, an area of multidrug resistance in Western-Cambodia: a retrospective analysis of cases from 2006–2009". Malaria Journal. 12 (1): 217. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-217. ISSN 1475-2875. PMC 3699359. PMID 23802651.
  15. ↑ Matthias Missing or empty |title= (help)
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Samnang, Rem; Chanthol, Hay (28 February 2018). "Slum Areas in Battambang and Climate Resilience". Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research. 5 (2): 104–126. doi:10.15206/ajpor.2018.5.2.104.
  17. ↑ Thuon, Try (1 December 2021). "How formalization of urban spatial plan affects marginalized groups and resilience practices in Cambodia secondary town: A case study from Battambang". Regional Science Policy & Practice. 13 (6): 1866–1888. doi:10.1111/rsp3.12403. ISSN 1757-7802.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Sok, Sithika (27 March 2022). "Battambang airport to be upgraded into 4C category". Khmer Times. Retrieved 9 February 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "The transformation of a creative capital". bbc.com. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2025.
  20. ↑ "Phare Ponleu Selpak". Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :4
  22. ↑ "UNESCO supported Battambang promote Creative Cities Network UCCN". unesco.org. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 "Battambang, Cambodia's first UNESCO Creative City, shows what sustainable gastronomy means for Khmer culinary heritage". UNESCO. 19 June 2024.
  24. ↑ Leng, Sirang (28 April 2023). "The Evolution of Decorative Stupa in Battambang from the 19th Century to Mid-20th Century". Journal of Arts and Thai Studies. 45 (1): E166 (1–14). ISSN 2774-1419.
  25. ↑ "Cambodian Church 'emerging from Khmer Rouge oppression'". Union of Catholic Asian News. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  26. ↑ "Our History". Our Lady of the Assumption Catholic Parish. Retrieved 22 February 2025.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "The end of the famous Bamboo Train?". bbc.com. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2025. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content
  28. ↑ "Service opens on restored rails connecting Battambang, Banteay Meanchey". phnompenhpost.com. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  29. ↑ "'Bamboo train' back on tracks in Battambang". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Battambang Airport Upgrade Under Review". Cambodianess. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  31. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :10
  32. ↑ Horng, Pengly (28 August 2024). "Battambang-Siem Reap boat service welcomes tourists – Khmer Times". Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  33. ↑ "Scenic boat journey from Siem Reap to Battambang". phnompenhpost.com. 7 August 2024. Archived from the original on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 "Worldwide Sister Cities". sistercities.app. Retrieved 20 February 2025.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battambang&oldid=722504"