<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

<feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><title>Matt Makai</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/" rel="alternate"></link><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/feeds/all.atom.xml" rel="self"></link><id>http://www.fullstackpython.com/</id><updated>2016-05-18T00:00:00-04:00</updated><entry><title>Setting up PostgreSQL with Python 3 and psycopg on Ubuntu 16.04</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/postgresql-python-3-psycopg2-ubuntu-1604.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-18T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-18:postgresql-python-3-psycopg2-ubuntu-1604.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="/postgresql.html"&gt;PostgreSQL&lt;/a&gt; is a powerful open source

&lt;a href="/databases.html"&gt;relational database&lt;/a&gt; frequently used to create, read,

update and delete &lt;a href="/web-frameworks.html"&gt;Python web application&lt;/a&gt; data.

&lt;a href="http://pythonhosted.org/psycopg2/"&gt;Psycopg2&lt;/a&gt; is a PostgreSQL database

driver that serves as a Python client for access to the PostgreSQL server.

This post explains how to install PostgreSQL on Ubuntu 16.04 and run a few

basic SQL queries within a Python program.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We won't cover

&lt;a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html"&gt;object-relational mappers (ORMs)&lt;/a&gt;

in this tutorial but these steps can be used as a prerequisite to working

with an ORM such as SQLAlchemy or Peewee.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our walkthrough should work with either &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 2 or 3&lt;/a&gt;

although all the steps were tested specifically with Python 3.5. Besides

the Python interpreter, here are the other components we'll use:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu 16.04&lt;/a&gt; (these

steps should also work fine with other Ubuntu versions)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; and

&lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt; to handle the

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/psycopg2/2.6.1"&gt;psycopg2&lt;/a&gt;

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.postgresql.org/"&gt;PostgreSQL&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://redis-py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"&gt;redis-py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you aren't sure how how to install pip and virtualenv, review the

first few steps of the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-bottle-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Bottle and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Install PostgreSQL&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We'll install PostgreSQL via the &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; package manager. There are a few

packages we need since we want to both run PostgreSQL and use the psycopg2

driver with our Python programs. PostgreSQL will also be installed as a

system service so we can start, stop and reload its configuration when

necessary with the &lt;code&gt;service&lt;/code&gt; command. Open the terminal and run: &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo apt-get install postgresql libpq-dev postgresql-client postgresql-client-common

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter your &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; password when prompted and enter 'yes' when &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; asks

if you want to install the new packages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/apt-get-postgresql.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;After a few moments &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; will finish downloading, installing and

processing.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/apt-get-postgresql-done.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We now have PostgreSQL installed and the PostgreSQL service is running

in the background. However, we need to create a user and a database instance

to really start using it. Use the &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; command to switch to the new

"postgres" account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo -i -u postgres

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Within the "postgres" account, create a user from the command line with the

&lt;code&gt;createuser&lt;/code&gt; command. PostgreSQL will prompt you with several questions.

Answer "n" to superuser and "y" to the other questions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;createuser matt -P --interactive

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/createuser.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Awesome, now we have a PostgreSQL user that matches our Ubuntu login

account. Exit out of the postgres account by pressing the "Ctrl" key along

with "d" into the shell. We're back in our own user account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new database we can use for testing. You can name it "testpython"

or whatever you want for your application.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;createdb testpython

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now we can interact with "testpython" via the PostgreSQL command line tool.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Interacting with PostgreSQL&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The &lt;code&gt;psql&lt;/code&gt; command line client is useful for connecting directly to our

PostgreSQL server without any Python code. Try out &lt;code&gt;psql&lt;/code&gt; by using this

command at the prompt: &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;psql

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The PostgreSQL client will connect to the localhost server. The client is

now ready for input:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/postgresql-cli.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Try out PostgreSQL's command prompt a try with commands such as &lt;code&gt;\dt&lt;/code&gt; and

&lt;code&gt;\dd&lt;/code&gt;. We can also run SQL queries such as "SELECT * from testpython",

although that won't give us back any data yet because we have not inserted

any into the database. A full list of PostgreSQL commands can be found in the

&lt;a href="http://www.postgresql.org/docs/9.6/static/app-psql.html"&gt;psql documentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Installing psycopg2&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now that PostgreSQL is installed and we have a non-superuser account, we

can install the &lt;a href="http://initd.org/psycopg/"&gt;psycopg2&lt;/a&gt; package. Let's

figure out where our &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; executable is located, create a virtualenv

with &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt;, activate the virtualenv and then install the psycopg2 package

with &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt;. Find your &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; executable using the &lt;code&gt;which&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;which python3

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We will see output like what is in this screenshot.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/which-python-3.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new virtualenv in either your home directory or wherever you

store your Python virtualenvs. Specify the full path to your &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt;

installation. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;# specify the system python3 installation

virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 venvs/postgrestest

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source ~/venvs/postgrestest/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Next we can install the psycopg2 Python package from

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi"&gt;PyPI&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install psycopg2

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/pip-install-psycopg2.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sweet, we've got our PostgreSQL driver installed in our virtualenv! We can

now test out the installation by writing a few lines of Python code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Using PostgreSQL from Python&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Launch the Python REPL with the &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; command. You can also

write the following code in a Python file such as "testpostgres.py" then

execute it with &lt;code&gt;python testpostgres.py&lt;/code&gt;. Make sure to replace the "user"

and "password" values with your own.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;psycopg2&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;try&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;connect_str&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;dbname=&amp;#39;testpython&amp;#39; user=&amp;#39;matt&amp;#39; host=&amp;#39;localhost&amp;#39; &amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;+&lt;/span&gt; \

&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;password=&amp;#39;myOwnPassword&amp;#39;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# use our connection values to establish a connection&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;conn&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;psycopg2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;connect&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;connect_str&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# create a psycopg2 cursor that can execute queries&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;cursor&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;conn&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;cursor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# create a new table with a single column called &amp;quot;name&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;cursor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;execute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;CREATE TABLE tutorials (name char(40));&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# run a SELECT statement - no data in there, but we can try it&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;cursor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;execute&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;SELECT * from tutorials&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;cursor&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;fetchall&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;rows&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;except&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="ne"&gt;Exception&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="k"&gt;as&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Uh oh, can&amp;#39;t connect. Invalid dbname, user or password?&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;print&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;e&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When we run the above code we won't get anything fancy, just an empty

list printed out. However, in those few lines of code we've ensured our

connection to our new database works and we can create new tables in it as

well as query them.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160518-postgresql-ubuntu-1604/output.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That's just enough of a hook to get started writing more complicated SQL

queries using psycopg2 and PostgreSQL. Make sure to check out the

&lt;a href="/postgresql.html"&gt;PostgreSQL&lt;/a&gt;,

&lt;a href="/databases.html"&gt;relational databases&lt;/a&gt; and

&lt;a href="/object-relational-mappers-orms.html"&gt;object-relational mappers (ORMs)&lt;/a&gt;

pages for more tutorials.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Tweet &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or post a message on the

&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/fullstackpython"&gt;Full Stack Python Facebook page&lt;/a&gt;.

Something wrong with this post? Fork

&lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com/blob/gh-pages/source/content/posts/160518-install-postgresql-python-3-ubuntu-1604.markdown"&gt;this page's source on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>How to Use Redis with Python 3 and redis-py on Ubuntu 16.04</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/install-redis-use-python-3-ubuntu-1604.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-16T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-16:install-redis-use-python-3-ubuntu-1604.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;&lt;a href="http://redis.io"&gt;Redis&lt;/a&gt; is an in-memory key-value pair

&lt;a href="/no-sql-datastore.html"&gt;NoSQL data store&lt;/a&gt; often used

for &lt;a href="/web-frameworks.html"&gt;web application&lt;/a&gt; sessions,

transient &lt;a href="/data.html"&gt;data&lt;/a&gt; and as a broker for

&lt;a href="/task-queues.html"&gt;task queues&lt;/a&gt;. redis-py is a common Python code

library for interacting with Redis. Let's learn how to get Redis up

and running on Ubuntu and then start using it in a simple Python application.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This tutorial is tested with Python 3.5 but either

&lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 2 or 3&lt;/a&gt; should work for everything written

here. Just make sure one version is installed on your system by going to

the terminal and typing &lt;code&gt;python --version&lt;/code&gt;. Other than Python itself,

here is the software we are going to use throughout the rest of this post:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu 16.04&lt;/a&gt; (these

instructions should work fine with earlier Ubuntu versions as well)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; and

&lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt; to handle the

redis-py &lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://redis.io"&gt;Redis&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://redis-py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"&gt;redis-py&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you aren't sure how how to install pip and virtualenv, review the

first few steps of the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Install Redis&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;There are a few ways to install Redis, such as

&lt;a href="http://redis.io/topics/quickstart"&gt;downloading and compiling from source&lt;/a&gt;.

However, on Ubuntu we can install a system package through &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt;. The

advantage of this method is that the &lt;code&gt;apt&lt;/code&gt; process will take care of

installing &lt;code&gt;redis-server&lt;/code&gt; as a system service. Open the terminal and run

the following command:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo apt-get install redis-server

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter your &lt;code&gt;sudo&lt;/code&gt; password and when you are prompted whether you want

to install the new package enter 'yes'.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160516-redis-ubuntu-1604/apt-get-redis.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;After a few moments the downloading and processing should be complete

and you will be back at the prompt.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160516-redis-ubuntu-1604/apt-get-redis-done.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Redis is now installed and the Redis server is running in the background

as a system service. Even though we installed the &lt;code&gt;redis-server&lt;/code&gt; package,

the installation also comes with the Redis command line client. The client

is useful for connecting directly to the Redis server without any Python

code. Give &lt;code&gt;redis-cli&lt;/code&gt; a try by typing this into the command prompt:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;redis-cli

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Redis client connects to the localhost server and gives a new prompt

to show it's ready for commands:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160516-redis-ubuntu-1604/redis-cli.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Give the prompt a try by using Redis commands such as &lt;code&gt;keys *&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;set a 1&lt;/code&gt;.

The full list of Redis commands is provided in the

&lt;a href="http://redis.io/commands"&gt;project documentation&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Virtualenv and Install redis-py&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We need to figure out our &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; location, then create a virtualenv,

activate the virtualenv and then install redis-py with &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt;.

Determine your &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; executable location with the &lt;code&gt;which&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;which python3

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;You'll see some output like the following screenshot.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160516-redis-ubuntu-1604/which-python-3.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new virtualenv either in your home directory or wherever you

store your project virtualenvs. Specify the full path to your &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt;

installation. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;# specify the system python3 installation

virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 venvs/redistest

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source ~/venvs/redistest/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Next we can install the redis-py Python package from

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi"&gt;PyPI&lt;/a&gt; using the &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install redis

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160516-redis-ubuntu-1604/pip-install-redis.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Alright, now it is installed in our virtualenv. Let's write some simple

Python code to try out give redis-py!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Working with Redis from Python&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fire up the Python REPL with the &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;python3&lt;/code&gt; command. You can also

write the following code in a Python file such as "testredis.py" then

execute it with &lt;code&gt;python testredis.py&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;redis&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# create a connection to the localhost Redis server instance, by&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# default it runs on port 6379&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;redis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;StrictRedis&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;localhost&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;port&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;6379&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# see what keys are in Redis&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output for keys() should be an empty list &amp;quot;[]&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;set&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;full stack&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;python&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output should be &amp;quot;True&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;keys&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# now we have one key so the output will be &amp;quot;[b&amp;#39;full stack&amp;#39;]&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;full stack&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output is &amp;quot;b&amp;#39;python&amp;#39;&amp;quot;, the key and value still exist in Redis&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;incr&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;twilio&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output is &amp;quot;1&amp;quot;, we just incremented even though the key did not&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# previously exist&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;twilio&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output is &amp;quot;b&amp;#39;1&amp;#39;&amp;quot; again, since we just obtained the value from&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# the existing key&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;delete&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;twilio&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# output is &amp;quot;1&amp;quot; because the command was successful&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;redis_db&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;get&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;twilio&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# nothing is returned because the key and value no longer exist&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That is a quick introduction to some commonly-used Redis commands

invoked by their Python bindings through the redis-py library. Take a look

at the

&lt;a href="https://redis-py.readthedocs.io/en/latest/"&gt;redis-py official documentation&lt;/a&gt;

to learn more about the extensive command list you can use to create,

read, modify and delete keys and values in Redis.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Tweet &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or post a message on the

&lt;a href="https://www.facebook.com/fullstackpython"&gt;Full Stack Python Facebook page&lt;/a&gt;.

Something wrong with this post? Fork

&lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc/fullstackpython.com/blob/gh-pages/source/content/posts/160516-install-redis-use-python-3-ubuntu-1604.markdown"&gt;this page's source on GitHub&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>How to Send MMS Picture Messages with Python</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/send-mms-picture-messages-python.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-15T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-15:send-mms-picture-messages-python.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Multimedia Message Service (MMS) picture and video messages are a common

extension to the Short Message Service (SMS) system for sending text

messages. Using a

&lt;a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html"&gt;web application programming interface (API)&lt;/a&gt;

with Python makes it easy to send MMS messages from a web application or

script. In this short tutorial we'll learn how to add MMS sending capability

to a new or existing Python application.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Either &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 2 or 3&lt;/a&gt; works for the code in this

tutorial. Just make sure you have one of those two versions installed on

your system by going to the terminal and typing &lt;code&gt;python --version&lt;/code&gt;.

The other dependencies for this tutorial include:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://www.python.org/"&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; version &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;2 or 3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; and

&lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt; to handle one

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependency&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;A free &lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio"&gt;Twilio account&lt;/a&gt; to use their

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/docs/api/rest/sending-messages"&gt;MMS web API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/twilio"&gt;Twilio Python helper library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you are unsure of how to get pip and virtualenv installed, take a look

at the first few steps of the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Twilio Web API&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our simple Python example application will use the Twilio web API to send

picture messages.

Go to the Twilio website

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio"&gt;sign up for a free trial account&lt;/a&gt;. If

you already have a Twilio account (and you should because it makes it easy to

add almost any type of communications to applications!) then sign into

your existing account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160515-mms-python/try-twilio.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In trial mode Twilio can send MMS to a validated phone number associated with

the account. When you're ready to send MMS messages to any phone in any

country then you will have to upgrade your account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;After signing up for a Twilio account, you will receive your own phone

number that'll be used to send messages. That phone number can send outbound

MMS messages without any configuration. It can also receive messages but

that requires

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/docs/quickstart/python/sms/hello-monkey"&gt;modifying the Request URL webhook&lt;/a&gt;

in the phone number details screen.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Installing Our Dependency&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We'll use the &lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/twilio"&gt;twilio helper library&lt;/a&gt;

as a dependency for our Python code. The helper library can be installed

via the &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt; command, which pulls the code from

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi"&gt;PyPI&lt;/a&gt; into our local virtualenv. In this

tutorial we'll call our virtualenv &lt;code&gt;pymms&lt;/code&gt; but you can name it whatever

you want for your application.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We have to create the virtualenv before using it. In your terminal enter:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;virtualenv pymms

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you need to install virtualenv take a look at the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-django-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Django and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv with the &lt;code&gt;source&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source pymms/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The command prompt will change to look like this after it is activated:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160515-mms-python/activate-virtualenv.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now install the Twilio Python helper library.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install twilio

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Once the helper library installs we can use it in our Python code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Sending MMS From Python&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Launch the the Python interpreter by executing the &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; command in

your terminal. You can also create a new file named &lt;code&gt;send_mms.py&lt;/code&gt; if you

want to re-use the code after we give it a try. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We need to grab our account credentials from the Twilio Console to connect

our Python code to our Twilio account. Go to the

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/console"&gt;Twilio Console&lt;/a&gt; and copy the Account SID

and Authentication Token into your Python code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160515-mms-python/console-tokens.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter the following code into the interpreter or into the new Python file.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# we import the Twilio client from the dependency we just installed&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;twilio.rest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TwilioRestClient&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# the following line needs your Twilio Account SID and Auth Token&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TwilioRestClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;ACxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;zzzzzzzzzzzzz&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# this is the URL to an image file we&amp;#39;re going to send in the MMS&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;media&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;http://www.mattmakai.com/source/static/img/work/fsp-logo.png&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# change the &amp;quot;from_&amp;quot; number to your Twilio number and the &amp;quot;to&amp;quot; number&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# to the phone number you signed up for Twilio with, or upgrade your&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# account to send MMS to any phone number that MMS is available&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;+19732644152&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;from_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;+12023358536&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;MMS via Python? Nice!&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;media_url&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;media&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;All the lines above that start with &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; are comments to give you some

context for what each line is doing. After entering that code into the

interpreter or running the Python script with &lt;code&gt;python send_mms.py&lt;/code&gt;

Twilio will send your MMS.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In a few seconds you should see a message appear on your phone - note that

MMS can take a little longer because your phone has to download the image.

I use an iPhone so here is what the message looked like when I received it:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160515-mms-python/mms-result.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That is everything need to send MMS to a phone. Pretty awesome result for

a few lines of Python code, right? This code can be added to any Python

program to send outbound MMS.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;One final note: keep your Twilio Auth Token secret otherwise anyone who

gets it will be able to send and receive messages through your account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Contact me via Twitter

&lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/mattmakai"&gt;@mattmakai&lt;/a&gt;. I'm also on GitHub with

the username &lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc"&gt;makaimc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>Configuring Python 3, Bottle and Gunicorn for Development on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/python-3-bottle-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-13T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-13:python-3-bottle-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;The Ubuntu 16.04 Long Term Support (LTS) Linux

&lt;a href="/operating-systems.html"&gt;operating system&lt;/a&gt; was released in April 2016.

This latest Ubuntu release is named "Xenial Xerus" and

it is the first Ubuntu release to include &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 3&lt;/a&gt;,

instead of Python 2.x, as the default Python installation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can quickly start a new &lt;a href="/bottle.html"&gt;Bottle&lt;/a&gt; web application project

and run it with &lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt; on

Ubuntu 16.04.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our setup requires the Ubuntu 16.04 release along with a few other code

libraries. Don't install these tools just yet since we'll get to them as

we go through the walkthrough. Our requirements and their current versions

as of May 13, 2016 are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/why-use-python.html"&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.5.html"&gt;3.5&lt;/a&gt;

(default in Ubuntu 16.04)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/bottle.html"&gt;Botle&lt;/a&gt; web framework version

&lt;a href="http://bottlepy.org/docs/0.12/"&gt;0.12&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="http://docs.gunicorn.org/en/stable/news.html"&gt;19.5&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you are developing on Mac OS X or Windows, make sure to use

virtualization software such

as &lt;a href="https://www.parallels.com/products/desktop/"&gt;Parallels&lt;/a&gt; or

&lt;a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads"&gt;VirtualBox&lt;/a&gt; with the

&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu .iso file&lt;/a&gt;. Either the amd64 or

i386 version of 16.04 is fine. I use the amd64 version for my own local

development.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;A desktop screen like this one appears when you boot up Ubuntu.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/ubuntu-desktop.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Open a terminal window to install the system packages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;System Packages&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can see the python3 system version Ubuntu comes with and where its

executable is stored using these commands.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;python3 --version

which python3

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/which-python.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our Ubuntu installation requires a few system packages. We will get prompted

for the superuser password because restricted system access is needed

to install packages through

&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool"&gt;apt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo apt-get install virtualenv python-pip python3-dev

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/install-packages.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; to let the system package installation process do its job.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/packages-installed.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The packages we need are now installed. We can continue on to install our

Python-specific dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Virtualenv&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the previous section, &lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt;

and &lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; were installed to handle our

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependencies&lt;/a&gt;.

We can now use them to download and install Bottle and Gunicorn.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a directory for the virtualenvs. Then create a new virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;# the tilde &amp;quot;~&amp;quot; specifies the user&amp;#39;s home directory, like /home/matt

cd ~

mkdir venvs

# specify the system python3 installation

virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 venvs/bottleproj

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source ~/venvs/bottleproj/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our prompt will change after we properly activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/venv-activated.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our virtualenv is now activated with Python 3. We can install whatever

dependencies we want, in our case Bottle and Gunicorn. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Bottle and Gunicorn&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can now install Bottle and Green Unicorn via the &lt;code&gt;pip&lt;/code&gt; command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install bottle gunicorn

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No errors like we see in the following screenshot is a good sign.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/good-sign.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Use the &lt;code&gt;mkdir&lt;/code&gt; command to create a new directory to keep our Bottle

project then use the &lt;code&gt;cd&lt;/code&gt; (change directory) command to move into the

new folder.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;mkdir ~/bottleproj

cd ~/bottleproj

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new file named &lt;code&gt;app.py&lt;/code&gt; within our &lt;code&gt;bottleproj&lt;/code&gt; directory so

we can test to make sure Bottle is working properly. I prefer to use

&lt;a href="/vim.html"&gt;Vim&lt;/a&gt; but &lt;a href="/emacs.html"&gt;Emacs&lt;/a&gt; and other

&lt;a href="/development-environments.html"&gt;development environments&lt;/a&gt; work great as

well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Within the new &lt;code&gt;app.py&lt;/code&gt; file write the following code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;bottle&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;bottle&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;route&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Response&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# a basic URL route to test whether Bottle is responding properly&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nd"&gt;@route&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;/&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;index&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;():&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;It works!&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# these two lines are only used for python app.py&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;__main__&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;host&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;#39;0.0.0.0&amp;#39;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;port&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="mi"&gt;8000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;debug&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;reloader&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# this is the hook for Gunicorn to run Bottle&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;app&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;bottle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;default_app&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;()&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We could run our app with the Bottle development server using the

&lt;code&gt;python app.py&lt;/code&gt; command. Let's instead run our Bottle app with

Gunicorn.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;gunicorn -w 2 app:app

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/gunicorn-run.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sweet, we can bring up our shell Bottle app in the web browser at

the &lt;code&gt;localhost:8000&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1:8000&lt;/code&gt; address.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160513-ubuntu-bottle-gunicorn/it-works.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Time to develop a full-fledged web application with &lt;a href="/bottle.html"&gt;Bottle&lt;/a&gt;!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Ready for Development&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now you have a simple setup to develop Bottle web apps using Gunicorn as

the &lt;a href="/wsgi-servers.html"&gt;WSGI server&lt;/a&gt; on Ubuntu 16.04. If you need a

full step-by-step tutorial to deploy your Python web application to a

production environment, check out the

&lt;a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"&gt;Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To decide what to do next with your Python project, check out the

&lt;a href="/table-of-contents.html"&gt;Full Stack Python table of contents&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>How to Send SMS Text Messages with Python</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/send-sms-text-messages-python.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-11T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-11:send-sms-text-messages-python.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Short Message Service (SMS) text messages are ubiquitous for communication

all over the world. It is easy to send SMS text messages from a

&lt;a href="/why-use-python.html"&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; application using a

&lt;a href="/application-programming-interfaces.html"&gt;web application programming interface (API)&lt;/a&gt;.

Let's take a look at the tools we need to quickly add SMS capability to our

Python apps.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;This guide works with both Python 2 and 3, so make sure you have one of those

two versions installed.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Either &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 2 or 3&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; and

&lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt; to handle

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependencies&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;A free &lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio"&gt;Twilio account&lt;/a&gt; to use their

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/docs/api/rest/sending-messages"&gt;SMS web API&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;Open source

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/twilio"&gt;Twilio Python helper library&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you need assistance getting pip and virtualenv installed, check out the

first few steps of the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide that'll show how to install system packages for those tools.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Using a Web API&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We're going to use a web API to make sending SMS easier and more reliable.

Head to the

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/try-twilio"&gt;Twilio website and sign up for a free trial account&lt;/a&gt;. If you already have a Twilio account (and you should - it's awesome

for more than just sending text messages!) then sign into your existing

account.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160511-send-sms-python/try-twilio.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The Twilio trial account allows you to send text messages to your own

validated phone number. When you want to send SMS to any phone number in

your country or other countries then you can upgrade your account to send

messages for fractions of a cent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;After signing up, you will get a free phone number in your country. We can

use that phone number without any configuration to send outbound text

messsages. You can also receive text messages but that requires changing

the Request URL webhook in the phone number configuration screen - we'll

cover that in a future blog post.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Installing Our Dependency&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our code will use a helper library to make it easier to send text messages

from Python. We are going to install the helper library from

&lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi"&gt;PyPI&lt;/a&gt; into a virtualenv. First we need to

create the virtualenv. In your terminal use the following command to create

a new virtualenv. If you need to install virtualenv take a look at the

&lt;a href="/blog/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html"&gt;how to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS&lt;/a&gt;

guide.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;virtualenv sendsms

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source sendsms/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The command prompt will change after we properly activate the virtualenv

to something like this:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160511-send-sms-python/activate-virtualenv.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now install the Twilio Python helper library.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install twilio

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The helper library is now installed and we can use it with the Python code

we create and execute.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Sending SMS From Python&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Fire up the Python interpreter in the terminal using the &lt;code&gt;python&lt;/code&gt; command,

or create a new file named &lt;code&gt;send_sms.py&lt;/code&gt;. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We need to grab our account credentials from the Twilio Console to connect

our Python code to our Twilio account. Go to the

&lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/console"&gt;Twilio Console&lt;/a&gt; and copy the Account SID

and Authentication Token into your Python code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160511-send-sms-python/console-tokens.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter the following code into the interpreter or into the new Python file.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="c"&gt;# we import the Twilio client from the dependency we just installed&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;twilio.rest&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TwilioRestClient&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# the following line needs your Twilio Account SID and Auth Token&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;TwilioRestClient&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;ACxxxxxxxxxxxxxx&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;zzzzzzzzzzzzz&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# change the &amp;quot;from_&amp;quot; number to your Twilio number and the &amp;quot;to&amp;quot; number&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# to the phone number you signed up for Twilio with, or upgrade your&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="c"&gt;# account to send SMS to any phone number&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;client&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;messages&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;create&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;to&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;+19732644152&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;from_&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;+12023358536&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;body&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;Hello from Python!&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;All the lines above that start with &lt;code&gt;#&lt;/code&gt; are comments. Once you enter that

code into the interpreter or run the Python script using

&lt;code&gt;python send_sms.py&lt;/code&gt; the SMS will be sent.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In a few seconds you should see a message appear on your phone. I'm on

iOS so here's how the text message I received looked.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160511-send-sms-python/hello-from-python.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That's it! You can add this code to any Python code to send text messages.

Just keep your Auth Token secret as it'll allow anyone that has it to use

your account to send and receive messages.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Contact me via Twitter

&lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/mattmakai"&gt;@mattmakai&lt;/a&gt;. I'm also on GitHub with

the username &lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc"&gt;makaimc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>How to set up Python 3, Flask and Green Unicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-10T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-10:python-3-flask-green-unicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu's latest Long Term Support (LTS)

&lt;a href="/operating-systems.html"&gt;operating system&lt;/a&gt; was released last month, in

April 2016. The 16.04 update for Ubuntu is known as "Xenial Xerus" and

it's the first Ubuntu release to include &lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 3&lt;/a&gt;

as the default Python installation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can use this new Ubuntu release along with Python version 3.5 to

start a new &lt;a href="/flask.html"&gt;Flask&lt;/a&gt; web application project and run it with

&lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We'll Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We'll need the Ubuntu 16.04 release along with a few other libraries to

complete our project. You don't have to install these tools just yet,

we will get to them as we progress through the walkthrough. Our requirements

and their current versions as of May 10, 2016 are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/why-use-python.html"&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.5.html"&gt;3.5&lt;/a&gt;

(default in Ubuntu 16.04)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/flask.html"&gt;Flask&lt;/a&gt; web framework version

&lt;a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/0.10/"&gt;0.10&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="http://docs.gunicorn.org/en/stable/news.html"&gt;19.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're running on Mac OS X or Windows, use virtualization software such

as &lt;a href="https://www.parallels.com/products/desktop/"&gt;Parallels&lt;/a&gt; or

&lt;a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads"&gt;VirtualBox&lt;/a&gt; with the

&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu .iso file&lt;/a&gt;. Either the amd64 or

i386 version of 16.04 is fine. I'm using amd64 for development and testing

in this tutorial.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Once you boot up Ubuntu, you should see a screen like this one.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/ubuntu-desktop.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Open up a terminal window to proceed with the setup.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;System Packages&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can see the python3 system version Ubuntu comes with and where its

executable is stored using these commands.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;python3 --version

which python3

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/which-python.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our Ubuntu installation requires a few system packages. We will get prompted

for the superuser password because restricted system access is needed

to install packages through

&lt;a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Packaging_Tool"&gt;apt&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo apt-get install virtualenv python-pip python3-dev

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/install-packages.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; to let the system package installation process do its job.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/packages-installed.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The packages we need are now installed. We can continue on to install our

Python-specific dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Virtualenv&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;In the previous section, &lt;a href="https://virtualenv.pypa.io/en/latest/"&gt;virtualenv&lt;/a&gt;

and &lt;a href="https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pip"&gt;pip&lt;/a&gt; were installed to handle our

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependencies&lt;/a&gt;.

We can now use them to download and install Flask and Gunicorn.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a directory for the virtualenvs. Then create a new virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;# the tilde &amp;quot;~&amp;quot; specifies the user&amp;#39;s home directory, like /home/matt

cd ~

mkdir venvs

# specify the system python3 installation

virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 venvs/flaskproj

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source ~/venvs/flaskproj/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our prompt will change after we properly activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/venv-activated.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our virtualenv is now activated with Python 3. We can install whatever

dependencies we want, in our case Flask and Gunicorn. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Flask and Gunicorn&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can finally install Flask and Green Unicorn via the pip command.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install flask gunicorn

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;It's a good sign if we receive no errors like we see in the following

screenshot.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/good-sign.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new directory under our home directory that will store our

Flask project. Change directory into the new folder.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;mkdir ~/flaskproj

cd ~/flaskproj

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new file named &lt;code&gt;__init__.py&lt;/code&gt; within our &lt;code&gt;flaskproj&lt;/code&gt; directory so

we can test to make sure Flask is working properly. I prefer to use

&lt;a href="/vim.html"&gt;Vim&lt;/a&gt; but &lt;a href="/emacs.html"&gt;Emacs&lt;/a&gt; and other

&lt;a href="/development-environments.html"&gt;development environments&lt;/a&gt; work great as

well.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Within &lt;code&gt;__init__.py&lt;/code&gt; write the following code.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;&lt;span class="kn"&gt;from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nn"&gt;flask&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="kn"&gt;import&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Flask&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Response&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;app&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Flask&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="nd"&gt;@app.route&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;/&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;def&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="nf"&gt;index&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;():&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;return&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;Response&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;It works!&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;),&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="mi"&gt;200&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="k"&gt;if&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="n"&gt;__name__&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="o"&gt;==&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class="s"&gt;&amp;quot;__main__&amp;quot;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span class="n"&gt;app&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;run&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="n"&gt;debug&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="o"&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="bp"&gt;True&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class="p"&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We could run our app with the Flask development server using the

&lt;code&gt;python __init__.py&lt;/code&gt; command. Instead run the Flask app with

Gunicorn. Go to the directory above the &lt;code&gt;flaskproj&lt;/code&gt; folder, in our

case we can enter &lt;code&gt;cd ~&lt;/code&gt; then use the &lt;code&gt;gunicorn&lt;/code&gt; command:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;gunicorn flaskproj:app

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/gunicorn-run.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Sweet, we can bring up our shell Flask app in the web browser at

the &lt;code&gt;localhost:8000&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1:8000&lt;/code&gt; address.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160510-ubuntu-flask-gunicorn/it-works.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Now ready for some real &lt;a href="/flask.html"&gt;Flask&lt;/a&gt; development!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Ready for Development&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;That's a simple setup for developing with Flask and Gunicorn on

Ubuntu 16.04. If you need an in-depth step-by-step tutorial to

deploy your &lt;a href="/wsgi-servers.html"&gt;WSGI-powered web application&lt;/a&gt; to a

production environment, check out the

&lt;a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"&gt;Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To determine what to code next for your Python project, read the topics

found on the &lt;a href="/table-of-contents.html"&gt;table of contents&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Contact me via Twitter

&lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/mattmakai"&gt;@mattmakai&lt;/a&gt;. I'm also on GitHub with

the username &lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc"&gt;makaimc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>Setting up Python 3, Django and Gunicorn on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/python-3-django-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-09T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-09:python-3-django-gunicorn-ubuntu-1604-xenial-xerus.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Ubuntu released the newest Long Term Support (LTS) version of its

&lt;a href="/operating-systems.html"&gt;operating system&lt;/a&gt; in April 2016. The update

brings Ubuntu to version 16.04 and its latest code name is

"Xenial Xerus". 16.04 is the first Ubuntu release to include

&lt;a href="/python-2-or-3.html"&gt;Python 3&lt;/a&gt; as the default Python installation.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let's use this newest Ubuntu release along with Python version 3.5 to

start a new &lt;a href="/django.html"&gt;Django&lt;/a&gt; web application project and run it with

&lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Tools We'll Need&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We will need a few tools to complete our project. Don't worry about

installing these just yet as we'll get to them as we progress through the

tutorial. The tools and their current versions as of May 9, 2016 are:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;ul&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/why-use-python.html"&gt;Python&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="https://docs.python.org/3/whatsnew/3.5.html"&gt;3.5&lt;/a&gt;

(default in Ubuntu 16.04)&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/django.html"&gt;Django&lt;/a&gt; web framework version

&lt;a href="https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/releases/1.9/"&gt;1.9.6&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;li&gt;&lt;a href="/green-unicorn-gunicorn.html"&gt;Green Unicorn (Gunicorn)&lt;/a&gt; version

&lt;a href="http://docs.gunicorn.org/en/stable/news.html"&gt;19.4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/li&gt;

&lt;/ul&gt;

&lt;p&gt;If you're running on Mac OS X or Windows, use virtualization software such

as &lt;a href="https://www.parallels.com/products/desktop/"&gt;Parallels&lt;/a&gt;

(this is what I use, but it's Mac OS X-only) or

&lt;a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads"&gt;VirtualBox&lt;/a&gt; with the

&lt;a href="http://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04/"&gt;Ubuntu .iso file&lt;/a&gt;. Either the amd64 or

i386 version of 16.04 is fine, but I use amd64 for development and testing

in this blog post.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;When we boot up for the first time, we should see a desktop screen like this

one.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/ubuntu-desktop.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Open up terminal to proceed with the setup.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;System Packages&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We can see the python3 version Ubuntu comes with, as well as where its

executable is stored.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;python3 --version

which python3

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/which-python.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our Ubuntu installation first needs system packages for Python development.

You'll be prompted for your superuser password because restricted system

access is required to install packages through apt.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;sudo apt-get install virtualenv python-pip python3-dev

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/install-packages.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Enter &lt;code&gt;y&lt;/code&gt; and let the system package installation process run.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/packages-installed.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;The basic system packages we need are now installed so we can proceed to

our Python-specific dependencies.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Virtualenv&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Virtualenv and pip for isolating and handling

&lt;a href="/application-dependencies.html"&gt;application dependencies&lt;/a&gt; were just

installed via system packages so we can now use them to obtain Django and

Gunicorn.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a directory to store virtualenvs then put a new virtualenv in it.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;# the tilde &amp;quot;~&amp;quot; specifies the user&amp;#39;s home directory, like /home/matt

cd ~

mkdir venvs

# specify the system python3 installation

virtualenv --python=/usr/bin/python3 venvs/djproject

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Activate the virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;source ~/venvs/djproject/bin/activate

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We should see our prompt change so that we know the virtualenv is properly

activated.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/venv-activated.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Our virtualenv with Python 3 is activated so we can install whatever

dependencies we want, such as Django and Gunicorn. &lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Django and Gunicorn&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Time to install Django and Green Unicorn into our virtualenv.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;pip install django gunicorn

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;No errors is a good sign everything worked for us.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/good-sign.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Create a new Django project named &lt;code&gt;djproject&lt;/code&gt;, or whatever you want to name

your project. Then change into the directory for the new project.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;django-admin startproject djproject

cd djproject

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;We could run Django with the development server using the

&lt;code&gt;python manage.py runserver&lt;/code&gt; command. However, start Django up with

Gunicorn instead.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;div class="highlight"&gt;&lt;pre&gt;gunicorn djproject.wsgi

&lt;/pre&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/gunicorn-run.png" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Awesome, now we can bring up our shell project in the web browser at

the &lt;code&gt;localhost:8000&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;127.0.0.1:8000&lt;/code&gt; address.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/source/static/img/160509-ubuntu-django-gunicorn/it-worked.jpg" width="100%" class="technical-diagram img-rounded"&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Ready for development!&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;h2&gt;Ready for Development&lt;/h2&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Those are the basics for starting development with Django and Gunicorn on

Ubuntu 16.04. If you need an even more in-depth step-by-step tutorial to

deploy your Python web application to a production environment, check out the

&lt;a href="http://www.deploypython.com/"&gt;Full Stack Python Guide to Deployments book&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;To figure out what to do next for your Python project, read the topics

found on the &lt;a href="/table-of-contents.html"&gt;table of contents&lt;/a&gt; page.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Questions? Contact me via Twitter

&lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/mattmakai"&gt;@mattmakai&lt;/a&gt;. I'm also on GitHub with

the username &lt;a href="https://github.com/makaimc"&gt;makaimc&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry><entry><title>The Full Stack Python Blog</title><link href="http://www.fullstackpython.com/full-stack-python-blog.html" rel="alternate"></link><updated>2016-05-08T00:00:00-04:00</updated><author><name>Matt Makai</name></author><id>tag:www.fullstackpython.com,2016-05-08:full-stack-python-blog.html</id><summary type="html">&lt;p&gt;Full Stack Python began way back in December 2012 when I started writing

the initial &lt;a href="/deployment.html"&gt;deployment&lt;/a&gt;, &lt;a href="/servers.html"&gt;server&lt;/a&gt;,

operating system, web server and WSGI server pages. Since then, the pages

have expanded out into a

&lt;a href="/table-of-contents.html"&gt;boatload of other areas&lt;/a&gt;

including subjects outside the deployment topics I originally started the

site to explain.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Frequently though I wanted to write a Python walkthrough that was not a

good fit for the page format I use for each topic. Many of those walkthroughs

became &lt;a href="https://www.twilio.com/blog/author/mmakai"&gt;Twilio blog posts&lt;/a&gt;

but not all of them were quite the right fit on there. I'll still be writing

plenty more Twilio tutorials, but this &lt;a href="/blog.html"&gt;Full Stack Python blog&lt;/a&gt;

is the spot for technical posts that fall outside the Twilio domain.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Let me know what you think and what tutorials you'd like to see in the future.

Hit me up on Twitter &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/fullstackpython"&gt;@fullstackpython&lt;/a&gt;

or &lt;a href="https://twitter.com/mattmakai"&gt;@mattmakai&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</summary></entry></feed>