Java syntax is similar to C and C++. It uses semicolons to end statements and curly braces `{}` to define blocks of code.

Printing output in Java is typically done using `System.out.println()` or `System.out.print()` methods.

```java

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

}

}

```

Java variables must be declared with a specific type. Common types include `int`, `double`, `boolean`, `String`, etc.

```java

int age = 25;

double price = 19.99;

boolean isActive = true;

String name = "John";

```

Java supports `for`, `while`, and `do-while` loops.

```java

// For loop

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);

}

// While loop

int count = 1;

while (count <= 5) {

System.out.println(count);

count++;

}

// Do-while loop

int num = 1;

do {

System.out.println(num);

num++;

} while (num <= 5);

Functions in Java are called methods. They are defined within classes and can be `static` (class-level) or instance methods

```java

public class MyClass {

// Static method

public static void sayHello() {

System.out.println("Hello, World!");

}

// Instance method

public void greet(String name) {

System.out.println("Hello, " + name);

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

sayHello(); // Calling a static method

MyClass obj = new MyClass();

obj.greet("John"); // Calling an instance method

}

}

Methods in Java can return values using the `return` keyword.

```java

public class Calculator {

public int add(int a, int b) {

return a + b;

}

public static void main(String[] args) {

Calculator calc = new Calculator();

int result = calc.add(5, 3);

System.out.println("Sum: " + result);

}

}

```

Java arrays are fixed-size collections of elements of the same type. ArrayLists are dynamically resizable lists.

```java

// Arrays

int[] numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};

System.out.println("First number: " + numbers[0]);

// ArrayLists

import java.util.ArrayList;

ArrayList<String> names = new ArrayList<>();

names.add("Alice");

names.add("Bob");

System.out.println("First name: " + names.get(0));

```