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add a ton of new resources and stub out a few new pages such as WebRTC
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‎content/pages/02-development-environments/15-application-dependencies.markdown‎

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Python projects' dependencies for a web application should be specified
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with pegged dependencies like the following:
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django==1.6
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bpython==0.12
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django-braces==0.2.1
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django-model-utils==1.1.0
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logutils==0.3.3
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South==0.7.6
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requests==1.2.0
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stripe==1.9.1
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dj-database-url==0.2.1
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django-oauth2-provider==0.2.4
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djangorestframework==2.3.1
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```
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django==1.11.0
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bpython==0.12
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django-braces==0.2.1
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django-model-utils==1.1.0
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logutils==0.3.3
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South==0.7.6
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requests==1.2.0
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stripe==1.9.1
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dj-database-url==0.2.1
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django-oauth2-provider==0.2.4
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djangorestframework==2.3.1
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```
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Pegged dependencies with precise version numbers or Git tags are important
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because otherwise the latest version of a dependency will be used. While
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further clarification.
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## Application dependency resources
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### Application dependency resources
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* [Python Packaging Is Good Now](https://glyph.twistedmatrix.com/2016/08/python-packaging.html)
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is a wonderfully written blog post. It provides historical context on why
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Python's code library packaging was painful for a long time, and what's
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been fixed to make building and installing application dependencies so
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much better.
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* [Python Packaging User Guide](https://packaging.python.org/)
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provides a collection of resources to understand how to package and
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distribute Python code libraries.
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* [Alice in Python projectland](https://veekaybee.github.io/2017/09/26/python-packaging/)
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is an amazing post that takes the reader from simple Python script
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into a complete Python package.
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* [A non-magical introduction to virtualenv and pip](http://dabapps.com/blog/introduction-to-pip-and-virtualenv-python/)
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breaks down what problems these tools solve and how to use them.
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* [Testing & Packaging](https://hynek.me/articles/testing-packaging/) examines
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a configuration for ensuring tests run against your code and how to
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properly package your project.
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* [Tools of the modern Python hacker](http://www.clemesha.org/blog/modern-python-hacker-tools-virtualenv-fabric-pip/)
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contains detailed explanations of virtualenv, Fabric, and pip.
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[one perspective on that debate](http://notes.pault.ag/debian-python/).
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* [Open source trust scaling](http://lucumr.pocoo.org/2016/3/24/open-source-trust-scaling/)
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is a good piece for the Python community (and other communities) that is
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based on the
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is a good piece for the [Python community](/python-community.html)
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(and other programming communities) that is based on the
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[left-pad NPM situation](https://medium.com/@azerbike/i-ve-just-liberated-my-modules-9045c06be67c)
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that broke many dependent packages in the Node.JS community.
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that broke many dependent packages in the Node.js community.
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* This Stack Overflow question details how to set up a
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[virtual environment for Python development](http://askubuntu.com/questions/244641/how-to-set-up-and-use-a-virtual-python-environment-in-ubuntu).
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[this article about the differences](https://lincolnloop.com/blog/fast-immutable-python-deployments/)
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and be sure to upgrade.
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* [Typosquatting programming language package managers](https://incolumitas.com/2016/06/08/typosquatting-package-managers/)
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shows how many packages on centralized dependency servers for Python,
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Node.js and Ruby can be vulnerable to "typosquatting" where a developer
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either confuses a fake package for the correct one or simply makes a
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typo when specifying her dependency list.
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* [Perils of packaging](https://malramsay.com/post/perils_of_packaging/)
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covers several edge cases that come up when trying to put together
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pieces like Travis CI, PyPI and conda. The post walks through the errors
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and how to get around them until they are smoothed out by updates to the
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tools.
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## Open source app dependency projects
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### Open source app dependency projects
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* [Autoenv](https://github.com/kennethreitz/autoenv) is a tool for activating
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environment variables stored in a `.env` file in your projects' home
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directories. Environment variables aren't managed by virtualenv and although
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while this could come in handy with a legacy project, the version numbers
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for those libraries will not be generated with the output.
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* [pip-check](https://github.com/bartTC/pip-check) presents a nicely-formatted
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list of all your installed dependencies and the status of whether or not
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updates are available for each of them.
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* [pip-name](https://github.com/prakashdanish/pip-name) is a straightforward
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library that looks up package names on PyPI and tells you whether or not
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the library name is already taken.
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## Application dependencies learning checklist
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### Application dependencies learning checklist
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1. Ensure the libraries your web application depends on are all captured in
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a requirement.txt file with pegged versions.
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a `requirement.txt` file with pegged versions.
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1. An easy way to capture currently installed dependencies is with the
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`pip freeze` command.

‎content/pages/03-data/01-databases.markdown‎

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operations we often take for granted when using an established relational
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* [Select Star SQL](https://selectstarsql.com/) is an interactive book for
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learning SQL. Highly recommended even if you feel you will only be working
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with an [object-relational mapper](/object-relational-mappers-orms.html)
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on your projects because you never know when you will need to drop into
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SQL to improve a generated query's slow performance.
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* [Why I Love Databases](https://medium.com/@jeeyoungk/why-i-love-databases-1d4cc433685f)
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is a great read on the CAP Theorem, distributed systems and other topics
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that are at the core of database theory and implementation. Well worth

‎content/pages/03-data/05-object-relational-mappers.markdown‎

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1. [The Django ORM](/django-orm.html)
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1. [PonyORM](/pony-orm.html)
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1. [SQLObject](http://sqlobject.org/)
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1. [Tortoise ORM](https://tortoise-orm.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
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There are other ORMs, such as Canonical's
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[Storm](https://storm.canonical.com/), but most of them do not appear to

‎content/pages/03-data/18-data-visualization.markdown‎

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### Data visualization resources
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* [Data visualization, from 1987 to today](https://medium.economist.com/data-visualisation-from-1987-to-today-65d0609c6017)
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is a wonderful reference about the pre-computer age era of visualization
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which was a combination of cartography, art and statistics rather than
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any cohesive field as it is often seen today. The images showing how
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people worked with paper to build their visuals add fantastic context to
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the story.
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* [One Chart, Twelve Charting Libraries](https://lisacharlotterost.github.io/2016/05/17/one-chart-code/)
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compares how charting libraries such as [D3.js](/d3-js.html),

‎content/pages/04-web-development/02-django.markdown‎

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web applications should come with the framework instead of as separate
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<a href="http://www.djangoproject.com/" style="border: none;"><img src="/img/logos/django.png" width="100%" alt="Official Django logo. Trademark Django Software Foundation." class="technical-diagram"></a>
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<a href="http://www.djangoproject.com/" style="border: none;"><img src="/img/logos/django.png" width="100%" alt="Official Django logo. Trademark Django Software Foundation." class="shot"></a>
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[authentication](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/auth/),
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* [How to Create Custom Django Management Commands](https://simpleisbetterthancomplex.com/tutorial/2018/08/27/how-to-create-custom-django-management-commands.html)
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explains how to expand the default `manage.py` commands list with your
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own custom commands in your projects. The tutorial has a bunch of great
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examples with expected output to make it easy to follow along and learn
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while you work through the post.
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* Luke Plant writes about
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[his approach to class based views](http://lukeplant.me.uk/blog/posts/my-approach-to-class-based-views/) (CBVs),
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which often provoke heated debate in the Django community for whether they

‎content/pages/04-web-development/15-web-design.markdown‎

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[blog post series on building a browser engine](http://limpet.net/mbrubeck/2014/08/08/toy-layout-engine-1.html)
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that will show you how to build a simple rendering engine.
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* [Defining Colors in CSS](https://pineco.de/defining-colors-in-css/)
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presents how to define color in your
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[Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)](/cascading-style-sheets.html) and breaks
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down the differences between specifying predefined color values,
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hexadecimal values, red-green-blue (RGB) and
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Hue-Saturation-Lightness (HSL).

‎content/pages/04-web-development/17-css.markdown‎

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* [Can I Use...](http://caniuse.com/) is a compatibility table that shows
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which versions of browsers implement specific CSS features.
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* The [Web Design Museum](https://www.webdesignmuseum.org/) is an amazing
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look back at how web design has evolved over the past 25+ years. Some of
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the designs can still be seen in their current site's presentation such
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as the top navigation of Apple's 2001 site.
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## CSS learning checklist
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content/pages/04-web-development/24-javascript.markdown renamed to content/pages/04-web-development/23-javascript.markdown

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title: JavaScript
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category: page
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slug: javascript
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sortorder: 0424
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sortorder: 0423
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toc: False
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sidebartitle: JavaScript
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meta: Learn about JavaScript and MVC frameworks for web applications on Full Stack Python.
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[Ecma International Standards Body](http://www.ecma-international.org/default.htm).
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## JavaScript resources
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* [Frontend tooling in 2015](http://ashleynolan.co.uk/blog/frontend-tooling-survey-2015-results)
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shows the results of a survey for what frontend developers are using for
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CSS pre- and post-processing and other build steps.
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### JavaScript resources
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* [How Browsers Work](http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/internals/howbrowserswork/)
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is a great overview of both JavaScript and CSS as well as how pages are
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rendered in a browser.
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* [Unheap](http://www.unheap.com/) is an amazing collection of reusable JQuery
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* [The State of JavaScript in 2015](http://www.breck-mckye.com/blog/2014/12/the-state-of-javascript-in-2015/)
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is an opinion piece about favoring small, single-purpose JavaScript libraries
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over larger frameworks due to churn in the ecosystem.
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* [The Modern JavaScript Developer’s Toolbox ](http://www.infoq.com/articles/modern-javascript-toolbox)
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* [The Modern JavaScript Developer's Toolbox](http://www.infoq.com/articles/modern-javascript-toolbox)
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provides a high-level overview of tools frequently used on the client and
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server side for developers using JavaScript in their web applications.
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* [Developing a Single Page App with Flask and Vue.js](https://testdriven.io/developing-a-single-page-app-with-flask-and-vuejs) step-by-step walkthrough of how to set up a basic CRUD app with Vue and Flask.
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## JavaScript learning checklist
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### JavaScript learning checklist
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‎content/pages/04-web-development/24-react.markdown‎

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title: React
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category: page
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slug: react
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sortorder: 0424
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toc: False
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sidebartitle: React
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meta: Learn about React and JavaScript frameworks for web applications on Full Stack Python.
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# React
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[React](https://reactjs.org/) is a [JavaScript](/javascript.html) web
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application framework for building rich user interfaces that run in web
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browsers.
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<a href="https://reactjs.org/" style="border:none"><img src="/img/logos/react.png" width="100%" alt="React framework logo." class="shot"></a>
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<div class="well see-also">React is an implementation of the <a href="/javascript.html">JavaScript frameworks</a> concept. Learn how these pieces fit together in the <a href="/web-development.html">web development</a> chapter or view the <a href="/table-of-contents.html">table of contents</a> for all topics.</div>

‎content/pages/04-web-development/25-vuejs.markdown‎

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title: Vue.js
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category: page
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slug: vuejs
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sortorder: 0425
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toc: False
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sidebartitle: Vue.js
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meta: Learn about Vue.js and other JavaScript frameworks for web applications on Full Stack Python.
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# Vue.js
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[Vue.js](https://vuejs.org/) is a [JavaScript](/javascript.html) web
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application framework for building rich apps that run in web browsers.
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<a href="https://vuejs.org/" style="border:none"><img src="/img/logos/vuejs-wide.png" width="100%" alt="Vue.js logo." class="shot"></a>
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<div class="well see-also">Vue.js is an implementation of the <a href="/javascript.html">JavaScript frameworks</a> concept. Learn how these pieces fit together in the <a href="/web-development.html">web development</a> chapter or view the <a href="/table-of-contents.html">table of contents</a> for all topics.</div>

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