原文：[Managing static files (e.g. images, JavaScript, CSS)](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/)

网站通常需要提供额外的文件，例如图片，JavaScript, 或者CSS。在Django中，我们将这些文件称之为“静态文件”。Django提供了[`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles "django.contrib.staticfiles:An app for handling static files." )来帮助你管理它们。

本文描述了你可以如何提供这些静态文件。

1. 确保在你的[`INSTALLED_APPS`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS)中包含了`django.contrib.staticfiles`。

2. 在你的settings文件中，定义[`STATIC_URL`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATIC_URL)，例如：

```python

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

```

3. 在你的模板中，要么像`/static/my_app/myexample.jpg`这样硬编码url，要么，更好的做法是，使用[`static`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#std:templatetag-staticfiles-static)模板标签通过使用配置的[`STATICFILES_STORAGE`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATICFILES_STORAGE) 存储(当你想要转到一个内容分发网络（CDN）来提供静态文件时，这会容易得多)，为给定的相对路径建立url。

```html

{% load staticfiles %}

<img src="{% static "my_app/myexample.jpg" %}" alt="My image"/>

```

4. 将你的静态文件保存在你的应用中的名为`static`的文件夹下。例如，`my_app/static/my_app/myimage.jpg`。

>提供文件

>除了这些配置步骤外，你还会需要实际的提供静态文件。

>部署期间，如果你使用[`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles "django.contrib.staticfiles: An app for handling static files." )，那么当设置[`DEBUG`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-DEBUG)为`True`时，[`runserver`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-runserver)将会自动完成 (见[`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve()`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve "django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve" ))。

>这种方法是**非常低效的**，并且可能**不安全**，所以**不适用于生产**。

>见[_部署静态文件_](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/deployment/)，以获得在生产环境中提供静态文件的正确策略。

你的工程也有可能拥有一些不特定于某个应用的静态文件。除了使用你的应用中的`static/`目录，你还可以在你的settings文件中定义目录列表([`STATICFILES_DIRS`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATICFILES_DIRS))，Django将会查找该列表以搜索静态文件。例如：

```python

STATICFILES_DIRS = [

os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),

'/var/www/static/',

]

```

见[`STATICFILES_FINDERS`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATICFILES_FINDERS)设置项的文档，以获得`staticfiles`如何查找你的文件的相关细节。

If you use [`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles"django.contrib.staticfiles: An app for handling static files." ) as explained above, [`runserver`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/django-admin/#django-admin-runserver) will do this automatically when[`DEBUG`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-DEBUG) is set to `True`. If you don't have `django.contrib.staticfiles` in [`INSTALLED_APPS`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-INSTALLED_APPS), you can still manually serve static files using the [`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve()`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve"django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve" ) view.

This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment

strategies, see [_部署静态文件_](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/deployment/)。

例如，如果定义[`STATIC_URL`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATIC_URL)为`/static/`，那么你可以通过添加下面的代码段到你的urls.py中来做到这点：

from django.conf import settings

from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [

# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...

] + static(settings.STATIC_URL, document_root=settings.STATIC_ROOT)

[`STATIC_ROOT`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATIC_ROOT) folder; it doesn't perform static files discovery like [`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles "django.contrib.staticfiles:An app for handling static files." ).

During development, you can serve user-uploaded media files from

[`MEDIA_ROOT`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std

:setting-MEDIA_ROOT) using the [`django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve()`](ht

tps://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#django.contrib.st

aticfiles.views.serve "django.contrib.staticfiles.views.serve" ) view.

This is not suitable for production use! For some common deployment

strategies, see [_Deploying static

files_](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/deployment/).

For example, if your

[`MEDIA_URL`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-

MEDIA_URL) is defined as `/media/`, you can do this by adding the following

snippet to your urls.py:

from django.conf import settings

from django.conf.urls.static import static

urlpatterns = [

# ... the rest of your URLconf goes here ...

] + static(settings.MEDIA_URL, document_root=settings.MEDIA_ROOT)

Note

This helper function works only in debug mode and only if the given prefix is

local (e.g. `/media/`) and not a URL (e.g. `http://media.example.com/`).

When running tests that use actual HTTP requests instead of the built-in

testing client (i.e. when using the built-in [`LiveServerTestCase`](https://do

cs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/topics/testing/tools/#django.test.LiveServerTestCa

se "django.test.LiveServerTestCase" )) the static assets need to be served

along the rest of the content so the test environment reproduces the real one

as faithfully as possible, but `LiveServerTestCase` has only very basic static

file-serving functionality: It doesn't know about the finders feature of the

`staticfiles` application and assumes the static content has already been

collected under

[`STATIC_ROOT`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std

:setting-STATIC_ROOT).

Because of this, `staticfiles` ships its own [`django.contrib.staticfiles.test

ing.StaticLiveServerTestCase`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contr

ib/staticfiles/#django.contrib.staticfiles.testing.StaticLiveServerTestCase

"django.contrib.staticfiles.testing.StaticLiveServerTestCase" ), a subclass of

the built-in one that has the ability to transparently serve all the assets

during execution of these tests in a way very similar to what we get at

development time with `DEBUG = True`, i.e. without having to collect them

using [`collectstatic`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/stat

icfiles/#django-admin-collectstatic) first.

[`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contr

ib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles "django.contrib.staticfiles:

An app for handling static files." ) provides a convenience management command

for gathering static files in a single directory so you can serve them easily.

1. Set the [`STATIC_ROOT`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std:setting-STATIC_ROOT) setting to the directory from which you'd like to serve these files, for example:

STATIC_ROOT = "/var/www/example.com/static/"

2. Run the [`collectstatic`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#django-admin-collectstatic) management command:

$ python manage.py collectstatic

This will copy all files from your static folders into the

[`STATIC_ROOT`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/settings/#std

:setting-STATIC_ROOT) directory.

3. Use a web server of your choice to serve the files. [_Deploying static files_](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/howto/static-files/deployment/) covers some common deployment strategies for static files.

This document has covered the basics and some common usage patterns. For

complete details on all the settings, commands, template tags, and other

pieces included in [`django.contrib.staticfiles`](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/#module-django.contrib.staticfiles"django.contrib.staticfiles: An app for handling static files." ), see [_thestaticfilesreference_](https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.9/ref/contrib/staticfiles/).