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  <section id="common-object-structures">
<span id="common-structs"></span><h1>Common Object Structures<a class="headerlink" href="#common-object-structures" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h1>
<p>There are a large number of structures which are used in the definition of
object types for Python.  This section describes these structures and how they
are used.</p>
<section id="base-object-types-and-macros">
<h2>Base object types and macros<a class="headerlink" href="#base-object-types-and-macros" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<p>All Python objects ultimately share a small number of fields at the beginning
of the object’s representation in memory.  These are represented by the
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></code></a> types, which are defined, in turn,
by the expansions of some macros also used, whether directly or indirectly, in
the definition of all other Python objects.</p>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Limited API</span></a>. (Only some members are part of the stable ABI.)</em><p>All object types are extensions of this type.  This is a type which
contains the information Python needs to treat a pointer to an object as an
object.  In a normal “release” build, it contains only the object’s
reference count and a pointer to the corresponding type object.
Nothing is actually declared to be a <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a>, but every pointer
to a Python object can be cast to a <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.  Access to the
members must be done by using the macros <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_REFCNT" title="Py_REFCNT"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_REFCNT</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_TYPE" title="Py_TYPE"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyVarObject">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Limited API</span></a>. (Only some members are part of the stable ABI.)</em><p>This is an extension of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> that adds the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyVarObject.ob_size" title="PyVarObject.ob_size"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ob_size</span></code></a>
field.  This is only used for objects that have some notion of <em>length</em>.
This type does not often appear in the Python/C API.
Access to the members must be done by using the macros
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_REFCNT" title="Py_REFCNT"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_REFCNT</span></code></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_TYPE" title="Py_TYPE"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE</span></code></a>, and <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_SIZE" title="Py_SIZE"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SIZE</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_HEAD">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_HEAD</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_HEAD" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>This is a macro used when declaring new types which represent objects
without a varying length.  The PyObject_HEAD macro expands to:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ob_base</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>See documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> above.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_VAR_HEAD">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_VAR_HEAD</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_VAR_HEAD" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>This is a macro used when declaring new types which represent objects
with a length that varies from instance to instance.
The PyObject_VAR_HEAD macro expands to:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyVarObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">ob_base</span><span class="p">;</span>
</pre></div>
<p>See documentation of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></code></a> above.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_Is">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_Is</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">y</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_Is" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Test if the <em>x</em> object is the <em>y</em> object, the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">y</span></code> in Python.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.10 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_IsNone">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_IsNone</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_IsNone" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Test if an object is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> singleton,
the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">None</span></code> in Python.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.10 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_IsTrue">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_IsTrue</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_IsTrue" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Test if an object is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">True</span></code> singleton,
the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">True</span></code> in Python.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.10 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_IsFalse">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_IsFalse</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">x</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_IsFalse" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> since version 3.10.</em><p>Test if an object is the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">False</span></code> singleton,
the same as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">x</span> <span class="pre">is</span> <span class="pre">False</span></code> in Python.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.10 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_TYPE">
<a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_TYPE" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Get the type of the Python object <em>o</em>.</p>
<p>Return a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-borrowed-reference"><span class="xref std std-term">borrowed reference</span></a>.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_SET_TYPE" title="Py_SET_TYPE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SET_TYPE()</span></code></a> function to set an object type.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">3.11 sürümünde değişti: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_TYPE" title="Py_TYPE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE()</span></code></a> is changed to an inline static function.
The parameter type is no longer <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_IS_TYPE">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_IS_TYPE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_IS_TYPE" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Return non-zero if the object <em>o</em> type is <em>type</em>. Return zero otherwise.
Equivalent to: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE(o)</span> <span class="pre">==</span> <span class="pre">type</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_SET_TYPE">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_SET_TYPE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyTypeObject" title="PyTypeObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_SET_TYPE" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Set the object <em>o</em> type to <em>type</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_REFCNT">
<a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_REFCNT</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_REFCNT" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Get the reference count of the Python object <em>o</em>.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_SET_REFCNT" title="Py_SET_REFCNT"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SET_REFCNT()</span></code></a> function to set an object reference count.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">3.11 sürümünde değişti: </span>The parameter type is no longer <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">3.10 sürümünde değişti: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_REFCNT" title="Py_REFCNT"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_REFCNT()</span></code></a> is changed to the inline static function.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_SET_REFCNT">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_SET_REFCNT</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">refcnt</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_SET_REFCNT" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Set the object <em>o</em> reference counter to <em>refcnt</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_SIZE">
<a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_SIZE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_SIZE" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Get the size of the Python object <em>o</em>.</p>
<p>Use the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_SET_SIZE" title="Py_SET_SIZE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SET_SIZE()</span></code></a> function to set an object size.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">3.11 sürümünde değişti: </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.Py_SIZE" title="Py_SIZE"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_SIZE()</span></code></a> is changed to an inline static function.
The parameter type is no longer <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><span class="n">PyVarObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.Py_SET_SIZE">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">void</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_SET_SIZE</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_ssize_t" title="Py_ssize_t"><span class="n"><span class="pre">Py_ssize_t</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.Py_SET_SIZE" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Set the object <em>o</em> size to <em>size</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyObject_HEAD_INIT">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject_HEAD_INIT</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyObject_HEAD_INIT" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></code></a> type.  This macro expands to:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT</span>
<span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="n"><span class="pre">type</span></span>, <span class="n"><span class="pre">size</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>This is a macro which expands to initialization values for a new
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyVarObject" title="PyVarObject"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyVarObject</span></code></a> type, including the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyVarObject.ob_size" title="PyVarObject.ob_size"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ob_size</span></code></a> field.
This macro expands to:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">_PyObject_EXTRA_INIT</span>
<span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">type</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">size</span><span class="p">,</span>
</pre></div>
<section id="implementing-functions-and-methods">
<h2>Implementing functions and methods<a class="headerlink" href="#implementing-functions-and-methods" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyCFunction">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Type of the functions used to implement most Python callables in C.
Functions of this type take two <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> parameters and return
one such value.  If the return value is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, an exception shall have
been set.  If not <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>, the return value is interpreted as the return
value of the function as exposed in Python.  The function must return a new
reference.</p>
<p>The function signature is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">PyCFunction</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                      </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyCFunctionWithKeywords">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyCFunctionWithKeywords</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCFunctionWithKeywords" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a>.</em><p>Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C
with signature <a class="reference internal" href="#meth-varargs-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>.
The function signature is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">PyCFunctionWithKeywords</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                                  </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                                  </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyCFunctionFast">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_PyCFunctionFast</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyCFunctionFast" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C
with signature <a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_FASTCALL" title="METH_FASTCALL"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_FASTCALL</span></code></a>.
The function signature is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">_PyCFunctionFast</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                           </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                           </span><span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nargs</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c._PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c._PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C
with signature <a class="reference internal" href="#meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>.
The function signature is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="nf">_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                                       </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                                       </span><span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nargs</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                                       </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">kwnames</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyCMethod">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyCMethod</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyCMethod" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Type of the functions used to implement Python callables in C
with signature <a class="reference internal" href="#meth-method-meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>.
The function signature is:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">PyCMethod</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">self</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">PyTypeObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">defining_class</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="k">const</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">Py_ssize_t</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">nargs</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="w">                    </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">kwnames</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMethodDef">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMethodDef</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMethodDef" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> (including all members).</em><p>Structure used to describe a method of an extension type.  This structure has
four fields:</p>
<dl class="c member">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMethodDef.ml_name">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ml_name</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_name" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Name of the method.</p>
<dl class="c member">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMethodDef.ml_meth">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ml_meth</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_meth" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Pointer to the C implementation.</p>
<dl class="c member">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMethodDef.ml_flags">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ml_flags</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_flags" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Flags bits indicating how the call should be constructed.</p>
<dl class="c member">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMethodDef.ml_doc">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">ml_doc</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_doc" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Points to the contents of the docstring.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_meth" title="PyMethodDef.ml_meth"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ml_meth</span></code></a> is a C function pointer.
The functions may be of different
types, but they always return <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>.  If the function is not of
the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></code></a>, the compiler will require a cast in the method table.
Even though <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></code></a> defines the first parameter as
<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span>, it is common that the method implementation uses the
specific C type of the <em>self</em> object.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMethodDef.ml_flags" title="PyMethodDef.ml_flags"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ml_flags</span></code></a> field is a bitfield which can include
the following flags.
The individual flags indicate either a calling convention or a binding
convention.</p>
<p>There are these calling conventions:</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_VARARGS">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_VARARGS</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_VARARGS" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>This is the typical calling convention, where the methods have the type
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></code></a>. The function expects two <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> values.
The first one is the <em>self</em> object for methods; for module functions, it is
the module object.  The second parameter (often called <em>args</em>) is a tuple
object representing all arguments. This parameter is typically processed
using <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple" title="PyArg_ParseTuple"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyArg_ParseTuple()</span></code></a> or <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.PyArg_UnpackTuple" title="PyArg_UnpackTuple"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyArg_UnpackTuple()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_KEYWORDS">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_KEYWORDS</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_KEYWORDS" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Can only be used in certain combinations with other flags:
<a class="reference internal" href="#meth-varargs-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="#meth-method-meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>.</p>
<dl class="simple" id="meth-varargs-meth-keywords">
<dt><span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_VARARGS" title="METH_VARARGS"><span class="n">METH_VARARGS</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_KEYWORDS" title="METH_KEYWORDS"><span class="n">METH_KEYWORDS</span></a></span></dt><dd><p>Methods with these flags must be of type <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunctionWithKeywords" title="PyCFunctionWithKeywords"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunctionWithKeywords</span></code></a>.
The function expects three parameters: <em>self</em>, <em>args</em>, <em>kwargs</em> where
<em>kwargs</em> is a dictionary of all the keyword arguments or possibly <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>
if there are no keyword arguments.  The parameters are typically processed
using <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords" title="PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()</span></code></a>.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_FASTCALL">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_FASTCALL</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_FASTCALL" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Fast calling convention supporting only positional arguments.
The methods have the type <a class="reference internal" href="#c._PyCFunctionFast" title="_PyCFunctionFast"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyCFunctionFast</span></code></a>.
The first parameter is <em>self</em>, the second parameter is a C array
of <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> values indicating the arguments and the third
parameter is the number of arguments (the length of the array).</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.7 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified changed">3.10 sürümünde değişti: </span><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_FASTCALL</span></code> is now part of the stable ABI.</p>
<dl id="meth-fastcall-meth-keywords">
<dt><span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_FASTCALL" title="METH_FASTCALL"><span class="n">METH_FASTCALL</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_KEYWORDS" title="METH_KEYWORDS"><span class="n">METH_KEYWORDS</span></a></span></dt><dd><p>Extension of <a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_FASTCALL" title="METH_FASTCALL"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_FASTCALL</span></code></a> supporting also keyword arguments,
with methods of type <a class="reference internal" href="#c._PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords" title="_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">_PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords</span></code></a>.
Keyword arguments are passed the same way as in the
<a class="reference internal" href="call.html#vectorcall"><span class="std std-ref">vectorcall protocol</span></a>:
there is an additional fourth <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> parameter
which is a tuple representing the names of the keyword arguments
(which are guaranteed to be strings)
or possibly <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> if there are no keywords.  The values of the keyword
arguments are stored in the <em>args</em> array, after the positional arguments.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.7 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_METHOD">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_METHOD</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_METHOD" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Can only be used in the combination with other flags:
<a class="reference internal" href="#meth-method-meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_METHOD | METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>.</p>
<dl id="meth-method-meth-fastcall-meth-keywords">
<dt><span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_METHOD" title="METH_METHOD"><span class="n">METH_METHOD</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_FASTCALL" title="METH_FASTCALL"><span class="n">METH_FASTCALL</span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">|</span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_KEYWORDS" title="METH_KEYWORDS"><span class="n">METH_KEYWORDS</span></a></span></dt><dd><p>Extension of <a class="reference internal" href="#meth-fastcall-meth-keywords"><span class="std std-ref">METH_FASTCALL | METH_KEYWORDS</span></a>
supporting the <em>defining class</em>, that is,
the class that contains the method in question.
The defining class might be a superclass of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_TYPE(self)</span></code>.</p>
<p>The method needs to be of type <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCMethod" title="PyCMethod"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCMethod</span></code></a>, the same as for
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_FASTCALL</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">METH_KEYWORDS</span></code> with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">defining_class</span></code> argument added after
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">self</span></code>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified added">3.9 sürümünde geldi.</span></p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_NOARGS">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_NOARGS</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_NOARGS" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Methods without parameters don’t need to check whether arguments are given if
they are listed with the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_NOARGS" title="METH_NOARGS"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_NOARGS</span></code></a> flag.  They need to be of type
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></code></a>.  The first parameter is typically named <em>self</em> and will
hold a reference to the module or object instance.  In all cases the second
parameter will be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.</p>
<p>The function must have 2 parameters. Since the second parameter is unused,
<a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#c.Py_UNUSED" title="Py_UNUSED"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Py_UNUSED</span></code></a> can be used to prevent a compiler warning.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_O">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_O</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_O" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Methods with a single object argument can be listed with the <a class="reference internal" href="#c.METH_O" title="METH_O"><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">METH_O</span></code></a>
flag, instead of invoking <a class="reference internal" href="arg.html#c.PyArg_ParseTuple" title="PyArg_ParseTuple"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyArg_ParseTuple()</span></code></a> with a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;O&quot;</span></code> argument.
They have the type <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyCFunction" title="PyCFunction"><code class="xref c c-type docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyCFunction</span></code></a>, with the <em>self</em> parameter, and a
<span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> parameter representing the single argument.</p>
<p>These two constants are not used to indicate the calling convention but the
binding when use with methods of classes.  These may not be used for functions
defined for modules.  At most one of these flags may be set for any given
method.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_CLASS">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_CLASS</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_CLASS" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">The method will be passed the type object as the first parameter rather
than an instance of the type.  This is used to create <em>class methods</em>,
similar to what is created when using the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#classmethod" title="classmethod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">classmethod()</span></code></a> built-in
function.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_STATIC">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_STATIC</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_STATIC" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p id="index-1">The method will be passed <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> as the first parameter rather than an
instance of the type.  This is used to create <em>static methods</em>, similar to
what is created when using the <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#staticmethod" title="staticmethod"><code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">staticmethod()</span></code></a> built-in function.</p>
<p>One other constant controls whether a method is loaded in place of another
definition with the same method name.</p>
<dl class="c macro">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.METH_COEXIST">
<span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">METH_COEXIST</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.METH_COEXIST" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>The method will be loaded in place of existing definitions.  Without
<em>METH_COEXIST</em>, the default is to skip repeated definitions.  Since slot
wrappers are loaded before the method table, the existence of a
<em>sq_contains</em> slot, for example, would generate a wrapped method named
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__contains__" title="object.__contains__"><code class="xref py py-meth docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__contains__()</span></code></a> and preclude the loading of a corresponding
PyCFunction with the same name.  With the flag defined, the PyCFunction
will be loaded in place of the wrapper object and will co-exist with the
slot.  This is helpful because calls to PyCFunctions are optimized more
than wrapper object calls.</p>
<section id="accessing-attributes-of-extension-types">
<h2>Accessing attributes of extension types<a class="headerlink" href="#accessing-attributes-of-extension-types" title="Permalink to this heading">¶</a></h2>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMemberDef">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMemberDef" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> (including all members).</em><p>Structure which describes an attribute of a type which corresponds to a C
struct member.  Its fields are:</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Field</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>C Type</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">name</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>const char *</p></td>
<td><p>name of the member</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>int</p></td>
<td><p>the type of the member in the
C struct</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">offset</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Py_ssize_t</p></td>
<td><p>the offset in bytes that the
member is located on the
type’s object struct</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flags</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>int</p></td>
<td><p>flag bits indicating if the
field should be read-only or
writable</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">doc</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>const char *</p></td>
<td><p>points to the contents of the
docstring</p></td>
<p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code> can be one of many <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_</span></code> macros corresponding to various C
types.  When the member is accessed in Python, it will be converted to the
equivalent Python type.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Macro name</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>C type</p></th>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_SHORT</p></td>
<td><p>short</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_INT</p></td>
<td><p>int</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_LONG</p></td>
<td><p>long</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_FLOAT</p></td>
<td><p>float</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_DOUBLE</p></td>
<td><p>double</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_STRING</p></td>
<td><p>const char *</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_OBJECT</p></td>
<td><p>PyObject *</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_OBJECT_EX</p></td>
<td><p>PyObject *</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_CHAR</p></td>
<td><p>char</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_BYTE</p></td>
<td><p>char</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_UBYTE</p></td>
<td><p>unsigned char</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_UINT</p></td>
<td><p>unsigned int</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_USHORT</p></td>
<td><p>unsigned short</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_ULONG</p></td>
<td><p>unsigned long</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_BOOL</p></td>
<td><p>char</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_LONGLONG</p></td>
<td><p>long long</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>T_ULONGLONG</p></td>
<td><p>unsigned long long</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>T_PYSSIZET</p></td>
<td><p>Py_ssize_t</p></td>
<p><code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT_EX</span></code> differ in that
<code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT</span></code> returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code> if the member is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> and
<code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT_EX</span></code> raises an <a class="reference internal" href="../library/exceptions.html#AttributeError" title="AttributeError"><code class="xref py py-exc docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">AttributeError</span></code></a>.  Try to use
<code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT_EX</span></code> over <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT</span></code> because <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT_EX</span></code>
handles use of the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">del</span></code></a> statement on that attribute more correctly
than <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT</span></code>.</p>
<p><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">flags</span></code> can be <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> for write and read access or <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">READONLY</span></code> for
read-only access.  Using <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_STRING</span></code> for <a class="reference internal" href="../library/functions.html#type" title="type"><code class="xref py py-attr docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">type</span></code></a> implies
<code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">READONLY</span></code>.  <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_STRING</span></code> data is interpreted as UTF-8.
Only <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT</span></code> and <code class="xref c c-macro docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_OBJECT_EX</span></code>
members can be deleted.  (They are set to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>).</p>
<p id="pymemberdef-offsets">Heap allocated types (created using <a class="reference internal" href="type.html#c.PyType_FromSpec" title="PyType_FromSpec"><code class="xref c c-func docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyType_FromSpec()</span></code></a> or similar),
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></code> may contain definitions for the special members
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__dictoffset__</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__weaklistoffset__</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">__vectorcalloffset__</span></code>,
corresponding to
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_dictoffset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_dictoffset</span></code></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_weaklistoffset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_weaklistoffset</span></code></a> and
<a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_vectorcall_offset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">tp_vectorcall_offset</span></code></a> in type objects.
These must be defined with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">T_PYSSIZET</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">READONLY</span></code>, for example:</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">static</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyMemberDef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">spam_type_members</span><span class="p">[]</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s">&quot;__dictoffset__&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">T_PYSSIZET</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">offsetof</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Spam_object</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">dict</span><span class="p">),</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">READONLY</span><span class="p">},</span>
<span class="w">    </span><span class="p">{</span><span class="nb">NULL</span><span class="p">}</span><span class="w">  </span><span class="cm">/* Sentinel */</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
</pre></div>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMember_GetOne">
<a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMember_GetOne</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="k"><span class="pre">const</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj_addr</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMemberDef" title="PyMemberDef"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">m</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMember_GetOne" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Get an attribute belonging to the object at address <em>obj_addr</em>.  The
attribute is described by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></code> <em>m</em>.  Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>
on error.</p>
<dl class="c function">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyMember_SetOne">
<span class="kt"><span class="pre">int</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMember_SetOne</span></span></span><span class="sig-paren">(</span><span class="kt"><span class="pre">char</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">obj_addr</span></span>, <span class="k"><span class="pre">struct</span></span><span class="w"> </span><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyMemberDef" title="PyMemberDef"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">m</span></span>, <a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyObject</span></span></a><span class="w"> </span><span class="p"><span class="pre">*</span></span><span class="n"><span class="pre">o</span></span><span class="sig-paren">)</span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyMember_SetOne" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><p>Set an attribute belonging to the object at address <em>obj_addr</em> to object <em>o</em>.
The attribute to set is described by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyMemberDef</span></code> <em>m</em>.  Returns <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code>
if successful and a negative value on failure.</p>
<dl class="c type">
<dt class="sig sig-object c" id="c.PyGetSetDef">
<span class="k"><span class="pre">type</span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sig-name descname"><span class="n"><span class="pre">PyGetSetDef</span></span></span><a class="headerlink" href="#c.PyGetSetDef" title="Bu tanım için kalıcı bağlantı">¶</a><br /></dt>
<dd><em class="stableabi"> Part of the <a class="reference internal" href="stable.html#stable"><span class="std std-ref">Stable ABI</span></a> (including all members).</em><p>Structure to define property-like access for a type. See also description of
the <a class="reference internal" href="typeobj.html#c.PyTypeObject.tp_getset" title="PyTypeObject.tp_getset"><code class="xref c c-member docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">PyTypeObject.tp_getset</span></code></a> slot.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Field</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>C Type</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Meaning</p></th>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>name</p></td>
<td><p>const char *</p></td>
<td><p>attribute name</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>get</p></td>
<td><p>getter</p></td>
<td><p>C function to get the attribute</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>set</p></td>
<td><p>setter</p></td>
<td><p>optional C function to set or
delete the attribute, if omitted
the attribute is readonly</p></td>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>doc</p></td>
<td><p>const char *</p></td>
<td><p>optional docstring</p></td>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>closure</p></td>
<td><p>void *</p></td>
<td><p>optional function pointer,
providing additional data for
getter and setter</p></td>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">get</span></code> function takes one <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> parameter (the
instance) and a function pointer (the associated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">closure</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">typedef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">getter</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>It should return a new reference on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code> with a set exception
on failure.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">set</span></code> functions take two <span class="c-expr sig sig-inline c"><a class="reference internal" href="#c.PyObject" title="PyObject"><span class="n">PyObject</span></a><span class="p">*</span></span> parameters (the instance and
the value to be set) and a function pointer (the associated <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">closure</span></code>):</p>
<div class="highlight-c notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="k">typedef</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">int</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="o">*</span><span class="n">setter</span><span class="p">)(</span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">PyObject</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kt">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">*</span><span class="p">);</span>
</pre></div>
<p>In case the attribute should be deleted the second parameter is <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">NULL</span></code>.
Should return <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">0</span></code> on success or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">-1</span></code> with a set exception on failure.</p>
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