@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@ def dcgain(self, warn_infinite=False):
12381238 """
12391239 return self ._dcgain (warn_infinite )
12401240
1241- def dynamics (self , t , x , u = 0 ):
1241+ def dynamics (self , t , x , u = None ):
12421242 """Compute the dynamics of the system
12431243
12441244 Given input `u` and state `x`, returns the dynamics of the state-space
@@ -1274,7 +1274,7 @@ def dynamics(self, t, x, u=0):
12741274 x = np .reshape (x , (- 1 , 1 )) # force to a column in case matrix
12751275 if np .size (x ) != self .nstates :
12761276 raise ValueError ("len(x) must be equal to number of states" )
1277- if u is 0 :
1277+ if u is None :
12781278 return self .A .dot (x ).reshape ((- 1 ,)) # return as row vector
12791279 else : # received t, x, and u, ignore t
12801280 u = np .reshape (u , (- 1 , 1 )) # force to a column in case matrix
@@ -1283,7 +1283,7 @@ def dynamics(self, t, x, u=0):
12831283 return self .A .dot (x ).reshape ((- 1 ,)) \
12841284 + self .B .dot (u ).reshape ((- 1 ,)) # return as row vector
12851285
1286- def output (self , t , x , u = 0 ):
1286+ def output (self , t , x , u = None ):
12871287 """Compute the output of the system
12881288
12891289 Given input `u` and state `x`, returns the output `y` of the
@@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ def output(self, t, x, u=0):
13171317 if np .size (x ) != self .nstates :
13181318 raise ValueError ("len(x) must be equal to number of states" )
13191319
1320- if u is 0 :
1320+ if u is None :
13211321 return self .C .dot (x ).reshape ((- 1 ,)) # return as row vector
13221322 else : # received t, x, and u, ignore t
13231323 u = np .reshape (u , (- 1 , 1 )) # force to a column in case matrix
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