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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# python-doc bot, 2025
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.15\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-08-21 14:26+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-09-16 00:00+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: python-doc bot, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Polish (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: pl\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : (n%10>=2 && n%10<=4) && "
"(n%100<12 || n%100>14) ? 1 : n!=1 && (n%10>=0 && n%10<=1) || (n%10>=5 && "
"n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n"
msgid "Library and Extension FAQ"
msgstr ""
msgid "Contents"
msgstr "Zawartość"
msgid "General Library Questions"
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I find a module or application to perform task X?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Check :ref:`the Library Reference <library-index>` to see if there's a "
"relevant standard library module. (Eventually you'll learn what's in the "
"standard library and will be able to skip this step.)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For third-party packages, search the `Python Package Index <https://pypi."
"org>`_ or try `Google <https://www.google.com>`_ or another web search "
"engine. Searching for \"Python\" plus a keyword or two for your topic of "
"interest will usually find something helpful."
msgstr ""
msgid "Where is the math.py (socket.py, regex.py, etc.) source file?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If you can't find a source file for a module it may be a built-in or "
"dynamically loaded module implemented in C, C++ or other compiled language. "
"In this case you may not have the source file or it may be something like :"
"file:`mathmodule.c`, somewhere in a C source directory (not on the Python "
"Path)."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are (at least) three kinds of modules in Python:"
msgstr ""
msgid "modules written in Python (.py);"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"modules written in C and dynamically loaded (.dll, .pyd, .so, .sl, etc);"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"modules written in C and linked with the interpreter; to get a list of "
"these, type::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import sys\n"
"print(sys.builtin_module_names)"
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I make a Python script executable on Unix?"
msgstr "Jak mogę zrobić skrypt Pythona wykonywalnym na systemie Unix?"
msgid ""
"You need to do two things: the script file's mode must be executable and the "
"first line must begin with ``#!`` followed by the path of the Python "
"interpreter."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The first is done by executing ``chmod +x scriptfile`` or perhaps ``chmod "
"755 scriptfile``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The second can be done in a number of ways. The most straightforward way is "
"to write ::"
msgstr ""
msgid "#!/usr/local/bin/python"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"as the very first line of your file, using the pathname for where the Python "
"interpreter is installed on your platform."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If you would like the script to be independent of where the Python "
"interpreter lives, you can use the :program:`env` program. Almost all Unix "
"variants support the following, assuming the Python interpreter is in a "
"directory on the user's :envvar:`PATH`::"
msgstr ""
msgid "#!/usr/bin/env python"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"*Don't* do this for CGI scripts. The :envvar:`PATH` variable for CGI "
"scripts is often very minimal, so you need to use the actual absolute "
"pathname of the interpreter."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Occasionally, a user's environment is so full that the :program:`/usr/bin/"
"env` program fails; or there's no env program at all. In that case, you can "
"try the following hack (due to Alex Rezinsky):"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"#! /bin/sh\n"
"\"\"\":\"\n"
"exec python $0 ${1+\"$@\"}\n"
"\"\"\""
msgstr ""
"#! /bin/sh\n"
"\"\"\":\"\n"
"exec python $0 ${1+\"$@\"}\n"
"\"\"\""
msgid ""
"The minor disadvantage is that this defines the script's __doc__ string. "
"However, you can fix that by adding ::"
msgstr ""
msgid "__doc__ = \"\"\"...Whatever...\"\"\""
msgstr ""
msgid "Is there a curses/termcap package for Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For Unix variants: The standard Python source distribution comes with a "
"curses module in the :source:`Modules` subdirectory, though it's not "
"compiled by default. (Note that this is not available in the Windows "
"distribution -- there is no curses module for Windows.)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`curses` module supports basic curses features as well as many "
"additional functions from ncurses and SYSV curses such as colour, "
"alternative character set support, pads, and mouse support. This means the "
"module isn't compatible with operating systems that only have BSD curses, "
"but there don't seem to be any currently maintained OSes that fall into this "
"category."
msgstr ""
msgid "Is there an equivalent to C's onexit() in Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`atexit` module provides a register function that is similar to "
"C's :c:func:`!onexit`."
msgstr ""
msgid "Why don't my signal handlers work?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The most common problem is that the signal handler is declared with the "
"wrong argument list. It is called as ::"
msgstr ""
msgid "handler(signum, frame)"
msgstr ""
msgid "so it should be declared with two parameters::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def handler(signum, frame):\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
msgid "Common tasks"
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I test a Python program or component?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Python comes with two testing frameworks. The :mod:`doctest` module finds "
"examples in the docstrings for a module and runs them, comparing the output "
"with the expected output given in the docstring."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`unittest` module is a fancier testing framework modelled on Java "
"and Smalltalk testing frameworks."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To make testing easier, you should use good modular design in your program. "
"Your program should have almost all functionality encapsulated in either "
"functions or class methods -- and this sometimes has the surprising and "
"delightful effect of making the program run faster (because local variable "
"accesses are faster than global accesses). Furthermore the program should "
"avoid depending on mutating global variables, since this makes testing much "
"more difficult to do."
msgstr ""
msgid "The \"global main logic\" of your program may be as simple as ::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
" main_logic()"
msgstr ""
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
" main_logic()"
msgid "at the bottom of the main module of your program."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Once your program is organized as a tractable collection of function and "
"class behaviours, you should write test functions that exercise the "
"behaviours. A test suite that automates a sequence of tests can be "
"associated with each module. This sounds like a lot of work, but since "
"Python is so terse and flexible it's surprisingly easy. You can make coding "
"much more pleasant and fun by writing your test functions in parallel with "
"the \"production code\", since this makes it easy to find bugs and even "
"design flaws earlier."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"\"Support modules\" that are not intended to be the main module of a program "
"may include a self-test of the module. ::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
" self_test()"
msgstr ""
"if __name__ == \"__main__\":\n"
" self_test()"
msgid ""
"Even programs that interact with complex external interfaces may be tested "
"when the external interfaces are unavailable by using \"fake\" interfaces "
"implemented in Python."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I create documentation from doc strings?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pydoc` module can create HTML from the doc strings in your Python "
"source code. An alternative for creating API documentation purely from "
"docstrings is `epydoc <https://epydoc.sourceforge.net/>`_. `Sphinx <https://"
"www.sphinx-doc.org>`_ can also include docstring content."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I get a single keypress at a time?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For Unix variants there are several solutions. It's straightforward to do "
"this using curses, but curses is a fairly large module to learn."
msgstr ""
msgid "Threads"
msgstr "Wątki"
msgid "How do I program using threads?"
msgstr "Jak programować używając wątków?"
msgid ""
"Be sure to use the :mod:`threading` module and not the :mod:`_thread` "
"module. The :mod:`threading` module builds convenient abstractions on top of "
"the low-level primitives provided by the :mod:`_thread` module."
msgstr ""
msgid "None of my threads seem to run: why?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"As soon as the main thread exits, all threads are killed. Your main thread "
"is running too quickly, giving the threads no time to do any work."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A simple fix is to add a sleep to the end of the program that's long enough "
"for all the threads to finish::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import threading, time\n"
"\n"
"def thread_task(name, n):\n"
" for i in range(n):\n"
" print(name, i)\n"
"\n"
"for i in range(10):\n"
" T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i))\n"
" T.start()\n"
"\n"
"time.sleep(10) # <---------------------------!"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"But now (on many platforms) the threads don't run in parallel, but appear to "
"run sequentially, one at a time! The reason is that the OS thread scheduler "
"doesn't start a new thread until the previous thread is blocked."
msgstr ""
msgid "A simple fix is to add a tiny sleep to the start of the run function::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def thread_task(name, n):\n"
" time.sleep(0.001) # <--------------------!\n"
" for i in range(n):\n"
" print(name, i)\n"
"\n"
"for i in range(10):\n"
" T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i))\n"
" T.start()\n"
"\n"
"time.sleep(10)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Instead of trying to guess a good delay value for :func:`time.sleep`, it's "
"better to use some kind of semaphore mechanism. One idea is to use the :mod:"
"`queue` module to create a queue object, let each thread append a token to "
"the queue when it finishes, and let the main thread read as many tokens from "
"the queue as there are threads."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I parcel out work among a bunch of worker threads?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The easiest way is to use the :mod:`concurrent.futures` module, especially "
"the :mod:`~concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor` class."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Or, if you want fine control over the dispatching algorithm, you can write "
"your own logic manually. Use the :mod:`queue` module to create a queue "
"containing a list of jobs. The :class:`~queue.Queue` class maintains a list "
"of objects and has a ``.put(obj)`` method that adds items to the queue and a "
"``.get()`` method to return them. The class will take care of the locking "
"necessary to ensure that each job is handed out exactly once."
msgstr ""
msgid "Here's a trivial example::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import threading, queue, time\n"
"\n"
"# The worker thread gets jobs off the queue. When the queue is empty, it\n"
"# assumes there will be no more work and exits.\n"
"# (Realistically workers will run until terminated.)\n"
"def worker():\n"
" print('Running worker')\n"
" time.sleep(0.1)\n"
" while True:\n"
" try:\n"
" arg = q.get(block=False)\n"
" except queue.Empty:\n"
" print('Worker', threading.current_thread(), end=' ')\n"
" print('queue empty')\n"
" break\n"
" else:\n"
" print('Worker', threading.current_thread(), end=' ')\n"
" print('running with argument', arg)\n"
" time.sleep(0.5)\n"
"\n"
"# Create queue\n"
"q = queue.Queue()\n"
"\n"
"# Start a pool of 5 workers\n"
"for i in range(5):\n"
" t = threading.Thread(target=worker, name='worker %i' % (i+1))\n"
" t.start()\n"
"\n"
"# Begin adding work to the queue\n"
"for i in range(50):\n"
" q.put(i)\n"
"\n"
"# Give threads time to run\n"
"print('Main thread sleeping')\n"
"time.sleep(5)"
msgstr ""
msgid "When run, this will produce the following output:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Running worker\n"
"Main thread sleeping\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 1, started 130283832797456)> running with argument 0\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 2, started 130283824404752)> running with argument 1\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 3, started 130283816012048)> running with argument 2\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 4, started 130283807619344)> running with argument 3\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 5, started 130283799226640)> running with argument 4\n"
"Worker <Thread(worker 1, started 130283832797456)> running with argument 5\n"
"..."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Consult the module's documentation for more details; the :class:`~queue."
"Queue` class provides a featureful interface."
msgstr ""
msgid "What kinds of global value mutation are thread-safe?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is used internally to ensure that "
"only one thread runs in the Python VM at a time. In general, Python offers "
"to switch among threads only between bytecode instructions; how frequently "
"it switches can be set via :func:`sys.setswitchinterval`. Each bytecode "
"instruction and therefore all the C implementation code reached from each "
"instruction is therefore atomic from the point of view of a Python program."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"In theory, this means an exact accounting requires an exact understanding of "
"the PVM bytecode implementation. In practice, it means that operations on "
"shared variables of built-in data types (ints, lists, dicts, etc) that "
"\"look atomic\" really are."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For example, the following operations are all atomic (L, L1, L2 are lists, "
"D, D1, D2 are dicts, x, y are objects, i, j are ints)::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"L.append(x)\n"
"L1.extend(L2)\n"
"x = L[i]\n"
"x = L.pop()\n"
"L1[i:j] = L2\n"
"L.sort()\n"
"x = y\n"
"x.field = y\n"
"D[x] = y\n"
"D1.update(D2)\n"
"D.keys()"
msgstr ""
msgid "These aren't::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"i = i+1\n"
"L.append(L[-1])\n"
"L[i] = L[j]\n"
"D[x] = D[x] + 1"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Operations that replace other objects may invoke those other objects' :meth:"
"`~object.__del__` method when their reference count reaches zero, and that "
"can affect things. This is especially true for the mass updates to "
"dictionaries and lists. When in doubt, use a mutex!"
msgstr ""
msgid "Can't we get rid of the Global Interpreter Lock?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :term:`global interpreter lock` (GIL) is often seen as a hindrance to "
"Python's deployment on high-end multiprocessor server machines, because a "
"multi-threaded Python program effectively only uses one CPU, due to the "
"insistence that (almost) all Python code can only run while the GIL is held."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"With the approval of :pep:`703` work is now underway to remove the GIL from "
"the CPython implementation of Python. Initially it will be implemented as "
"an optional compiler flag when building the interpreter, and so separate "
"builds will be available with and without the GIL. Long-term, the hope is "
"to settle on a single build, once the performance implications of removing "
"the GIL are fully understood. Python 3.13 is likely to be the first release "
"containing this work, although it may not be completely functional in this "
"release."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The current work to remove the GIL is based on a `fork of Python 3.9 with "
"the GIL removed <https://github.com/colesbury/nogil>`_ by Sam Gross. Prior "
"to that, in the days of Python 1.5, Greg Stein actually implemented a "
"comprehensive patch set (the \"free threading\" patches) that removed the "
"GIL and replaced it with fine-grained locking. Adam Olsen did a similar "
"experiment in his `python-safethread <https://code.google.com/archive/p/"
"python-safethread>`_ project. Unfortunately, both of these earlier "
"experiments exhibited a sharp drop in single-thread performance (at least "
"30% slower), due to the amount of fine-grained locking necessary to "
"compensate for the removal of the GIL. The Python 3.9 fork is the first "
"attempt at removing the GIL with an acceptable performance impact."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The presence of the GIL in current Python releases doesn't mean that you "
"can't make good use of Python on multi-CPU machines! You just have to be "
"creative with dividing the work up between multiple *processes* rather than "
"multiple *threads*. The :class:`~concurrent.futures.ProcessPoolExecutor` "
"class in the new :mod:`concurrent.futures` module provides an easy way of "
"doing so; the :mod:`multiprocessing` module provides a lower-level API in "
"case you want more control over dispatching of tasks."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Judicious use of C extensions will also help; if you use a C extension to "
"perform a time-consuming task, the extension can release the GIL while the "
"thread of execution is in the C code and allow other threads to get some "
"work done. Some standard library modules such as :mod:`zlib` and :mod:"
"`hashlib` already do this."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"An alternative approach to reducing the impact of the GIL is to make the GIL "
"a per-interpreter-state lock rather than truly global. This was :ref:`first "
"implemented in Python 3.12 <whatsnew312-pep684>` and is available in the C "
"API. A Python interface to it is expected in Python 3.13. The main "
"limitation to it at the moment is likely to be 3rd party extension modules, "
"since these must be written with multiple interpreters in mind in order to "
"be usable, so many older extension modules will not be usable."
msgstr ""
msgid "Input and Output"
msgstr "Wejście i wyjście"
msgid "How do I delete a file? (And other file questions...)"
msgstr "Jak usunąć plik? (i inne plikowe pytania…)"
msgid ""
"Use ``os.remove(filename)`` or ``os.unlink(filename)``; for documentation, "
"see the :mod:`os` module. The two functions are identical; :func:`~os."
"unlink` is simply the name of the Unix system call for this function."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To remove a directory, use :func:`os.rmdir`; use :func:`os.mkdir` to create "
"one. ``os.makedirs(path)`` will create any intermediate directories in "
"``path`` that don't exist. ``os.removedirs(path)`` will remove intermediate "
"directories as long as they're empty; if you want to delete an entire "
"directory tree and its contents, use :func:`shutil.rmtree`."
msgstr ""
msgid "To rename a file, use ``os.rename(old_path, new_path)``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To truncate a file, open it using ``f = open(filename, \"rb+\")``, and use "
"``f.truncate(offset)``; offset defaults to the current seek position. "
"There's also ``os.ftruncate(fd, offset)`` for files opened with :func:`os."
"open`, where *fd* is the file descriptor (a small integer)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`shutil` module also contains a number of functions to work on "
"files including :func:`~shutil.copyfile`, :func:`~shutil.copytree`, and :"
"func:`~shutil.rmtree`."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I copy a file?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`shutil` module contains a :func:`~shutil.copyfile` function. Note "
"that on Windows NTFS volumes, it does not copy `alternate data streams "
"<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_stream_(ADS)>`_ nor "
"`resource forks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_fork>`__ on macOS "
"HFS+ volumes, though both are now rarely used. It also doesn't copy file "
"permissions and metadata, though using :func:`shutil.copy2` instead will "
"preserve most (though not all) of it."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I read (or write) binary data?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To read or write complex binary data formats, it's best to use the :mod:"
"`struct` module. It allows you to take a string containing binary data "
"(usually numbers) and convert it to Python objects; and vice versa."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For example, the following code reads two 2-byte integers and one 4-byte "
"integer in big-endian format from a file::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import struct\n"
"\n"
"with open(filename, \"rb\") as f:\n"
" s = f.read(8)\n"
" x, y, z = struct.unpack(\">hhl\", s)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The '>' in the format string forces big-endian data; the letter 'h' reads "
"one \"short integer\" (2 bytes), and 'l' reads one \"long integer\" (4 "
"bytes) from the string."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For data that is more regular (e.g. a homogeneous list of ints or floats), "
"you can also use the :mod:`array` module."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To read and write binary data, it is mandatory to open the file in binary "
"mode (here, passing ``\"rb\"`` to :func:`open`). If you use ``\"r\"`` "
"instead (the default), the file will be open in text mode and ``f.read()`` "
"will return :class:`str` objects rather than :class:`bytes` objects."
msgstr ""
msgid "I can't seem to use os.read() on a pipe created with os.popen(); why?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":func:`os.read` is a low-level function which takes a file descriptor, a "
"small integer representing the opened file. :func:`os.popen` creates a high-"
"level file object, the same type returned by the built-in :func:`open` "
"function. Thus, to read *n* bytes from a pipe *p* created with :func:`os."
"popen`, you need to use ``p.read(n)``."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I access the serial (RS232) port?"
msgstr ""
msgid "For Win32, OSX, Linux, BSD, Jython, IronPython:"
msgstr ""
msgid ":pypi:`pyserial`"
msgstr ":pypi:`pyserial`"
msgid "For Unix, see a Usenet post by Mitch Chapman:"
msgstr ""
msgid "https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=34A04430.CF9@ohioee.com"
msgstr "https://groups.google.com/groups?selm=34A04430.CF9@ohioee.com"
msgid "Why doesn't closing sys.stdout (stdin, stderr) really close it?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Python :term:`file objects <file object>` are a high-level layer of "
"abstraction on low-level C file descriptors."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For most file objects you create in Python via the built-in :func:`open` "
"function, ``f.close()`` marks the Python file object as being closed from "
"Python's point of view, and also arranges to close the underlying C file "
"descriptor. This also happens automatically in ``f``'s destructor, when "
"``f`` becomes garbage."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"But stdin, stdout and stderr are treated specially by Python, because of the "
"special status also given to them by C. Running ``sys.stdout.close()`` "
"marks the Python-level file object as being closed, but does *not* close the "
"associated C file descriptor."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To close the underlying C file descriptor for one of these three, you should "
"first be sure that's what you really want to do (e.g., you may confuse "
"extension modules trying to do I/O). If it is, use :func:`os.close`::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"os.close(stdin.fileno())\n"
"os.close(stdout.fileno())\n"
"os.close(stderr.fileno())"
msgstr ""
msgid "Or you can use the numeric constants 0, 1 and 2, respectively."
msgstr ""
msgid "Network/Internet Programming"
msgstr ""
msgid "What WWW tools are there for Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"See the chapters titled :ref:`internet` and :ref:`netdata` in the Library "
"Reference Manual. Python has many modules that will help you build server-"
"side and client-side web systems."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A summary of available frameworks is maintained by Paul Boddie at https://"
"wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming\\ ."
msgstr ""
msgid "What module should I use to help with generating HTML?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"You can find a collection of useful links on the `Web Programming wiki page "
"<https://wiki.python.org/moin/WebProgramming>`_."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I send mail from a Python script?"
msgstr ""
msgid "Use the standard library module :mod:`smtplib`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Here's a very simple interactive mail sender that uses it. This method will "
"work on any host that supports an SMTP listener. ::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import sys, smtplib\n"
"\n"
"fromaddr = input(\"From: \")\n"
"toaddrs = input(\"To: \").split(',')\n"
"print(\"Enter message, end with ^D:\")\n"
"msg = ''\n"
"while True:\n"
" line = sys.stdin.readline()\n"
" if not line:\n"
" break\n"
" msg += line\n"
"\n"
"# The actual mail send\n"
"server = smtplib.SMTP('localhost')\n"
"server.sendmail(fromaddr, toaddrs, msg)\n"
"server.quit()"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A Unix-only alternative uses sendmail. The location of the sendmail program "
"varies between systems; sometimes it is ``/usr/lib/sendmail``, sometimes ``/"
"usr/sbin/sendmail``. The sendmail manual page will help you out. Here's "
"some sample code::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import os\n"
"\n"
"SENDMAIL = \"/usr/sbin/sendmail\" # sendmail location\n"
"p = os.popen(\"%s -t -i\" % SENDMAIL, \"w\")\n"
"p.write(\"To: receiver@example.com\\n\")\n"
"p.write(\"Subject: test\\n\")\n"
"p.write(\"\\n\") # blank line separating headers from body\n"
"p.write(\"Some text\\n\")\n"
"p.write(\"some more text\\n\")\n"
"sts = p.close()\n"
"if sts != 0:\n"
" print(\"Sendmail exit status\", sts)"
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I avoid blocking in the connect() method of a socket?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`select` module is commonly used to help with asynchronous I/O on "
"sockets."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To prevent the TCP connect from blocking, you can set the socket to non-"
"blocking mode. Then when you do the :meth:`~socket.socket.connect`, you "
"will either connect immediately (unlikely) or get an exception that contains "
"the error number as ``.errno``. ``errno.EINPROGRESS`` indicates that the "
"connection is in progress, but hasn't finished yet. Different OSes will "
"return different values, so you're going to have to check what's returned on "
"your system."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"You can use the :meth:`~socket.socket.connect_ex` method to avoid creating "
"an exception. It will just return the errno value. To poll, you can call :"
"meth:`~socket.socket.connect_ex` again later -- ``0`` or ``errno.EISCONN`` "
"indicate that you're connected -- or you can pass this socket to :meth:"
"`select.select` to check if it's writable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`asyncio` module provides a general purpose single-threaded and "
"concurrent asynchronous library, which can be used for writing non-blocking "
"network code. The third-party `Twisted <https://twisted.org/>`_ library is a "
"popular and feature-rich alternative."
msgstr ""
msgid "Databases"
msgstr ""
msgid "Are there any interfaces to database packages in Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid "Yes."
msgstr "Tak"
msgid ""
"Interfaces to disk-based hashes such as :mod:`DBM <dbm.ndbm>` and :mod:`GDBM "
"<dbm.gnu>` are also included with standard Python. There is also the :mod:"
"`sqlite3` module, which provides a lightweight disk-based relational "
"database."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Support for most relational databases is available. See the "
"`DatabaseProgramming wiki page <https://wiki.python.org/moin/"
"DatabaseProgramming>`_ for details."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do you implement persistent objects in Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`pickle` library module solves this in a very general way (though "
"you still can't store things like open files, sockets or windows), and the :"
"mod:`shelve` library module uses pickle and (g)dbm to create persistent "
"mappings containing arbitrary Python objects."
msgstr ""
msgid "Mathematics and Numerics"
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I generate random numbers in Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The standard module :mod:`random` implements a random number generator. "
"Usage is simple::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"import random\n"
"random.random()"
msgstr ""
msgid "This returns a random floating-point number in the range [0, 1)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"There are also many other specialized generators in this module, such as:"
msgstr ""
msgid "``randrange(a, b)`` chooses an integer in the range [a, b)."
msgstr ""
msgid "``uniform(a, b)`` chooses a floating-point number in the range [a, b)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"``normalvariate(mean, sdev)`` samples the normal (Gaussian) distribution."
msgstr ""
msgid "Some higher-level functions operate on sequences directly, such as:"
msgstr ""
msgid "``choice(S)`` chooses a random element from a given sequence."
msgstr ""
msgid "``shuffle(L)`` shuffles a list in-place, i.e. permutes it randomly."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"There's also a ``Random`` class you can instantiate to create independent "
"multiple random number generators."
msgstr ""