python-docs-pl/c-api/intro.po at 3.8 · python/python-docs-pl

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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2021, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
# Translators:
# Seweryn Piórkowski <seweryn.piorkowski@gmail.com>, 2020
# Maciej Olko <maciej.olko@gmail.com>, 2020
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.8\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2021-01-01 16:06+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2020-05-30 11:49+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Maciej Olko <maciej.olko@gmail.com>, 2020\n"
"Language-Team: Polish (https://www.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: pl\n"
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"n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n"
msgid "Introduction"
msgstr "Wprowadzenie"
"The Application Programmer's Interface to Python gives C and C++ programmers "
"access to the Python interpreter at a variety of levels.  The API is equally "
"usable from C++, but for brevity it is generally referred to as the Python/C "
"API.  There are two fundamentally different reasons for using the Python/C "
"API. The first reason is to write *extension modules* for specific purposes; "
"these are C modules that extend the Python interpreter.  This is probably "
"the most common use.  The second reason is to use Python as a component in a "
"larger application; this technique is generally referred to as :dfn:"
"`embedding` Python in an application."
"Sprzęg programowania aplikacji w języku pytonowskim daje programistom "
"języków C i C++ dostęp do programu interpretującego polecenia języka "
"pytonowskiego na wielu poziomach. Sprzęg (API) jest równo użyteczny z "
"poziomu C++ ale dla porządku jest zwykle określany mianem sprzęgu pomiędzy "
"językami pytonowskim a C (z ang. - Python/C API). Istnieją dwie zasadniczo "
"różne przyczyny dla użycia sprzęgu między językami pytonowskim i C. Pierwszą "
"przyczyną jest pisanie *modułów rozszerzających* dla szczególnych powodów; "
"są to moduły języka C, które rozszerzają program interpretujący języka "
"pytonowskiego. To jest zwykle najczęstsze użycie. Drugą przyczyną jest "
"użycie języka pytonowskiego jako komponentu większego programu; ta technika "
"jest zwykle określana mianem załączania - z ang. - :dfn:`embedding` w "
"aplikacji."
"Writing an extension module is a relatively well-understood process, where a "
"\"cookbook\" approach works well.  There are several tools that automate the "
"process to some extent.  While people have embedded Python in other "
"applications since its early existence, the process of embedding Python is "
"less straightforward than writing an extension."
"Many API functions are useful independent of whether you're embedding  or "
"extending Python; moreover, most applications that embed Python  will need "
"to provide a custom extension as well, so it's probably a  good idea to "
"become familiar with writing an extension before  attempting to embed Python "
"in a real application."
"Wiele zadań sprzęgu (API) jest użytecznych niezależnie od tego czy "
"załączasz, czy też rozszerzasz program interpretujący język pytonowski; co "
"więcej, większość aplikacji które załącza program interpretujący polecenia "
"jezyka pytonowskiego potrzebuje także szczególnych rozszerzeń, więc "
"prawdopodobnie jest dobrym pomysłem zaznajomienie się z pisaniem "
"rozszerzenia przed próbą załączenia języka pytonowskiego w prawdziwej "
"aplikacji."
msgid "Coding standards"
"If you're writing C code for inclusion in CPython, you **must** follow the "
"guidelines and standards defined in :PEP:`7`.  These guidelines apply "
"regardless of the version of Python you are contributing to.  Following "
"these conventions is not necessary for your own third party extension "
"modules, unless you eventually expect to contribute them to Python."
msgid "Include Files"
msgstr "Pliki Włączania - z ang. Include"
"All function, type and macro definitions needed to use the Python/C API are "
"included in your code by the following line::"
"Wszystkie zadania, definicje typu i makropoleceń konieczne do użycia sprzęgu "
"między językami pytonowskim i C są włączane do źródeł w kodzie użytkownika "
"przez następującą linijkę::"
"This implies inclusion of the following standard headers: ``<stdio.h>``, "
"``<string.h>``, ``<errno.h>``, ``<limits.h>``, ``<assert.h>`` and ``<stdlib."
"h>`` (if available)."
"Since Python may define some pre-processor definitions which affect the "
"standard headers on some systems, you *must* include :file:`Python.h` before "
"any standard headers are included."
"Odkąd język pytonowski może definiować pewne definicje preprocesora, które "
"wpływają na pliki nagłówkowe na niektórych systemach, *musisz* załączyć "
"plik :file:`Python.h` zanim jakiekolwiek standardowe nagłówki zostaną "
"załączone."
"It is recommended to always define ``PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN`` before including "
"``Python.h``.  See :ref:`arg-parsing` for a description of this macro."
"All user visible names defined by Python.h (except those defined by the "
"included standard headers) have one of the prefixes ``Py`` or ``_Py``.  "
"Names beginning with ``_Py`` are for internal use by the Python "
"implementation and should not be used by extension writers. Structure member "
"names do not have a reserved prefix."
"Wszystkie widoczne dla użytkownika nazwy określone w Python.h ( z wyjątkiem "
"tych określonych przez załączone standardowe pliki nagłówkowe ) mają jeden z "
"przedrostków ``Py`` lub ``_Py``. Nazwy rozpoczynające się od ``_Py`` służą "
"do wewnętrznego użytku przez urzeczywistnienie programu interpretującego "
"języka pytonowskiego i nie powinno być używane przez piszących rozszerzenia. "
"Nazwy członków struktury nie mają zarezerwowanych przedrostków."
"User code should never define names that begin with ``Py`` or ``_Py``. This "
"confuses the reader, and jeopardizes the portability of the user code to "
"future Python versions, which may define additional names beginning with one "
"of these prefixes."
"The header files are typically installed with Python.  On Unix, these  are "
"located in the directories :file:`{prefix}/include/pythonversion/` and :file:"
"`{exec_prefix}/include/pythonversion/`, where :envvar:`prefix` and :envvar:"
"`exec_prefix` are defined by the corresponding parameters to Python's :"
"program:`configure` script and *version* is ``'%d.%d' % sys."
"version_info[:2]``.  On Windows, the headers are installed in :file:"
"`{prefix}/include`, where :envvar:`prefix` is the installation directory "
"specified to the installer."
"To include the headers, place both directories (if different) on your "
"compiler's search path for includes.  Do *not* place the parent directories "
"on the search path and then use ``#include <pythonX.Y/Python.h>``; this will "
"break on multi-platform builds since the platform independent headers under :"
"envvar:`prefix` include the platform specific headers from :envvar:"
"`exec_prefix`."
"Aby załączyć pliki nagłówkowe, umieść oba katalogi (jeśli są różne) na "
"liście przeszukiwanych ścieżek poszukiwania plików nagłówkowych. *Nie* "
"umieszczaj katalogów nadrzędnych na ścieżkach poszukiwania plików "
"nagłówkowych po czym wpisując ``#include <pythonX.Y/Python.h>``; To "
"spowoduje przerwanie na realizacjach wieloplatformowych gdyż niezależne od "
"platformy nagłówki dostępne w katalogu :envvar:`przedrostek` zawiera pliki "
"nagłówkowe szczególne dla pewnych platform z katalogu :envvar:`exec_prefix`."
"C++ users should note that although the API is defined entirely using C, the "
"header files properly declare the entry points to be ``extern \"C\"``. As a "
"result, there is no need to do anything special to use the API from C++."
msgid "Useful macros"
"Several useful macros are defined in the Python header files.  Many are "
"defined closer to where they are useful (e.g. :c:macro:`Py_RETURN_NONE`). "
"Others of a more general utility are defined here.  This is not necessarily "
"a complete listing."
"Use this when you have a code path that you do not expect to be reached. For "
"example, in the ``default:`` clause in a ``switch`` statement for which all "
"possible values are covered in ``case`` statements.  Use this in places "
"where you might be tempted to put an ``assert(0)`` or ``abort()`` call."
msgid "Return the absolute value of ``x``."
msgid "Return the minimum value between ``x`` and ``y``."
msgid "Return the maximum value between ``x`` and ``y``."
"Convert ``x`` to a C string.  E.g. ``Py_STRINGIFY(123)`` returns ``\"123\"``."
msgid "Return the size of a structure (``type``) ``member`` in bytes."
"Argument must be a character or an integer in the range [-128, 127] or [0, "
"255].  This macro returns ``c`` cast to an ``unsigned char``."
"Like ``getenv(s)``, but returns ``NULL`` if :option:`-E` was passed on the "
"command line (i.e. if ``Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag`` is set)."
"Use this for unused arguments in a function definition to silence compiler "
"warnings. Example: ``int func(int a, int Py_UNUSED(b)) { return a; }``."
"Use this for deprecated declarations.  The macro must be placed before the "
"symbol name."
msgid "Example::"
msgid "MSVC support was added."
"Creates a variable with name ``name`` that can be used in docstrings. If "
"Python is built without docstrings, the value will be empty."
"Use :c:macro:`PyDoc_STRVAR` for docstrings to support building Python "
"without docstrings, as specified in :pep:`7`."
"Creates a docstring for the given input string or an empty string if "
"docstrings are disabled."
"Use :c:macro:`PyDoc_STR` in specifying docstrings to support building Python "
"without docstrings, as specified in :pep:`7`."
msgid "Objects, Types and Reference Counts"
msgstr "Przedmioty, ich Rodzaje i Liczby Odwołań"
"Most Python/C API functions have one or more arguments as well as a return "
"value of type :c:type:`PyObject*`.  This type is a pointer to an opaque data "
"type representing an arbitrary Python object.  Since all Python object types "
"are treated the same way by the Python language in most situations (e.g., "
"assignments, scope rules, and argument passing), it is only fitting that "
"they should be represented by a single C type.  Almost all Python objects "
"live on the heap: you never declare an automatic or static variable of type :"
"c:type:`PyObject`, only pointer variables of type :c:type:`PyObject*` can  "
"be declared.  The sole exception are the type objects; since these must "
"never be deallocated, they are typically static :c:type:`PyTypeObject` "
"All Python objects (even Python integers) have a :dfn:`type` and a :dfn:"
"`reference count`.  An object's type determines what kind of object it is (e."
"g., an integer, a list, or a user-defined function; there are many more as "
"explained in :ref:`types`).  For each of the well-known types there is a "
"macro to check whether an object is of that type; for instance, "
"``PyList_Check(a)`` is true if (and only if) the object pointed to by *a* is "
"a Python list."
"Wszystkie przedmioty języka pytonowskiego (nawet liczby całkowite języka "
"pytonowskiego) mają :dfn:`rodzaj` i :dfn:`liczbę odniesień`. Typ przedmiotu "
"określa jakiego rodzaju przedmiot to jest (np. liczba całkowita, lista, lub "
"zadanie zdefiniowane przez użytkownika; jest wiele więcej jak wyjaśniono w :"
"ref:`types`). Dla każdego z dobrze-znanych rodzajów istnieje makropolecenie "
"sprawdzające czy przedmiot jest tego rodzaju; na przykład, "
"``PyList_Check(a)`` jest prawdziwe wtedy (i tylko wtedy) gdy przedmiot na "
"który wskazuje *a* jest lista z języka pytonowskiego."
msgid "Reference Counts"
msgstr "Liczby odniesień"
"The reference count is important because today's computers have a  finite "
"(and often severely limited) memory size; it counts how many  different "
"places there are that have a reference to an object.  Such a  place could be "
"another object, or a global (or static) C variable, or  a local variable in "
"some C function. When an object's reference count  becomes zero, the object "
"is deallocated.  If it contains references to  other objects, their "
"reference count is decremented. Those other  objects may be deallocated in "
"turn, if this decrement makes their reference count become zero, and so on.  "
"(There's an obvious problem  with objects that reference each other here; "
"for now, the solution is  \"don't do that.\")"
"Liczba odniesień jest istotna, gdyż dzisiejsze komputery mają skończony (i "
"zwykle poważnie ograniczony) rozmiar pamięci; liczy ona jak wiele różnych "
"miejsc istnieje, które przechowują odniesienie do przedmiotu. Takie miejsce "
"może być innym przedmiotem, zmienną C nadrzędnego poziomu (lub statyczną), "
"lub lokalną zmienną w jakimś zadaniu języka C. Gdy liczba odniesień do "
"przedmiotu staje się równa zero, przedmiot jest zdejmowany z pamięci. Jeśli "
"zawiera odniesienia do innych przedmiotów liczba odniesień do nich jest "
"obniżana po jednym dla każdego. Te inne przedmioty mogą być zdejmowane z "
"pamięci w konsekwencji, jeśli obniżenie liczby odniesień do nich spowoduje "
"że liczba odniesień stanie się równa zero, itd. (Istnieje dość oczywisty "
"problem z przedmiotami które wzajemnie się odnoszą do siebie; na razie "
"rozwiązaniem jest \"proszę tak nie robić.\")"
"Reference counts are always manipulated explicitly.  The normal way is  to "
"use the macro :c:func:`Py_INCREF` to increment an object's reference count "
"by one, and :c:func:`Py_DECREF` to decrement it by   one.  The :c:func:"
"`Py_DECREF` macro is considerably more complex than the incref one, since it "
"must check whether the reference count becomes zero and then cause the "
"object's deallocator to be called. The deallocator is a function pointer "
"contained in the object's type structure.  The type-specific deallocator "
"takes care of decrementing the reference counts for other objects contained "
"in the object if this is a compound object type, such as a list, as well as "
"performing any additional finalization that's needed.  There's no chance "
"that the reference count can overflow; at least as many bits are used to "
"hold the reference count as there are distinct memory locations in virtual "
"memory (assuming ``sizeof(Py_ssize_t) >= sizeof(void*)``). Thus, the "
"reference count increment is a simple operation."
"It is not necessary to increment an object's reference count for every  "
"local variable that contains a pointer to an object.  In theory, the  "
"object's reference count goes up by one when the variable is made to  point "
"to it and it goes down by one when the variable goes out of  scope.  "
"However, these two cancel each other out, so at the end the  reference count "
"hasn't changed.  The only real reason to use the  reference count is to "
"prevent the object from being deallocated as  long as our variable is "
"pointing to it.  If we know that there is at  least one other reference to "
"the object that lives at least as long as our variable, there is no need to "
"increment the reference count  temporarily. An important situation where "
"this arises is in objects  that are passed as arguments to C functions in an "
"extension module  that are called from Python; the call mechanism guarantees "
"to hold a  reference to every argument for the duration of the call."
"Nie jest konieczne zwiększanie zwiększanie liczby odniesień do przedmiotu "
"dla każdej lokalnej zmiennej która zawiera wskaźnik na przedmiot. "
"Teoretycznie, liczba odniesień do przedmiotu zwiększa się o jeden gdy "
"zmienna jest zmuszana do wskazywania nań i jest zmniejszana o jeden gdy "
"zmienna wychodzi z widoku. Jednakże te dwa działania wykluczają się "
"nawzajem, więc ostatecznie liczba odniesień nie ulega zmianie. Jedynym "
"prawdziwym powodem użycia liczby odniesień jest aby uniemożliwić zdjęcie z "
"pamięci przedmiotu tak długo jak nasza zmienna nań wskazuje. Jeśli wiemy, że "
"istnieje przynajmniej jedno inne odniesienie do przedmiotu, które żyje tak "
"długo jak nasza zmienna, nie ma potrzeby zwiększania liczby odniesień "
"tymczasowo. Istotną sytuacją gdzie to się pojawia jest w obiektach które są "
"przekazywane jako parametry do zadań C w modułach rozszerzających które są "
"wywoływane przez polecenia języka pytonowskiego; mechanizm wywołania "
"gwarantuje przytrzymanie odniesienia do każdego parametru na czas wywołania "
"zadania z tym parametrem."
"However, a common pitfall is to extract an object from a list and hold on to "
"it for a while without incrementing its reference count. Some other "
"operation might conceivably remove the object from the list, decrementing "
"its reference count and possibly deallocating it. The real danger is that "
"innocent-looking operations may invoke arbitrary Python code which could do "
"this; there is a code path which allows control to flow back to the user "
"from a :c:func:`Py_DECREF`, so almost any operation is potentially dangerous."
"A safe approach is to always use the generic operations (functions  whose "
"name begins with ``PyObject_``, ``PyNumber_``, ``PySequence_`` or "
"``PyMapping_``). These operations always increment the reference count of "
"the object they return. This leaves the caller with the responsibility to "
"call :c:func:`Py_DECREF` when they are done with the result; this soon "
"becomes second nature."
msgid "Reference Count Details"
msgstr "Szczegóły Liczby Odniesień"
"The reference count behavior of functions in the Python/C API is best  "
"explained in terms of *ownership of references*.  Ownership pertains to "
"references, never to objects (objects are not owned: they are always "
"shared).  \"Owning a reference\" means being responsible for calling "
"Py_DECREF on it when the reference is no longer needed.  Ownership can also "
"be transferred, meaning that the code that receives ownership of the "
"reference then becomes responsible for eventually decref'ing it by calling :"
"c:func:`Py_DECREF` or :c:func:`Py_XDECREF` when it's no longer needed---or "
"passing on this responsibility (usually to its caller). When a function "
"passes ownership of a reference on to its caller, the caller is said to "
"receive a *new* reference.  When no ownership is transferred, the caller is "
"said to *borrow* the reference. Nothing needs to be done for a borrowed "
"reference."
"Conversely, when a calling function passes in a reference to an  object, "
"there are two possibilities: the function *steals* a  reference to the "
"object, or it does not.  *Stealing a reference* means that when you pass a "
"reference to a function, that function assumes that it now owns that "
"reference, and you are not responsible for it any longer."
"Idąc dalej, gdy wywołujące zadanie przekazuje odniesienie do przedmiotu, "
"istnieją dwie możliwości: zadanie *kradnie* odniesienie do przedmiotu, lub "
"nie kradnie go. *Kradnięcie odniesienia* oznacza, że gdy przekazujesz "
"odniesienie do zadania, to zadanie przyjmuje, że teraz ono posiada "
"odniesienie i nie jesteś za nie odpowiedzialny ani chwili dłużej."
"Few functions steal references; the two notable exceptions are :c:func:"
"`PyList_SetItem` and :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem`, which  steal a reference to "
"the item (but not to the tuple or list into which the item is put!).  These "
"functions were designed to steal a reference because of a common idiom for "
"populating a tuple or list with newly created objects; for example, the code "
"to create the tuple ``(1, 2, \"three\")`` could look like this (forgetting "
"about error handling for the moment; a better way to code this is shown "
"Here, :c:func:`PyLong_FromLong` returns a new reference which is immediately "
"stolen by :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem`.  When you want to keep using an object "
"although the reference to it will be stolen, use :c:func:`Py_INCREF` to grab "
"another reference before calling the reference-stealing function."
"Incidentally, :c:func:`PyTuple_SetItem` is the *only* way to set tuple "
"items; :c:func:`PySequence_SetItem` and :c:func:`PyObject_SetItem` refuse to "
"do this since tuples are an immutable data type.  You should only use :c:"
"func:`PyTuple_SetItem` for tuples that you are creating yourself."
"Equivalent code for populating a list can be written using :c:func:"
"`PyList_New` and :c:func:`PyList_SetItem`."
"However, in practice, you will rarely use these ways of creating and "
"populating a tuple or list.  There's a generic function, :c:func:"
"`Py_BuildValue`, that can create most common objects from C values, directed "
"by a :dfn:`format string`. For example, the above two blocks of code could "
"be replaced by the following (which also takes care of the error checking)::"
"It is much more common to use :c:func:`PyObject_SetItem` and friends with "
"items whose references you are only borrowing, like arguments that were "
"passed in to the function you are writing.  In that case, their behaviour "
"regarding reference counts is much saner, since you don't have to increment "
"a reference count so you can give a reference away (\"have it be stolen\").  "
"For example, this function sets all items of a list (actually, any mutable "
"sequence) to a given item::"
"The situation is slightly different for function return values.   While "
"passing a reference to most functions does not change your  ownership "
"responsibilities for that reference, many functions that  return a reference "
"to an object give you ownership of the reference. The reason is simple: in "
"many cases, the returned object is created  on the fly, and the reference "
"you get is the only reference to the  object.  Therefore, the generic "
"functions that return object references, like :c:func:`PyObject_GetItem` "
"and  :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem`, always return a new reference (the caller "
"becomes the owner of the reference)."
"It is important to realize that whether you own a reference returned  by a "
"function depends on which function you call only --- *the plumage* (the type "
"of the object passed as an argument to the function) *doesn't enter into it!"
"* Thus, if you  extract an item from a list using :c:func:`PyList_GetItem`, "
"you don't own the reference --- but if you obtain the same item from the "
"same list using :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem` (which happens to take exactly "
"the same arguments), you do own a reference to the returned object."
"Here is an example of how you could write a function that computes the sum "
"of the items in a list of integers; once using  :c:func:`PyList_GetItem`, "
"and once using :c:func:`PySequence_GetItem`. ::"
msgid "Types"
msgstr "Typy"
"There are few other data types that play a significant role in  the Python/C "
"API; most are simple C types such as :c:type:`int`,  :c:type:`long`, :c:type:"
"`double` and :c:type:`char*`.  A few structure types  are used to describe "
"static tables used to list the functions exported  by a module or the data "
"attributes of a new object type, and another is used to describe the value "
"of a complex number.  These will  be discussed together with the functions "
"that use them."
msgid "Exceptions"
msgstr "Sytuacje Wyjątkowe"
"The Python programmer only needs to deal with exceptions if specific  error "
"handling is required; unhandled exceptions are automatically  propagated to "
"the caller, then to the caller's caller, and so on, until they reach the top-"
"level interpreter, where they are reported to the  user accompanied by a "
"stack traceback."
"Programujący komputer w języku pytonowskim musi sobie zaprzątać głowę tylko "
"sytuacjami wyjątkowymi tylko jeśli szczególna obsługa błędów jest konieczna; "
"Nieobsłużone wyjątki są automatycznie przesyłane do zadania wywołującego, "
"potem do zadania które wywołało tamto zadanie, i tak dalej, dopóki nie "
"natrafi na program interpretujący najwyższego poziomu, gdzie są przekazywane "
"użytkownikowi wraz z wypisem kolejnych wywołań odłożonych na stercie."
"For C programmers, however, error checking always has to be explicit.  All "
"functions in the Python/C API can raise exceptions, unless an explicit claim "
"is made otherwise in a function's documentation.  In general, when a "
"function encounters an error, it sets an exception, discards any object "
"references that it owns, and returns an error indicator.  If not documented "
"otherwise, this indicator is either ``NULL`` or ``-1``, depending on the "
"function's return type. A few functions return a Boolean true/false result, "
"with false indicating an error.  Very few functions return no explicit error "
"indicator or have an ambiguous return value, and require explicit testing "
"for errors with :c:func:`PyErr_Occurred`.  These exceptions are always "
"explicitly documented."
"Exception state is maintained in per-thread storage (this is  equivalent to "
"using global storage in an unthreaded application).  A  thread can be in one "
"of two states: an exception has occurred, or not. The function :c:func:"
"`PyErr_Occurred` can be used to check for this: it returns a borrowed "
"reference to the exception type object when an exception has occurred, and "
"``NULL`` otherwise.  There are a number of functions to set the exception "
"state: :c:func:`PyErr_SetString` is the most common (though not the most "
"general) function to set the exception state, and :c:func:`PyErr_Clear` "
"clears the exception state."
"The full exception state consists of three objects (all of which can  be "
"``NULL``): the exception type, the corresponding exception  value, and the "
"traceback.  These have the same meanings as the Python result of ``sys."
"exc_info()``; however, they are not the same: the Python objects represent "
"the last exception being handled by a Python  :keyword:`try` ... :keyword:"
"`except` statement, while the C level exception state only exists while an "
"exception is being passed on between C functions until it reaches the Python "
"bytecode interpreter's  main loop, which takes care of transferring it to "
"``sys.exc_info()`` and friends."
"Note that starting with Python 1.5, the preferred, thread-safe way to access "
"the exception state from Python code is to call the function :func:`sys."
"exc_info`, which returns the per-thread exception state for Python code.  "
"Also, the semantics of both ways to access the exception state have changed "
"so that a function which catches an exception will save and restore its "
"thread's exception state so as to preserve the exception state of its "
"caller.  This prevents common bugs in exception handling code caused by an "
"innocent-looking function overwriting the exception being handled; it also "
"reduces the often unwanted lifetime extension for objects that are "
"referenced by the stack frames in the traceback."
"Zauważ że poczynając od języka pytonowskiego w wersji 1.5 preferowaną, "
"bezpiecznym dla wątków sposobem na dostęp do stanu wyjątku z poziomu kodu "
"napisanego w języku pytonowskim jest wezwanie zadania :func:`sys.exc_info`, "
"które zwraca określony-dla-wątku stan wyjątku dla kodu napisanego w języku "
"pytonowskim. Poza tym składnia obu sposobów na dostęp do stanu sytuacji "
"wyjątkowej zmieniła się tak, że zadanie które złapie wyjątek zachowa i "
"przywróci swój stan wyjątku tak, aby zachować stan wyjątku wywołujacego "
"zadanie. To działanie zapobiega typowym błędom w obsłudze sytuacji "
"wyjątkowych powodowanych przez niewinnie-wyglądające zadania nadpisujące "
"sytuacje wyjątkowe które aktualnie są obsługiwane; to także redukuje często "
"niechciane wydłużanie czasu życia przedmiotów do których odnosi się ramka "
"stosu w wypisie śladu wywołań."
"As a general principle, a function that calls another function to  perform "
"some task should check whether the called function raised an  exception, and "
"if so, pass the exception state on to its caller.  It  should discard any "
"object references that it owns, and return an  error indicator, but it "
"should *not* set another exception --- that would overwrite the exception "
"that was just raised, and lose important information about the exact cause "
"of the error."
"Jako nadrzędną zasadę, przyjmuje się że zadanie które wywołuje inne zadanie "
"do wykonania pewnych operacji powinno sprawdzić czy wywołane zadanie "
"zgłosiło wyjątek, a jeśli tak, to przekazać stan wyjątku do wywołującego. "
"Powinno też odrzucić jakiekolwiek odniesienia do przedmiotów, które posiada, "
"i zwrócić sygnalizator błędu, ale nie powinno ustawiać innego wyjątku --- "
"który nadpisywałby wyjątek, który właśnie został zgłoszony i tracić istotne "
"informacje o dokładnym powodzie błędu."
"A simple example of detecting exceptions and passing them on is shown in "
"the :c:func:`sum_sequence` example above.  It so happens that this example "
"doesn't need to clean up any owned references when it detects an error.  The "
"following example function shows some error cleanup.  First, to remind you "
"why you like Python, we show the equivalent Python code::"
msgid "Here is the corresponding C code, in all its glory::"
msgstr "Tu następuje odpowiadający kod w języku C, w całej pełni okazałości::"
"This example represents an endorsed use of the ``goto`` statement  in C! It "
"illustrates the use of :c:func:`PyErr_ExceptionMatches` and :c:func:"
"`PyErr_Clear` to handle specific exceptions, and the use of :c:func:"
"`Py_XDECREF` to dispose of owned references that may be ``NULL`` (note the "
"``'X'`` in the name; :c:func:`Py_DECREF` would crash when confronted with a "
"``NULL`` reference).  It is important that the variables used to hold owned "
"references are initialized to ``NULL`` for this to work; likewise, the "
"proposed return value is initialized to ``-1`` (failure) and only set to "
"success after the final call made is successful."
msgid "Embedding Python"
msgstr "Załączanie programu interpretującego język pytonowski"
"The one important task that only embedders (as opposed to extension writers) "
"of the Python interpreter have to worry about is the initialization, and "
"possibly the finalization, of the Python interpreter.  Most functionality of "
"the interpreter can only be used after the interpreter has been initialized."
"Jedno istotne zadanie, o które załączający (w przeciwieństwie do piszących "
"rozszerzenia) program interpretujący język pytonowski muszą się martwić jest "
"zainicjowanie i prawdopodobne zakończenie programu interpretującego "
"polecenia języka pytonowskiego. Większość użyteczności programu "
"interpretującego polecenia języka pytonowskiego może tylko być użyta po jego "
"zainicjowaniu."
"The basic initialization function is :c:func:`Py_Initialize`. This "
"initializes the table of loaded modules, and creates the fundamental "
"modules :mod:`builtins`, :mod:`__main__`, and :mod:`sys`.  It also "
"initializes the module search path (``sys.path``)."
":c:func:`Py_Initialize` does not set the \"script argument list\"  (``sys."
"argv``). If this variable is needed by Python code that will be executed "
"later, it must be set explicitly with a call to  ``PySys_SetArgvEx(argc, "
"argv, updatepath)`` after the call to :c:func:`Py_Initialize`."
"On most systems (in particular, on Unix and Windows, although the details "
"are slightly different), :c:func:`Py_Initialize` calculates the module "
"search path based upon its best guess for the location of the standard "
"Python interpreter executable, assuming that the Python library is found in "
"a fixed location relative to the Python interpreter executable.  In "
"particular, it looks for a directory named :file:`lib/python{X.Y}` relative "
"to the parent directory where the executable named :file:`python` is found "
"on the shell command search path (the environment variable :envvar:`PATH`)."
"For instance, if the Python executable is found in :file:`/usr/local/bin/"
"python`, it will assume that the libraries are in :file:`/usr/local/lib/"
"python{X.Y}`.  (In fact, this particular path is also the \"fallback\" "
"location, used when no executable file named :file:`python` is found along :"
"envvar:`PATH`.)  The user can override this behavior by setting the "
"environment variable :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, or insert additional directories "
"in front of the standard path by setting :envvar:`PYTHONPATH`."
"Na przykład, jeśli plik wykonywalny programu interpretującego polecenia "
"języka pytonowskiego znajduje się w katalogu :file:`/usr/local/bin/python`, "
"będzie zakładał, że biblioteki są w katalogu :file:`/usr/local/lib/python{X."
"Y}` (Faktycznie, ta szczególna ścieżka jest także \"ratunkowym\" położeniem, "
"używanym gdy żaden plik wykonywalny nazwany :file:`python` nie znajdzie się "
"w katalogach znajdujących się w zmiennej środowiskowej :envvar:`PATH`.) "
"Użytkownik może podmienić to zachowanie przez ustawienie zmiennej "
"środowiskowej :envvar:`PYTHONHOME`, lub wstawić dodatkowe katalogi przed "
"sztandarową ścieżką przez ustawienie zmiennej środowiskowej :envvar:"
"`PYTHONPATH`."
"The embedding application can steer the search by calling "
"``Py_SetProgramName(file)`` *before* calling  :c:func:`Py_Initialize`.  Note "
"that :envvar:`PYTHONHOME` still overrides this and :envvar:`PYTHONPATH` is "
"still inserted in front of the standard path.  An application that requires "
"total control has to provide its own implementation of :c:func:"
"`Py_GetPath`, :c:func:`Py_GetPrefix`, :c:func:`Py_GetExecPrefix`, and :c:"
"func:`Py_GetProgramFullPath` (all defined in :file:`Modules/getpath.c`)."
"Sometimes, it is desirable to \"uninitialize\" Python.  For instance,  the "
"application may want to start over (make another call to :c:func:"
"`Py_Initialize`) or the application is simply done with its  use of Python "
"and wants to free memory allocated by Python.  This can be accomplished by "
"calling :c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx`.  The function :c:func:`Py_IsInitialized` "
"returns true if Python is currently in the initialized state.  More "
"information about these functions is given in a later chapter. Notice that :"
"c:func:`Py_FinalizeEx` does *not* free all memory allocated by the Python "
"interpreter, e.g. memory allocated by extension modules currently cannot be "
"released."
msgid "Debugging Builds"
msgstr "Odpluskwiające Budowy"
"Python can be built with several macros to enable extra checks of the "
"interpreter and extension modules.  These checks tend to add a large amount "
"of overhead to the runtime so they are not enabled by default."
"Program interpretujący język pytonowski może być zbudowany z kilkoma "
"makropoleceniami do załączenia dodatkowych sprawdzeń programu "
"interpretującego polecenia języka pytonowskiego i modułów rozszerzających. "
"Te sprawdzenia mają zwyczaj dodawać duży narzut czasu wykonania poleceń "
"programu więc nie są załączane domyślnie."
"A full list of the various types of debugging builds is in the file :file:"
"`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` in the Python source distribution. Builds are "
"available that support tracing of reference counts, debugging the memory "
"allocator, or low-level profiling of the main interpreter loop.  Only the "
"most frequently-used builds will be described in the remainder of this "
"Pełną listę różnego rodzaju budów odpluskwiania znajduje się w pliku :file:"
"`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` w źródłowych zasobach pakietu języka pytonowskiego. "
"Są dostępne budowy ze wsparciem wypisywania przebiegów liczb odniesień, lub "
"profilowania nisko-poziomowego głównej pętli programu interpretującego "
"polecenia języka pytonowskiego. Tylko najczęściej używane budowy będą "
"opisane w dalszej części tej sekcji."
"Compiling the interpreter with the :c:macro:`Py_DEBUG` macro defined "
"produces what is generally meant by \"a debug build\" of Python. :c:macro:"
"`Py_DEBUG` is enabled in the Unix build by adding ``--with-pydebug`` to the :"
"file:`./configure` command.  It is also implied by the presence of the not-"
"Python-specific :c:macro:`_DEBUG` macro.  When :c:macro:`Py_DEBUG` is "
"enabled in the Unix build, compiler optimization is disabled."
"In addition to the reference count debugging described below, the following "
"extra checks are performed:"
"W uzupełnieniu odpluskwiania opartego o zliczanie odniesień opisanego "
"poniżej, następujące dodatkowe sprawdzenia są wykonywane:"
msgid "Extra checks are added to the object allocator."
"Dodatkowe sprawdzenia są dodawane do przedmiotu lokującego inne przedmioty w "
msgid "Extra checks are added to the parser and compiler."
"Dodatkowe sprawdzenia są dodawane do przedmiotu wczytującego i kompilującego."
"Downcasts from wide types to narrow types are checked for loss of "
"information."
"Rzutowania w dół z szerokich do wąskich typów są sprawdzane pod kątem utraty "
"informacji."
"A number of assertions are added to the dictionary and set implementations. "
"In addition, the set object acquires a :meth:`test_c_api` method."
"Pewna ilość ustaleń twierdzących jest dodawana do realizacji słownika i "
"zbioru. W dodatku przedmiot zbioru otrzymuje sposób postępowania zwany pod "
"nazwą :meth:`test_c_api`."
msgid "Sanity checks of the input arguments are added to frame creation."
"Sprawdzenia przytomności parametrów wejściowych dodawane są do kreacji ramki."
"The storage for ints is initialized with a known invalid pattern to catch "
"reference to uninitialized digits."
"Przechowalnia przedmiotów liczb całkowitych z ang. - ints jest inicjowana ze "
"znanym błędnym wzorem do wyłapania odniesień do niezainicjowanych cyfr."
"Low-level tracing and extra exception checking are added to the runtime "
"virtual machine."
"Niskopoziomowe śledzenie i dodatkowe sprawdzanie błędów dodawane jest do "
"kodu wykonywalnego wirtualnej maszyny."
msgid "Extra checks are added to the memory arena implementation."
msgstr "Dodatkowe sprawdzenia dodawane są do implementacji areny pamięci."
msgid "Extra debugging is added to the thread module."
msgstr "Dodatkowe odpluskwianie dodawane jest do modułu wątków."
msgid "There may be additional checks not mentioned here."
msgstr "Mogą istnieć dodatkowe sprawdzenia nie wymienione tutaj."
"Defining :c:macro:`Py_TRACE_REFS` enables reference tracing.  When defined, "
"a circular doubly linked list of active objects is maintained by adding two "
"extra fields to every :c:type:`PyObject`.  Total allocations are tracked as "
"well.  Upon exit, all existing references are printed.  (In interactive mode "
"this happens after every statement run by the interpreter.)  Implied by :c:"
"macro:`Py_DEBUG`."
"Please refer to :file:`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` in the Python source "
"distribution for more detailed information."
"Odwołaj się do :file:`Misc/SpecialBuilds.txt` w źródłowym pakiecie języka "
"pytonowskiego po więcej szczegółów."
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