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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2026, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025
# Blessing Oluronbi, 2026
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.12\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-06-02 02:40+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-07-18 19:57+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Blessing Oluronbi, 2026\n"
"Language-Team: Polish (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/pl/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: pl\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=4; plural=(n==1 ? 0 : (n%10>=2 && n%10<=4) && "
"(n%100<12 || n%100>14) ? 1 : n!=1 && (n%10>=0 && n%10<=1) || (n%10>=5 && "
"n%10<=9) || (n%100>=12 && n%100<=14) ? 2 : 3);\n"
msgid "Programming FAQ"
msgstr "FAQ - programowanie"
msgid "Contents"
msgstr "Zawartość"
msgid "General Questions"
msgstr "Pytania ogólne"
msgid ""
"Is there a source code level debugger with breakpoints, single-stepping, "
"etc.?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieje debugger kodu źródłowego z obsługą punktów przerwania, krokowym "
"wykonywaniem akcji itp.?"
msgid "Yes."
msgstr "Tak"
msgid ""
"Several debuggers for Python are described below, and the built-in function :"
"func:`breakpoint` allows you to drop into any of them."
msgstr ""
"Poniżej opisano kilka debuggerów dla języka Python, a wbudowana funkcja :"
"func:`breakpoint` umożliwia przejście do dowolnego z nich."
msgid ""
"The pdb module is a simple but adequate console-mode debugger for Python. It "
"is part of the standard Python library, and is :mod:`documented in the "
"Library Reference Manual <pdb>`. You can also write your own debugger by "
"using the code for pdb as an example."
msgstr ""
"Moduł pdb jest prostym, ale wystarczającym debugerem działającym w trybie "
"konsolowym dla Pythona. Jest częścią standardowej biblioteki Pythona i jest :"
"mod:dokumentowany w podręczniku Library Reference Manual . Możesz też "
"napisać własny debuger, używając kodu modułu pdb jako przykładu."
msgid ""
"The IDLE interactive development environment, which is part of the standard "
"Python distribution (normally available as `Tools/scripts/idle3 <https://"
"github.com/python/cpython/blob/main/Tools/scripts/idle3>`_), includes a "
"graphical debugger."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb. The "
"PythonWin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such "
"as debugging non-PythonWin programs. PythonWin is available as part of "
"`pywin32 <https://github.com/mhammond/pywin32>`_ project and as a part of "
"the `ActivePython <https://www.activestate.com/products/python/>`_ "
"distribution."
msgstr ""
"PythonWin to środowisko programistyczne Pythona, które zawiera graficzny "
"debuger oparty na pdb. Debuger PythonWin koloruje punkty przerwania i "
"oferuje kilka ciekawych funkcji, takich jak debugowanie programów innych niż "
"PythonWin. PythonWin jest dostępny jako część projektu `pywin32` oraz jako "
"część dystrybucji `ActivePython`."
msgid ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ is an IDE built on PyQt and "
"the Scintilla editing component."
msgstr ""
"`Eric <https://eric-ide.python-projects.org/>`_ jest środowiskiem IDE "
"zbudowanym na bazie PyQt i komponentu edycyjnego Scintilla."
msgid ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ is a gdb-like "
"debugger."
msgstr ""
"`trepan3k <https://github.com/rocky/python3-trepan/>`_ jest debuggerem typu "
"gdb."
msgid ""
"`Visual Studio Code <https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ is an IDE with "
"debugging tools that integrates with version-control software."
msgstr ""
"`Visual Studio Code<https://code.visualstudio.com/>`_ to środowisko IDE z "
"narzędziami do debugowania, które integruje się z oprogramowaniem do "
"kontroli wersji."
msgid ""
"There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical "
"debuggers. They include:"
msgstr ""
"Istnieje wiele komercyjnych środowisk IDE dla Pythona, które zawierają "
"graficzne debugery. Należą do nich:"
msgid "`Wing IDE <https://wingware.com/>`_"
msgstr ""
"Skrzydło zintegrowane środowisko programistyczne<https://wingware.com/>`_"
msgid "`Komodo IDE <https://www.activestate.com/products/komodo-ide/>`_"
msgstr "`Komodo IDE <https://www.activestate.com/products/komodo-ide/>`_"
msgid "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"
msgstr "`PyCharm <https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/>`_"
msgid "Are there tools to help find bugs or perform static analysis?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieją narzędzia pomocne w znajdowaniu błędów lub wykonywaniu analizy "
"statycznej?"
msgid ""
"`Pylint <https://pylint.pycqa.org/en/latest/index.html>`_ and `Pyflakes "
"<https://github.com/PyCQA/pyflakes>`_ do basic checking that will help you "
"catch bugs sooner."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Static type checkers such as `Mypy <https://mypy-lang.org/>`_, `Pyre "
"<https://pyre-check.org/>`_, and `Pytype <https://github.com/google/"
"pytype>`_ can check type hints in Python source code."
msgstr ""
msgid "How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?"
msgstr "Jak mogę utworzyć samodzielny plik binarny ze skryptu Pythona?"
msgid ""
"You don't need the ability to compile Python to C code if all you want is a "
"stand-alone program that users can download and run without having to "
"install the Python distribution first. There are a number of tools that "
"determine the set of modules required by a program and bind these modules "
"together with a Python binary to produce a single executable."
msgstr ""
"Nie potrzebujesz umiejętności kompilowania Pythona do kodu C, jeśli "
"potrzebujesz jedynie samodzielnego programu, który użytkownicy mogą pobrać i "
"uruchomić bez konieczności wcześniejszej instalacji dystrybucji Pythona. "
"Istnieje wiele narzędzi, które określają zestaw modułów wymaganych przez "
"program i łączą te moduły za pomocą pliku binarnego Pythona w celu "
"utworzenia pojedynczego pliku wykonywalnego."
msgid ""
"One is to use the freeze tool, which is included in the Python source tree "
"as `Tools/freeze <https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/main/Tools/"
"freeze>`_. It converts Python byte code to C arrays; with a C compiler you "
"can embed all your modules into a new program, which is then linked with the "
"standard Python modules."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in "
"the source directory (for built-in modules). It then turns the bytecode for "
"modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned "
"into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config "
"file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in "
"the program. It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the "
"rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts "
"exactly like your script."
msgstr ""
"It works by scanning your source recursively for import statements (in both "
"forms) and looking for the modules in the standard Python path as well as in "
"the source directory (for built-in modules). It then turns the bytecode for "
"modules written in Python into C code (array initializers that can be turned "
"into code objects using the marshal module) and creates a custom-made config "
"file that only contains those built-in modules which are actually used in "
"the program. It then compiles the generated C code and links it with the "
"rest of the Python interpreter to form a self-contained binary which acts "
"exactly like your script."
msgid ""
"The following packages can help with the creation of console and GUI "
"executables:"
msgstr ""
"Poniższe pakiety mogą pomóc w tworzeniu plików wykonywalnych konsoli i "
"interfejsu graficznego"
msgid "`Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "Nuitka <https://nuitka.net/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgid "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr "`PyInstaller <https://pyinstaller.org/>`_ (wieloplatformowy)"
msgid ""
"`PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"PyOxidizer <https://pyoxidizer.readthedocs.io/en/stable/>`_ "
"(wieloplatformowy)"
msgid ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (Cross-platform)"
msgstr ""
"`cx_Freeze <https://marcelotduarte.github.io/cx_Freeze/>`_ (wieloplatformowy)"
msgid "`py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (macOS only)"
msgstr "py2app <https://github.com/ronaldoussoren/py2app>`_ (tylko macOS)"
msgid "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (Windows only)"
msgstr "`py2exe <https://www.py2exe.org/>`_ (tylko Windows)"
msgid "Are there coding standards or a style guide for Python programs?"
msgstr ""
"Czy istnieją standardy kodowania lub przewodnik stylistyczny dla programów w "
"Pythona?"
msgid ""
"Yes. The coding style required for standard library modules is documented "
"as :pep:`8`."
msgstr ""
"Tak. Styl kodowania wymagany dla standardowych modułów bibliotecznych jest "
"udokumentowany jako :pep:`8`"
msgid "Core Language"
msgstr "Rdzeń języka"
msgid "Why am I getting an UnboundLocalError when the variable has a value?"
msgstr "Dlaczego otrzymuję błąd UnboundLocalError, skoro zmienna ma wartość?"
msgid ""
"It can be a surprise to get the :exc:`UnboundLocalError` in previously "
"working code when it is modified by adding an assignment statement somewhere "
"in the body of a function."
msgstr ""
"Można się zdziwić, gdy okaże się, :exc:`UnboundLocalError` że kod, który "
"wcześniej działał, został zmodyfikowany przez dodanie instrukcji przypisania "
"w dowolnym miejscu ciała funkcji."
msgid "This code:"
msgstr "Ten kod:"
msgid "works, but this code:"
msgstr "działa, ale ten kod:"
msgid "results in an :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`:"
msgstr "skutkuje :exc:`!UnboundLocalError`"
msgid ""
"This is because when you make an assignment to a variable in a scope, that "
"variable becomes local to that scope and shadows any similarly named "
"variable in the outer scope. Since the last statement in foo assigns a new "
"value to ``x``, the compiler recognizes it as a local variable. "
"Consequently when the earlier ``print(x)`` attempts to print the "
"uninitialized local variable and an error results."
msgstr ""
"Dzieje się tak, ponieważ po przypisaniu zmiennej w zakresie, zmienna ta "
"staje się lokalna w tym zakresie i przesłania każdą zmienną o podobnej "
"nazwie w zakresie zewnętrznym. Ponieważ ostatnie polecenie w foo przypisuje "
"nową wartość zmiennej ``x``, kompilator rozpoznaje ją jako zmienną lokalną. "
"W rezultacie ``print(x)``, gdy poprzednia instrukcja próbuje wydrukować "
"niezainicjowaną zmienną lokalną, pojawia się błąd."
msgid ""
"In the example above you can access the outer scope variable by declaring it "
"global:"
msgstr ""
"W powyższym przykładzie możesz uzyskać dostęp do zmiennej zakresu "
"zewnętrznego, deklarując ją jako globalną:"
msgid ""
"This explicit declaration is required in order to remind you that (unlike "
"the superficially analogous situation with class and instance variables) you "
"are actually modifying the value of the variable in the outer scope:"
msgstr ""
"Ta wyraźna deklaracja jest wymagana, aby przypomnieć, że (w przeciwieństwie "
"do pozornie analogicznej sytuacji ze zmiennymi klasowymi i instancyjnymi) w "
"rzeczywistości modyfikujesz wartość zmiennej w zakresie zewnętrznym:"
msgid ""
"You can do a similar thing in a nested scope using the :keyword:`nonlocal` "
"keyword:"
msgstr ""
"Można wykonać podobną czynność w zakresie zagnieżdżonym, używając słowa :"
"keyword:`nonlocal` kluczowego:"
msgid "What are the rules for local and global variables in Python?"
msgstr "Jakie są zasady dotyczące zmiennych lokalnych i globalnych w Pythonie?"
msgid ""
"In Python, variables that are only referenced inside a function are "
"implicitly global. If a variable is assigned a value anywhere within the "
"function's body, it's assumed to be a local unless explicitly declared as "
"global."
msgstr ""
"W Pythonie zmienne, do których odwołuje się tylko funkcja, są domyślnie "
"globalne. Jeśli zmiennej zostanie przypisana wartość w dowolnym miejscu w "
"ciele funkcji, przyjmuje się, że jest lokalna, chyba że zostanie jawnie "
"zadeklarowana jako globalna."
msgid ""
"Though a bit surprising at first, a moment's consideration explains this. "
"On one hand, requiring :keyword:`global` for assigned variables provides a "
"bar against unintended side-effects. On the other hand, if ``global`` was "
"required for all global references, you'd be using ``global`` all the time. "
"You'd have to declare as global every reference to a built-in function or to "
"a component of an imported module. This clutter would defeat the usefulness "
"of the ``global`` declaration for identifying side-effects."
msgstr ""
"Choć na początku może to być nieco zaskakujące, chwila namysłu wyjaśnia "
"sprawę. Z jednej strony, wymaganie :keyword:`global` dla przypisanych "
"zmiennych chroni przed niezamierzonymi efektami ubocznymi. Z drugiej strony, "
"gdyby ``global`` było wymagane dla wszystkich odwołań globalnych, "
"używalibyśmy ``global`` go cały czas. Trzeba by deklarować jako globalne "
"każde odwołanie do funkcja wbudowanej lub do komponentu importowanego "
"modułu. Ten bałagan zniweczyłby użyteczność deklaracji w ``global`` "
"identyfikowaniu efektów ubocznych."
msgid ""
"Why do lambdas defined in a loop with different values all return the same "
"result?"
msgstr ""
"Dlaczego wyrażenia lambda zdefiniowane w pętli z różnymi wartościami "
"zwracają ten sam wynik?"
msgid ""
"Assume you use a for loop to define a few different lambdas (or even plain "
"functions), e.g.::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda: x**2)"
msgstr ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda: x**2)"
msgid ""
"This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``. You "
"might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, "
"``1``, ``4``, ``9``, and ``16``. However, when you actually try you will "
"see that they all return ``16``::"
msgstr ""
"Daje to listę zawierającą 5 lambda obliczających . Można by się spodziewać, "
"że po wywołaniu zwracać odpowiednio``0``,``1`` ,``4`` ,``9`` , i ``16`` . "
"Jednak po próbie zobaczysz, że wszystkie zwracać ``16`` ::"
msgid ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"16\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"16\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgid ""
"This happens because ``x`` is not local to the lambdas, but is defined in "
"the outer scope, and it is accessed when the lambda is called --- not when "
"it is defined. At the end of the loop, the value of ``x`` is ``4``, so all "
"the functions now return ``4**2``, i.e. ``16``. You can also verify this by "
"changing the value of ``x`` and see how the results of the lambdas change::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> x = 8\n"
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"64"
msgstr ""
">>> x = 8\n"
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"64"
msgid ""
"In order to avoid this, you need to save the values in variables local to "
"the lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``::"
msgstr ""
"Aby tego uniknąć, należy zapisać wartości w zmiennych lokalnych dla lambd, "
"aby nie były one zależne od wartości zmiennej globalnej ``x``::"
msgid ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)"
msgstr ""
">>> squares = []\n"
">>> for x in range(5):\n"
"... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2)"
msgid ""
"Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed "
"when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at "
"that point in the loop. This means that the value of ``n`` will be ``0`` in "
"the first lambda, ``1`` in the second, ``2`` in the third, and so on. "
"Therefore each lambda will now return the correct result::"
msgstr ""
"Tutaj, ``n=x`` tworzy nową zmienną ``n`` lokalną dla lambda i oblicza ją "
"podczas definiowania lambda, tak aby miała tę samą wartość ``x`` co w danym "
"punkcie pętli. Oznacza to, że wartość ``n``będzie``0`` w pierwszej lambda,"
"``1`` w drugiej, ``2``w trzeciej itd. W związku z tym każda lambda zwróci "
"teraz poprawny wynik:"
msgid ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"4\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgstr ""
">>> squares[2]()\n"
"4\n"
">>> squares[4]()\n"
"16"
msgid ""
"Note that this behaviour is not peculiar to lambdas, but applies to regular "
"functions too."
msgstr ""
"Należy pamiętać, że takie zachowanie nie jest specyficzne dla wyrażeń "
"lambda, ale ma zastosowanie także do zwykłych funkcje."
msgid "How do I share global variables across modules?"
msgstr "Jak udostępniać zmienne globalne pomiędzy moduły?"
msgid ""
"The canonical way to share information across modules within a single "
"program is to create a special module (often called config or cfg). Just "
"import the config module in all modules of your application; the module then "
"becomes available as a global name. Because there is only one instance of "
"each module, any changes made to the module object get reflected "
"everywhere. For example:"
msgstr ""
"Kanonicznym sposobem udostępniania informacji między modułami w ramach "
"jednego programu jest utworzenie specjalnego modułu (często nazywanego "
"config lub cfg). Wystarczy zaimportować moduł config do wszystkich modułów "
"aplikacji; moduł staje się wówczas dostępny jako nazwa globalna. Ponieważ "
"istnieje tylko jedna instancja każdego modułu, wszelkie zmiany wprowadzone w "
"obiekcie modułu są odzwierciedlane wszędzie. Na przykład:"
msgid "config.py::"
msgstr "config.py::"
msgid "x = 0 # Default value of the 'x' configuration setting"
msgstr "x = 0 # Wartość domyślna ustawienia konfiguracji „x”"
msgid "mod.py::"
msgstr "mod.py::"
msgid ""
"import config\n"
"config.x = 1"
msgstr ""
msgid "main.py::"
msgstr "main.py::"
msgid ""
"import config\n"
"import mod\n"
"print(config.x)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Note that using a module is also the basis for implementing the singleton "
"design pattern, for the same reason."
msgstr ""
"Należy pamiętać, że używanie modułu jest również podstawą implementacji "
"wzorca projektowego singleton, z tego samego powodu."
msgid "What are the \"best practices\" for using import in a module?"
msgstr "Jakie są „najlepsze praktyki” dotyczące używania import w module?"
msgid ""
"In general, don't use ``from modulename import *``. Doing so clutters the "
"importer's namespace, and makes it much harder for linters to detect "
"undefined names."
msgstr ""
"Ogólnie rzecz biorąc, nie należy używać from modulename import *. Powoduje "
"to zaśmiecanie przestrzeni nazw importującego modułu i znacznie utrudnia "
"narzędziom lintującym wykrywanie niezdefiniowanych nazw."
msgid ""
"Import modules at the top of a file. Doing so makes it clear what other "
"modules your code requires and avoids questions of whether the module name "
"is in scope. Using one import per line makes it easy to add and delete "
"module imports, but using multiple imports per line uses less screen space."
msgstr ""
"Importuj moduły na początku pliku. Dzięki temu jasno widać, jakich innych "
"modułów wymaga Twój kod, i unika się wątpliwości, czy nazwa modułu znajduje "
"się w zakresie. Używanie jednego importu w wierszu ułatwia dodawanie i "
"usuwanie importów modułów, natomiast używanie wielu importów w jednym "
"wierszu zajmuje mniej miejsca na ekranie."
msgid "It's good practice if you import modules in the following order:"
msgstr "Dobrą praktyką jest importowanie modułów w następującej kolejności:"
msgid ""
"standard library modules -- e.g. :mod:`sys`, :mod:`os`, :mod:`argparse`, :"
"mod:`re`"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"third-party library modules (anything installed in Python's site-packages "
"directory) -- e.g. :mod:`!dateutil`, :mod:`!requests`, :mod:`!PIL.Image`"
msgstr ""
msgid "locally developed modules"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It is sometimes necessary to move imports to a function or class to avoid "
"problems with circular imports. Gordon McMillan says:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Circular imports are fine where both modules use the \"import <module>\" "
"form of import. They fail when the 2nd module wants to grab a name out of "
"the first (\"from module import name\") and the import is at the top level. "
"That's because names in the 1st are not yet available, because the first "
"module is busy importing the 2nd."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"In this case, if the second module is only used in one function, then the "
"import can easily be moved into that function. By the time the import is "
"called, the first module will have finished initializing, and the second "
"module can do its import."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It may also be necessary to move imports out of the top level of code if "
"some of the modules are platform-specific. In that case, it may not even be "
"possible to import all of the modules at the top of the file. In this case, "
"importing the correct modules in the corresponding platform-specific code is "
"a good option."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Only move imports into a local scope, such as inside a function definition, "
"if it's necessary to solve a problem such as avoiding a circular import or "
"are trying to reduce the initialization time of a module. This technique is "
"especially helpful if many of the imports are unnecessary depending on how "
"the program executes. You may also want to move imports into a function if "
"the modules are only ever used in that function. Note that loading a module "
"the first time may be expensive because of the one time initialization of "
"the module, but loading a module multiple times is virtually free, costing "
"only a couple of dictionary lookups. Even if the module name has gone out "
"of scope, the module is probably available in :data:`sys.modules`."
msgstr ""
msgid "Why are default values shared between objects?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This type of bug commonly bites neophyte programmers. Consider this "
"function::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict={}): # Danger: shared reference to one dict for all calls\n"
" ... compute something ...\n"
" mydict[key] = value\n"
" return mydict"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The first time you call this function, ``mydict`` contains a single item. "
"The second time, ``mydict`` contains two items because when ``foo()`` begins "
"executing, ``mydict`` starts out with an item already in it."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It is often expected that a function call creates new objects for default "
"values. This is not what happens. Default values are created exactly once, "
"when the function is defined. If that object is changed, like the "
"dictionary in this example, subsequent calls to the function will refer to "
"this changed object."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"By definition, immutable objects such as numbers, strings, tuples, and "
"``None``, are safe from change. Changes to mutable objects such as "
"dictionaries, lists, and class instances can lead to confusion."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Because of this feature, it is good programming practice to not use mutable "
"objects as default values. Instead, use ``None`` as the default value and "
"inside the function, check if the parameter is ``None`` and create a new "
"list/dictionary/whatever if it is. For example, don't write::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict={}):\n"
" ..."
msgstr ""
msgid "but::"
msgstr "ale:"
msgid ""
"def foo(mydict=None):\n"
" if mydict is None:\n"
" mydict = {} # create a new dict for local namespace"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This feature can be useful. When you have a function that's time-consuming "
"to compute, a common technique is to cache the parameters and the resulting "
"value of each call to the function, and return the cached value if the same "
"value is requested again. This is called \"memoizing\", and can be "
"implemented like this::"
msgstr ""
"Ta funkcjonalność może być przydatna. Gdy masz funkcję, której obliczenia są "
"czasochłonne, często stosowaną techniką jest buforowanie (cache’owanie) "
"parametrów oraz wyników każdego wywołania funkcji i zwracanie zapisanego "
"wyniku, jeśli ta sama wartość zostanie ponownie zażądana. Nazywa się to "
"„memoizacją” i można to zaimplementować w następujący sposób::"
msgid ""
"# Callers can only provide two parameters and optionally pass _cache by "
"keyword\n"
"def expensive(arg1, arg2, *, _cache={}):\n"
" if (arg1, arg2) in _cache:\n"
" return _cache[(arg1, arg2)]\n"
"\n"
" # Calculate the value\n"
" result = ... expensive computation ...\n"
" _cache[(arg1, arg2)] = result # Store result in the cache\n"
" return result"
msgstr ""
" # Callers can only provide two parameters and optionally pass _cache by "
"keyword def expensive(arg1, arg2, *, _cache={}): if (arg1, arg2) in _cache: "
"return _cache[(arg1, arg2)]# Calculate the value result = ... # expensive "
"computation _cache[(arg1, arg2)] = result # Store result in the cache return "
"result"
msgid ""
"You could use a global variable containing a dictionary instead of the "
"default value; it's a matter of taste."
msgstr ""
"Można użyć zmiennej globalnej zawierającej słownik zamiast wartości "
"domyślnej; jest to kwestia gustu."
msgid ""
"How can I pass optional or keyword parameters from one function to another?"
msgstr ""
"Jak można przekazać opcjonalne parametry lub argumenty nazwane z jednej "
"funkcji do innej funkcji?"
msgid ""
"Collect the arguments using the ``*`` and ``**`` specifiers in the "
"function's parameter list; this gives you the positional arguments as a "
"tuple and the keyword arguments as a dictionary. You can then pass these "
"arguments when calling another function by using ``*`` and ``**``::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def f(x, *args, **kwargs):\n"
" ...\n"
" kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'\n"
" ...\n"
" g(x, *args, **kwargs)"
msgstr ""
"def f(x, *args, **kwargs):...kwargs['width'] = '14.3c'...g(x, *args, "
"**kwargs)"
msgid "What is the difference between arguments and parameters?"
msgstr "Jaka jest różnica pomiędzy argumentami a parametrami?"
msgid ""
":term:`Parameters <parameter>` are defined by the names that appear in a "
"function definition, whereas :term:`arguments <argument>` are the values "
"actually passed to a function when calling it. Parameters define what :term:"
"`kind of arguments <parameter>` a function can accept. For example, given "
"the function definition::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def func(foo, bar=None, **kwargs):\n"
" pass"
msgstr "def func(foo, bar=None, **kwargs):pass"
msgid ""
"*foo*, *bar* and *kwargs* are parameters of ``func``. However, when calling "
"``func``, for example::"
msgstr ""
msgid "func(42, bar=314, extra=somevar)"
msgstr "func(42, bar=314, extra=somevar)"
msgid "the values ``42``, ``314``, and ``somevar`` are arguments."
msgstr ""
msgid "Why did changing list 'y' also change list 'x'?"
msgstr "Dlaczego zmiana listy „y” spowodowała również zmianę listy „x”?"
msgid "If you wrote code like::"
msgstr "Jeśli napisałeś kod taki jak::"
msgid ""
">>> x = []\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> y.append(10)\n"
">>> y\n"
"[10]\n"
">>> x\n"
"[10]"
msgstr ""
">>> x = []\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> y.append(10)\n"
">>> y\n"
"[10]\n"
">>> x\n"
"[10]"
msgid ""
"you might be wondering why appending an element to ``y`` changed ``x`` too."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are two factors that produce this result:"
msgstr "Na ten wynik składają się dwa czynniki:"
msgid ""
"Variables are simply names that refer to objects. Doing ``y = x`` doesn't "
"create a copy of the list -- it creates a new variable ``y`` that refers to "
"the same object ``x`` refers to. This means that there is only one object "
"(the list), and both ``x`` and ``y`` refer to it."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Lists are :term:`mutable`, which means that you can change their content."
msgstr "Listy są :term:mutable, co oznacza, że można zmieniać ich zawartość."
msgid ""
"After the call to :meth:`!append`, the content of the mutable object has "
"changed from ``[]`` to ``[10]``. Since both the variables refer to the same "
"object, using either name accesses the modified value ``[10]``."
msgstr ""
msgid "If we instead assign an immutable object to ``x``::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> x = 5 # ints are immutable\n"
">>> y = x\n"
">>> x = x + 1 # 5 can't be mutated, we are creating a new object here\n"
">>> x\n"
"6\n"
">>> y\n"
"5"
msgstr ""
">>> x = 5 # inty są niezmienne>>> y = x>>> x = x + 1 # 5 nie może być "
"zmienione, tworzymy nowy obiekt>>> x6>>> y5"
msgid ""
"we can see that in this case ``x`` and ``y`` are not equal anymore. This is "
"because integers are :term:`immutable`, and when we do ``x = x + 1`` we are "
"not mutating the int ``5`` by incrementing its value; instead, we are "
"creating a new object (the int ``6``) and assigning it to ``x`` (that is, "
"changing which object ``x`` refers to). After this assignment we have two "
"objects (the ints ``6`` and ``5``) and two variables that refer to them "
"(``x`` now refers to ``6`` but ``y`` still refers to ``5``)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some operations (for example ``y.append(10)`` and ``y.sort()``) mutate the "
"object, whereas superficially similar operations (for example ``y = y + "
"[10]`` and :func:`sorted(y) <sorted>`) create a new object. In general in "
"Python (and in all cases in the standard library) a method that mutates an "
"object will return ``None`` to help avoid getting the two types of "
"operations confused. So if you mistakenly write ``y.sort()`` thinking it "
"will give you a sorted copy of ``y``, you'll instead end up with ``None``, "
"which will likely cause your program to generate an easily diagnosed error."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"However, there is one class of operations where the same operation sometimes "
"has different behaviors with different types: the augmented assignment "
"operators. For example, ``+=`` mutates lists but not tuples or ints "
"(``a_list += [1, 2, 3]`` is equivalent to ``a_list.extend([1, 2, 3])`` and "
"mutates ``a_list``, whereas ``some_tuple += (1, 2, 3)`` and ``some_int += "
"1`` create new objects)."
msgstr ""
"Jednak istnieje jedna klasa operacji, w której ta sama operacja może "
"zachowywać się różnie w zależności od typu: operatory przypisania "
"rozszerzonego. Na przykład 1``+=`` modyfikuje listy, ale nie krotki ani "
"liczby całkowite (2``a_list`` += [1, 2, 3]`` jest równoważne 3``a_list``."
"extend([1, 2, 3`)``i modyfikuje 4``a_list``, natomiast 5``some_tuple += (1, "
"2, 3)`` oraz 6``some_int += 1`` tworzą nowe obiekty)."
msgid "In other words:"
msgstr "Innymi słowami:"
msgid ""
"If we have a mutable object (:class:`list`, :class:`dict`, :class:`set`, "
"etc.), we can use some specific operations to mutate it and all the "
"variables that refer to it will see the change."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If we have an immutable object (:class:`str`, :class:`int`, :class:`tuple`, "
"etc.), all the variables that refer to it will always see the same value, "
"but operations that transform that value into a new value always return a "
"new object."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If you want to know if two variables refer to the same object or not, you "
"can use the :keyword:`is` operator, or the built-in function :func:`id`."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I write a function with output parameters (call by reference)?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Remember that arguments are passed by assignment in Python. Since "
"assignment just creates references to objects, there's no alias between an "
"argument name in the caller and callee, and so no call-by-reference per se. "
"You can achieve the desired effect in a number of ways."
msgstr ""
msgid "By returning a tuple of the results::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> def func1(a, b):\n"
"... a = 'new-value' # a and b are local names\n"
"... b = b + 1 # assigned to new objects\n"
"... return a, b # return new values\n"
"...\n"
">>> x, y = 'old-value', 99\n"
">>> func1(x, y)\n"
"('new-value', 100)"
msgstr ""
msgid "This is almost always the clearest solution."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"By using global variables. This isn't thread-safe, and is not recommended."
msgstr ""
msgid "By passing a mutable (changeable in-place) object::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> def func2(a):\n"
"... a[0] = 'new-value' # 'a' references a mutable list\n"
"... a[1] = a[1] + 1 # changes a shared object\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = ['old-value', 99]\n"
">>> func2(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"['new-value', 100]"
msgstr ""
msgid "By passing in a dictionary that gets mutated::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> def func3(args):\n"
"... args['a'] = 'new-value' # args is a mutable dictionary\n"
"... args['b'] = args['b'] + 1 # change it in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = {'a': 'old-value', 'b': 99}\n"
">>> func3(args)\n"
">>> args\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr ""
msgid "Or bundle up values in a class instance::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> class Namespace:\n"
"... def __init__(self, /, **args):\n"
"... for key, value in args.items():\n"
"... setattr(self, key, value)\n"
"...\n"
">>> def func4(args):\n"
"... args.a = 'new-value' # args is a mutable Namespace\n"
"... args.b = args.b + 1 # change object in-place\n"
"...\n"
">>> args = Namespace(a='old-value', b=99)\n"
">>> func4(args)\n"
">>> vars(args)\n"
"{'a': 'new-value', 'b': 100}"
msgstr ""
msgid "There's almost never a good reason to get this complicated."
msgstr ""
msgid "Your best choice is to return a tuple containing the multiple results."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do you make a higher order function in Python?"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"You have two choices: you can use nested scopes or you can use callable "
"objects. For example, suppose you wanted to define ``linear(a,b)`` which "
"returns a function ``f(x)`` that computes the value ``a*x+b``. Using nested "
"scopes::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"def linear(a, b):\n"
" def result(x):\n"
" return a * x + b\n"
" return result"
msgstr ""
msgid "Or using a callable object::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"class linear:\n"
"\n"
" def __init__(self, a, b):\n"
" self.a, self.b = a, b\n"
"\n"
" def __call__(self, x):\n"
" return self.a * x + self.b"
msgstr ""
msgid "In both cases, ::"
msgstr "W obydwu przypadkach, ::"
msgid "taxes = linear(0.3, 2)"
msgstr ""
msgid "gives a callable object where ``taxes(10e6) == 0.3 * 10e6 + 2``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The callable object approach has the disadvantage that it is a bit slower "
"and results in slightly longer code. However, note that a collection of "
"callables can share their signature via inheritance::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"class exponential(linear):\n"
" # __init__ inherited\n"
" def __call__(self, x):\n"
" return self.a * (x ** self.b)"
msgstr ""
msgid "Object can encapsulate state for several methods::"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"class counter:\n"
"\n"
" value = 0\n"
"\n"
" def set(self, x):\n"
" self.value = x\n"
"\n"
" def up(self):\n"
" self.value = self.value + 1\n"
"\n"
" def down(self):\n"
" self.value = self.value - 1\n"
"\n"
"count = counter()\n"
"inc, dec, reset = count.up, count.down, count.set"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Here ``inc()``, ``dec()`` and ``reset()`` act like functions which share the "
"same counting variable."
msgstr ""
msgid "How do I copy an object in Python?"
msgstr "Jak mogę skopiować obiekt w Pythonie?"
msgid ""
"In general, try :func:`copy.copy` or :func:`copy.deepcopy` for the general "
"case. Not all objects can be copied, but most can."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some objects can be copied more easily. Dictionaries have a :meth:`~dict."
"copy` method::"
msgstr ""
msgid "newdict = olddict.copy()"
msgstr ""
msgid "Sequences can be copied by slicing::"
msgstr ""