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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Bhuvansh Kataria, 2026
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.15\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-07-31 15:58+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2025-09-16 00:02+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Bhuvansh Kataria, 2026\n"
"Language-Team: Panjabi (Punjabi) (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/"
"teams/5390/pa/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: pa\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
msgid "Data model"
msgstr ""
msgid "Objects, values and types"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":dfn:`Objects` are Python's abstraction for data. All data in a Python "
"program is represented by objects or by relations between objects. Even code "
"is represented by objects."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Every object has an identity, a type and a value. An object's *identity* "
"never changes once it has been created; you may think of it as the object's "
"address in memory. The :keyword:`is` operator compares the identity of two "
"objects; the :func:`id` function returns an integer representing its "
"identity."
msgstr ""
msgid "For CPython, ``id(x)`` is the memory address where ``x`` is stored."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"An object's type determines the operations that the object supports (e.g., "
"\"does it have a length?\") and also defines the possible values for objects "
"of that type. The :func:`type` function returns an object's type (which is "
"an object itself). Like its identity, an object's :dfn:`type` is also "
"unchangeable. [#]_"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The *value* of some objects can change. Objects whose value can change are "
"said to be *mutable*; objects whose value is unchangeable once they are "
"created are called *immutable*. (The value of an immutable container object "
"that contains a reference to a mutable object can change when the latter's "
"value is changed; however the container is still considered immutable, "
"because the collection of objects it contains cannot be changed. So, "
"immutability is not strictly the same as having an unchangeable value, it is "
"more subtle.) An object's mutability is determined by its type; for "
"instance, numbers, strings and tuples are immutable, while dictionaries and "
"lists are mutable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Objects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become "
"unreachable they may be garbage-collected. An implementation is allowed to "
"postpone garbage collection or omit it altogether --- it is a matter of "
"implementation quality how garbage collection is implemented, as long as no "
"objects are collected that are still reachable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"CPython currently uses a reference-counting scheme with (optional) delayed "
"detection of cyclically linked garbage, which collects most objects as soon "
"as they become unreachable, but is not guaranteed to collect garbage "
"containing circular references. See the documentation of the :mod:`gc` "
"module for information on controlling the collection of cyclic garbage. "
"Other implementations act differently and CPython may change. Do not depend "
"on immediate finalization of objects when they become unreachable (so you "
"should always close files explicitly)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Note that the use of the implementation's tracing or debugging facilities "
"may keep objects alive that would normally be collectable. Also note that "
"catching an exception with a :keyword:`try`...\\ :keyword:`except` statement "
"may keep objects alive."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some objects contain references to \"external\" resources such as open files "
"or windows. It is understood that these resources are freed when the object "
"is garbage-collected, but since garbage collection is not guaranteed to "
"happen, such objects also provide an explicit way to release the external "
"resource, usually a :meth:`!close` method. Programs are strongly recommended "
"to explicitly close such objects. The :keyword:`try`...\\ :keyword:"
"`finally` statement and the :keyword:`with` statement provide convenient "
"ways to do this."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some objects contain references to other objects; these are called "
"*containers*. Examples of containers are tuples, lists and dictionaries. "
"The references are part of a container's value. In most cases, when we talk "
"about the value of a container, we imply the values, not the identities of "
"the contained objects; however, when we talk about the mutability of a "
"container, only the identities of the immediately contained objects are "
"implied. So, if an immutable container (like a tuple) contains a reference "
"to a mutable object, its value changes if that mutable object is changed."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Types affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the importance of "
"object identity is affected in some sense: for immutable types, operations "
"that compute new values may actually return a reference to any existing "
"object with the same type and value, while for mutable objects this is not "
"allowed. For example, after ``a = 1; b = 1``, *a* and *b* may or may not "
"refer to the same object with the value one, depending on the "
"implementation. This is because :class:`int` is an immutable type, so the "
"reference to ``1`` can be reused. This behaviour depends on the "
"implementation used, so should not be relied upon, but is something to be "
"aware of when making use of object identity tests. However, after ``c = []; "
"d = []``, *c* and *d* are guaranteed to refer to two different, unique, "
"newly created empty lists. (Note that ``e = f = []`` assigns the *same* "
"object to both *e* and *f*.)"
msgstr ""
msgid "The standard type hierarchy"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Below is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension modules "
"(written in C, Java, or other languages, depending on the implementation) "
"can define additional types. Future versions of Python may add types to the "
"type hierarchy (e.g., rational numbers, efficiently stored arrays of "
"integers, etc.), although such additions will often be provided via the "
"standard library instead."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing 'special "
"attributes.' These are attributes that provide access to the implementation "
"and are not intended for general use. Their definition may change in the "
"future."
msgstr ""
msgid "None"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. "
"This object is accessed through the built-in name ``None``. It is used to "
"signify the absence of a value in many situations, e.g., it is returned from "
"functions that don't explicitly return anything. Its truth value is false."
msgstr ""
msgid "NotImplemented"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. "
"This object is accessed through the built-in name :data:`NotImplemented`. "
"Numeric methods and rich comparison methods should return this value if they "
"do not implement the operation for the operands provided. (The interpreter "
"will then try the reflected operation, or some other fallback, depending on "
"the operator.) It should not be evaluated in a boolean context."
msgstr ""
msgid "See :ref:`implementing-the-arithmetic-operations` for more details."
msgstr ""
msgid "Evaluating :data:`NotImplemented` in a boolean context was deprecated."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Evaluating :data:`NotImplemented` in a boolean context now raises a :exc:"
"`TypeError`. It previously evaluated to :const:`True` and emitted a :exc:"
"`DeprecationWarning` since Python 3.9."
msgstr ""
msgid "Ellipsis"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. "
"This object is accessed through the literal ``...`` or the built-in name "
"``Ellipsis``. Its truth value is true."
msgstr ""
msgid ":class:`numbers.Number`"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by arithmetic "
"operators and arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric objects are immutable; "
"once created their value never changes. Python numbers are of course "
"strongly related to mathematical numbers, but subject to the limitations of "
"numerical representation in computers."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The string representations of the numeric classes, computed by :meth:"
"`~object.__repr__` and :meth:`~object.__str__`, have the following "
"properties:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"They are valid numeric literals which, when passed to their class "
"constructor, produce an object having the value of the original numeric."
msgstr ""
msgid "The representation is in base 10, when possible."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Leading zeros, possibly excepting a single zero before a decimal point, are "
"not shown."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Trailing zeros, possibly excepting a single zero after a decimal point, are "
"not shown."
msgstr ""
msgid "A sign is shown only when the number is negative."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Python distinguishes between integers, floating-point numbers, and complex "
"numbers:"
msgstr ""
msgid ":class:`numbers.Integral`"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent elements from the mathematical set of integers (positive and "
"negative)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The rules for integer representation are intended to give the most "
"meaningful interpretation of shift and mask operations involving negative "
"integers."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are two types of integers:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Integers (:class:`int`)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to available "
"(virtual) memory only. For the purpose of shift and mask operations, a "
"binary representation is assumed, and negative numbers are represented in a "
"variant of 2's complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of "
"sign bits extending to the left."
msgstr ""
msgid "Booleans (:class:`bool`)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent the truth values False and True. The two objects "
"representing the values ``False`` and ``True`` are the only Boolean objects. "
"The Boolean type is a subtype of the integer type, and Boolean values behave "
"like the values 0 and 1, respectively, in almost all contexts, the exception "
"being that when converted to a string, the strings ``\"False\"`` or "
"``\"True\"`` are returned, respectively."
msgstr ""
msgid ":class:`numbers.Real` (:class:`float`)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent machine-level double precision floating-point numbers. You "
"are at the mercy of the underlying machine architecture (and C or Java "
"implementation) for the accepted range and handling of overflow. Python does "
"not support single-precision floating-point numbers; the savings in "
"processor and memory usage that are usually the reason for using these are "
"dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is no reason to "
"complicate the language with two kinds of floating-point numbers."
msgstr ""
msgid ":class:`numbers.Complex` (:class:`complex`)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level double precision "
"floating-point numbers. The same caveats apply as for floating-point "
"numbers. The real and imaginary parts of a complex number ``z`` can be "
"retrieved through the read-only attributes ``z.real`` and ``z.imag``."
msgstr ""
msgid "Sequences"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent finite ordered sets indexed by non-negative numbers. The "
"built-in function :func:`len` returns the number of items of a sequence. "
"When the length of a sequence is *n*, the index set contains the numbers 0, "
"1, ..., *n*-1. Item *i* of sequence *a* is selected by ``a[i]``. Some "
"sequences, including built-in sequences, interpret negative subscripts by "
"adding the sequence length. For example, ``a[-2]`` equals ``a[n-2]``, the "
"second to last item of sequence a with length ``n``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the number of "
"items in the sequence. If it is not, an :exc:`IndexError` is raised."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Sequences also support slicing: ``a[start:stop]`` selects all items with "
"index *k* such that *start* ``<=`` *k* ``<`` *stop*. When used as an "
"expression, a slice is a sequence of the same type. The comment above about "
"negative subscripts also applies to negative slice positions. Note that no "
"error is raised if a slice position is less than zero or larger than the "
"length of the sequence."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If *start* is missing or :data:`None`, slicing behaves as if *start* was "
"zero. If *stop* is missing or ``None``, slicing behaves as if *stop* was "
"equal to the length of the sequence."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Some sequences also support \"extended slicing\" with a third \"step\" "
"parameter: ``a[i:j:k]`` selects all items of *a* with index *x* where ``x = "
"i + n*k``, *n* ``>=`` ``0`` and *i* ``<=`` *x* ``<`` *j*."
msgstr ""
msgid "Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Immutable sequences"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is created. "
"(If the object contains references to other objects, these other objects may "
"be mutable and may be changed; however, the collection of objects directly "
"referenced by an immutable object cannot change.)"
msgstr ""
msgid "The following types are immutable sequences:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Strings"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A string (:class:`str`) is a sequence of values that represent :dfn:"
"`characters`, or more formally, *Unicode code points*. All the code points "
"in the range ``0`` to ``0x10FFFF`` can be represented in a string."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Python doesn't have a dedicated *character* type. Instead, every code point "
"in the string is represented as a string object with length ``1``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The built-in function :func:`ord` converts a code point from its string form "
"to an integer in the range ``0`` to ``0x10FFFF``; :func:`chr` converts an "
"integer in the range ``0`` to ``0x10FFFF`` to the corresponding length ``1`` "
"string object. :meth:`str.encode` can be used to convert a :class:`str` to :"
"class:`bytes` using the given text encoding, and :meth:`bytes.decode` can be "
"used to achieve the opposite."
msgstr ""
msgid "Tuples"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The items of a :class:`tuple` are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of two or "
"more items are formed by comma-separated lists of expressions. A tuple of "
"one item (a 'singleton') can be formed by affixing a comma to an expression "
"(an expression by itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be "
"usable for grouping of expressions). An empty tuple can be formed by an "
"empty pair of parentheses."
msgstr ""
msgid "Bytes"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :class:`bytes` object is an immutable array. The items are 8-bit bytes, "
"represented by integers in the range 0 <= x < 256. Bytes literals (like "
"``b'abc'``) and the built-in :func:`bytes` constructor can be used to create "
"bytes objects. Also, bytes objects can be decoded to strings via the :meth:"
"`~bytes.decode` method."
msgstr ""
msgid "Mutable sequences"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The subscription "
"and slicing notations can be used as the target of assignment and :keyword:"
"`del` (delete) statements."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :mod:`collections` and :mod:`array` module provide additional examples "
"of mutable sequence types."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are currently two intrinsic mutable sequence types:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Lists"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are formed by "
"placing a comma-separated list of expressions in square brackets. (Note that "
"there are no special cases needed to form lists of length 0 or 1.)"
msgstr ""
msgid "Byte Arrays"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A bytearray object is a mutable array. They are created by the built-in :"
"func:`bytearray` constructor. Aside from being mutable (and hence "
"unhashable), byte arrays otherwise provide the same interface and "
"functionality as immutable :class:`bytes` objects."
msgstr ""
msgid "Set types"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent unordered, finite sets of unique, immutable objects. As "
"such, they cannot be indexed by any subscript. However, they can be iterated "
"over, and the built-in function :func:`len` returns the number of items in a "
"set. Common uses for sets are fast membership testing, removing duplicates "
"from a sequence, and computing mathematical operations such as intersection, "
"union, difference, and symmetric difference."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"For set elements, the same immutability rules apply as for dictionary keys. "
"Note that numeric types obey the normal rules for numeric comparison: if two "
"numbers compare equal (e.g., ``1`` and ``1.0``), only one of them can be "
"contained in a set."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are currently two intrinsic set types:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Sets"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent a mutable set. They are created by the built-in :func:`set` "
"constructor and can be modified afterwards by several methods, such as :meth:"
"`~set.add`."
msgstr ""
msgid "Frozen sets"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent an immutable set. They are created by the built-in :func:"
"`frozenset` constructor. As a frozenset is immutable and :term:`hashable`, "
"it can be used again as an element of another set, or as a dictionary key."
msgstr ""
msgid "Mappings"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index sets. The "
"subscript notation ``a[k]`` selects the item indexed by ``k`` from the "
"mapping ``a``; this can be used in expressions and as the target of "
"assignments or :keyword:`del` statements. The built-in function :func:`len` "
"returns the number of items in a mapping."
msgstr ""
msgid "There are two intrinsic mapping types:"
msgstr ""
msgid "Dictionaries"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly arbitrary values. "
"The only types of values not acceptable as keys are values containing lists "
"or dictionaries or other mutable types that are compared by value rather "
"than by object identity, the reason being that the efficient implementation "
"of dictionaries requires a key's hash value to remain constant. Numeric "
"types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric comparison: if two "
"numbers compare equal (e.g., ``1`` and ``1.0``) then they can be used "
"interchangeably to index the same dictionary entry."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Dictionaries preserve insertion order, meaning that keys will be produced in "
"the same order they were added sequentially over the dictionary. Replacing "
"an existing key does not change the order, however removing a key and re-"
"inserting it will add it to the end instead of keeping its old place."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Dictionaries are mutable; they can be created by the ``{}`` notation (see "
"section :ref:`dict`)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The extension modules :mod:`dbm.ndbm` and :mod:`dbm.gnu` provide additional "
"examples of mapping types, as does the :mod:`collections` module."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Dictionaries did not preserve insertion order in versions of Python before "
"3.6. In CPython 3.6, insertion order was preserved, but it was considered an "
"implementation detail at that time rather than a language guarantee."
msgstr ""
msgid "Frozen dictionaries"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These represent an immutable dictionary. They are created by the built-in :"
"func:`frozendict` constructor. A frozendict is :term:`hashable` if all of "
"its keys and values are hashable, in which case it can be used as an element "
"of a set, or as a key in another mapping. :class:`!frozendict` is not a "
"subclass of :class:`dict`; it inherits directly from :class:`object`."
msgstr ""
msgid "Callable types"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"These are the types to which the function call operation (see section :ref:"
"`calls`) can be applied:"
msgstr ""
msgid "User-defined functions"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A user-defined function object is created by a function definition (see "
"section :ref:`function`). It should be called with an argument list "
"containing the same number of items as the function's formal parameter list."
msgstr ""
msgid "Special read-only attributes"
msgstr ""
msgid "Attribute"
msgstr ""
msgid "Meaning"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A reference to the :class:`dictionary <dict>` that holds the function's "
"builtins namespace."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A reference to the :class:`dictionary <dict>` that holds the function's :ref:"
"`global variables <naming>` -- the global namespace of the module in which "
"the function was defined."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"``None`` or a :class:`tuple` of cells that contain bindings for the names "
"specified in the :attr:`~codeobject.co_freevars` attribute of the "
"function's :attr:`code object <function.__code__>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A cell object has the attribute ``cell_contents``. This can be used to get "
"the value of the cell, as well as set the value."
msgstr ""
msgid "Special writable attributes"
msgstr ""
msgid "Most of these attributes check the type of the assigned value:"
msgstr ""
msgid "The function's documentation string, or ``None`` if unavailable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The function's name. See also: :attr:`__name__ attributes <definition."
"__name__>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The function's :term:`qualified name`. See also: :attr:`__qualname__ "
"attributes <definition.__qualname__>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The name of the module the function was defined in, or ``None`` if "
"unavailable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :class:`tuple` containing default :term:`parameter` values for those "
"parameters that have defaults, or ``None`` if no parameters have a default "
"value."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :ref:`code object <code-objects>` representing the compiled function "
"body."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The namespace supporting arbitrary function attributes. See also: :attr:"
"`__dict__ attributes <object.__dict__>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :class:`dictionary <dict>` containing annotations of :term:`parameters "
"<parameter>`. The keys of the dictionary are the parameter names, and "
"``'return'`` for the return annotation, if provided. See also: :attr:`object."
"__annotations__`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Annotations are now :ref:`lazily evaluated <lazy-evaluation>`. See :pep:"
"`649`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The :term:`annotate function` for this function, or ``None`` if the function "
"has no annotations. See :attr:`object.__annotate__`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :class:`dictionary <dict>` containing defaults for keyword-only :term:"
"`parameters <parameter>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A :class:`tuple` containing the :ref:`type parameters <type-params>` of a :"
"ref:`generic function <generic-functions>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Function objects also support getting and setting arbitrary attributes, "
"which can be used, for example, to attach metadata to functions. Regular "
"attribute dot-notation is used to get and set such attributes."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"CPython's current implementation only supports function attributes on user-"
"defined functions. Function attributes on :ref:`built-in functions <builtin-"
"functions>` may be supported in the future."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Additional information about a function's definition can be retrieved from "
"its :ref:`code object <code-objects>` (accessible via the :attr:`~function."
"__code__` attribute)."
msgstr ""
msgid "Instance methods"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"An instance method object combines a class, a class instance and any "
"callable object (normally a user-defined function)."
msgstr ""
msgid "Special read-only attributes:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Refers to the class instance object to which the method is :ref:`bound "
"<method-binding>`"
msgstr ""
msgid "Refers to the original :ref:`function object <user-defined-funcs>`"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The method's documentation (same as :attr:`method.__func__.__doc__ <function."
"__doc__>`). A :class:`string <str>` if the original function had a "
"docstring, else ``None``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The name of the method (same as :attr:`method.__func__.__name__ <function."
"__name__>`)"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The name of the module the method was defined in, or ``None`` if unavailable."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Methods also support accessing (but not setting) the arbitrary function "
"attributes on the underlying :ref:`function object <user-defined-funcs>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"User-defined method objects may be created when getting an attribute of a "
"class (perhaps via an instance of that class), if that attribute is a user-"
"defined :ref:`function object <user-defined-funcs>` or a :class:"
"`classmethod` object."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"When an instance method object is created by retrieving a user-defined :ref:"
"`function object <user-defined-funcs>` from a class via one of its "
"instances, its :attr:`~method.__self__` attribute is the instance, and the "
"method object is said to be *bound*. The new method's :attr:`~method."
"__func__` attribute is the original function object."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"When an instance method object is created by retrieving a :class:"
"`classmethod` object from a class or instance, its :attr:`~method.__self__` "
"attribute is the class itself, and its :attr:`~method.__func__` attribute is "
"the function object underlying the class method."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"When an instance method object is called, the underlying function (:attr:"
"`~method.__func__`) is called, inserting the class instance (:attr:`~method."
"__self__`) in front of the argument list. For instance, when :class:`!C` is "
"a class which contains a definition for a function :meth:`!f`, and ``x`` is "
"an instance of :class:`!C`, calling ``x.f(1)`` is equivalent to calling ``C."
"f(x, 1)``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"When an instance method object is derived from a :class:`classmethod` "
"object, the \"class instance\" stored in :attr:`~method.__self__` will "
"actually be the class itself, so that calling either ``x.f(1)`` or ``C."
"f(1)`` is equivalent to calling ``f(C,1)`` where ``f`` is the underlying "
"function."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It is important to note that user-defined functions which are attributes of "
"a class instance are not converted to bound methods; this *only* happens "
"when the function is an attribute of the class."
msgstr ""
msgid "Generator functions"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A function or method which uses the :keyword:`yield` statement (see section :"
"ref:`yield`) is called a :dfn:`generator function`. Such a function, when "
"called, always returns an :term:`iterator` object which can be used to "
"execute the body of the function: calling the iterator's :meth:`iterator."
"__next__` method will cause the function to execute until it provides a "
"value using the :keyword:`!yield` statement. When the function executes a :"
"keyword:`return` statement or falls off the end, a :exc:`StopIteration` "
"exception is raised and the iterator will have reached the end of the set of "
"values to be returned."
msgstr ""
msgid "Coroutine functions"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A function or method which is defined using :keyword:`async def` is called "
"a :dfn:`coroutine function`. Such a function, when called, returns a :term:"
"`coroutine` object. It may contain :keyword:`await` expressions, as well "
"as :keyword:`async with` and :keyword:`async for` statements. See also the :"
"ref:`coroutine-objects` section."
msgstr ""
msgid "Asynchronous generator functions"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A function or method which is defined using :keyword:`async def` and which "
"uses the :keyword:`yield` statement is called a :dfn:`asynchronous generator "
"function`. Such a function, when called, returns an :term:`asynchronous "
"iterator` object which can be used in an :keyword:`async for` statement to "
"execute the body of the function."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Calling the asynchronous iterator's :meth:`aiterator.__anext__ <object."
"__anext__>` method will return an :term:`awaitable` which when awaited will "
"execute until it provides a value using the :keyword:`yield` expression. "
"When the function executes an empty :keyword:`return` statement or falls off "
"the end, a :exc:`StopAsyncIteration` exception is raised and the "
"asynchronous iterator will have reached the end of the set of values to be "
"yielded."
msgstr ""
msgid "Built-in functions"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function. Examples of "
"built-in functions are :func:`len` and :func:`math.sin` (:mod:`math` is a "
"standard built-in module). The number and type of the arguments are "
"determined by the C function. Special read-only attributes:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":attr:`!__doc__` is the function's documentation string, or ``None`` if "
"unavailable. See :attr:`function.__doc__`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":attr:`!__name__` is the function's name. See :attr:`function.__name__`."
msgstr ""
msgid ":attr:`!__self__` is set to ``None`` (but see the next item)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":attr:`!__module__` is the name of the module the function was defined in or "
"``None`` if unavailable. See :attr:`function.__module__`."
msgstr ""
msgid "Built-in methods"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this time "
"containing an object passed to the C function as an implicit extra "
"argument. An example of a built-in method is ``alist.append()``, assuming "
"*alist* is a list object. In this case, the special read-only attribute :"
"attr:`!__self__` is set to the object denoted by *alist*. (The attribute has "
"the same semantics as it does with :attr:`other instance methods <method."
"__self__>`.)"
msgstr ""
msgid "Classes"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Classes are callable. These objects normally act as factories for new "
"instances of themselves, but variations are possible for class types that "
"override :meth:`~object.__new__`. The arguments of the call are passed to :"
"meth:`!__new__` and, in the typical case, to :meth:`~object.__init__` to "
"initialize the new instance."
msgstr ""
msgid "Class Instances"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Instances of arbitrary classes can be made callable by defining a :meth:"
"`~object.__call__` method in their class."
msgstr ""
msgid "Modules"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Modules are a basic organizational unit of Python code, and are created by "
"the :ref:`import system <importsystem>` as invoked either by the :keyword:"
"`import` statement, or by calling functions such as :func:`importlib."
"import_module` and built-in :func:`__import__`. A module object has a "
"namespace implemented by a :class:`dictionary <dict>` object (this is the "
"dictionary referenced by the :attr:`~function.__globals__` attribute of "
"functions defined in the module). Attribute references are translated to "
"lookups in this dictionary, e.g., ``m.x`` is equivalent to ``m."
"__dict__[\"x\"]``. A module object does not contain the code object used to "
"initialize the module (since it isn't needed once the initialization is "
"done)."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Attribute assignment updates the module's namespace dictionary, e.g., ``m.x "
"= 1`` is equivalent to ``m.__dict__[\"x\"] = 1``."
msgstr ""
msgid "Import-related attributes on module objects"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Module objects have the following attributes that relate to the :ref:`import "
"system <importsystem>`. When a module is created using the machinery "
"associated with the import system, these attributes are filled in based on "
"the module's :term:`spec <module spec>`, before the :term:`loader` executes "
"and loads the module."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"To create a module dynamically rather than using the import system, it's "
"recommended to use :func:`importlib.util.module_from_spec`, which will set "
"the various import-controlled attributes to appropriate values. It's also "
"possible to use the :class:`types.ModuleType` constructor to create modules "
"directly, but this technique is more error-prone, as most attributes must be "
"manually set on the module object after it has been created when using this "
"approach."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"With the exception of :attr:`~module.__name__`, it is **strongly** "
"recommended that you rely on :attr:`~module.__spec__` and its attributes "
"instead of any of the other individual attributes listed in this subsection. "
"Note that updating an attribute on :attr:`!__spec__` will not update the "
"corresponding attribute on the module itself:"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
">>> import typing\n"
">>> typing.__name__, typing.__spec__.name\n"
"('typing', 'typing')\n"
">>> typing.__spec__.name = 'spelling'\n"
">>> typing.__name__, typing.__spec__.name\n"
"('typing', 'spelling')\n"
">>> typing.__name__ = 'keyboard_smashing'\n"
">>> typing.__name__, typing.__spec__.name\n"
"('keyboard_smashing', 'spelling')"
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The name used to uniquely identify the module in the import system. For a "
"directly executed module, this will be set to ``\"__main__\"``."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This attribute must be set to the fully qualified name of the module. It is "
"expected to match the value of :attr:`module.__spec__.name <importlib."
"machinery.ModuleSpec.name>`."
msgstr ""
msgid "A record of the module's import-system-related state."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Set to the :class:`module spec <importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec>` that was "
"used when importing the module. See :ref:`module-specs` for more details."
msgstr ""
msgid "The :term:`package` a module belongs to."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"If the module is top-level (that is, not a part of any specific package) "
"then the attribute should be set to ``''`` (the empty string). Otherwise, it "
"should be set to the name of the module's package (which can be equal to :"
"attr:`module.__name__` if the module itself is a package). See :pep:`366` "
"for further details."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This attribute is used instead of :attr:`~module.__name__` to calculate "
"explicit relative imports for main modules. It defaults to ``None`` for "
"modules created dynamically using the :class:`types.ModuleType` constructor; "
"use :func:`importlib.util.module_from_spec` instead to ensure the attribute "
"is set to a :class:`str`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"It is **strongly** recommended that you use :attr:`module.__spec__.parent "
"<importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent>` instead of :attr:`!module."
"__package__`. :attr:`__package__` is now only used as a fallback if :attr:`!"
"__spec__.parent` is not set, and this fallback path is deprecated."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"This attribute now defaults to ``None`` for modules created dynamically "
"using the :class:`types.ModuleType` constructor. Previously the attribute "
"was optional."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"The value of :attr:`!__package__` is expected to be the same as :attr:"
"`__spec__.parent <importlib.machinery.ModuleSpec.parent>`. :attr:"
"`__package__` is now only used as a fallback during import resolution if :"
"attr:`!__spec__.parent` is not defined."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":exc:`ImportWarning` is raised if an import resolution falls back to :attr:`!"
"__package__` instead of :attr:`__spec__.parent <importlib.machinery."
"ModuleSpec.parent>`."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
"Raise :exc:`DeprecationWarning` instead of :exc:`ImportWarning` when falling "
"back to :attr:`!__package__` during import resolution."
msgstr ""
msgid ""
":attr:`!__package__` will cease to be set or taken into consideration by the "
"import system or standard library."
msgstr ""
msgid ""