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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001 Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Danial Behzadi <dani.behzi@ubuntu.com>, 2025
# Alireza Shabani (Revisto) <theRevisto@gmail.com>, 2025
# Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.14\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2026-07-25 12:59+0330\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-28 01:03+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Rafael Fontenelle <rffontenelle@gmail.com>, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Persian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/"
"fa/)\n"
"Language: fa\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:2
msgid ":mod:`!ctypes` --- A foreign function library for Python"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:9
msgid "**Source code:** :source:`Lib/ctypes`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:13
msgid ""
":mod:`!ctypes` is a foreign function library for Python. It provides C "
"compatible data types, and allows calling functions in DLLs or shared "
"libraries. It can be used to wrap these libraries in pure Python."
msgstr ""
#: ../../includes/optional-module.rst:1
msgid ""
"This is an :term:`optional module`. If it is missing from your copy of "
"CPython, look for documentation from your distributor (that is, whoever "
"provided Python to you). If you are the distributor, see :ref:`optional-"
"module-requirements`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:21
msgid ""
":mod:`!ctypes` provides low-level access to native libraries and the "
"process's memory, bypassing Python's safety mechanisms and allowing "
"execution of arbitrary native code. Incorrect use can corrupt data and "
"objects, reveal sensitive information, cause crashes, or otherwise "
"compromise the running process."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:31
msgid "ctypes tutorial"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:33
msgid ""
"Note: Some code samples reference the ctypes :class:`c_int` type. On "
"platforms where ``sizeof(long) == sizeof(int)`` it is an alias "
"to :class:`c_long`. So, you should not be confused if :class:`c_long` is "
"printed if you would expect :class:`c_int` --- they are actually the same "
"type."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:41
msgid "Loading dynamic link libraries"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:43
msgid ""
":mod:`!ctypes` exports the :py:data:`~ctypes.cdll`, and on "
"Windows :py:data:`~ctypes.windll` and :py:data:`~ctypes.oledll` objects, for "
"loading dynamic link libraries."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:47
msgid ""
"You load libraries by accessing them as attributes of these "
"objects. :py:data:`!cdll` loads libraries which export functions using the "
"standard ``cdecl`` calling convention, while :py:data:`!windll` libraries "
"call functions using the ``stdcall`` calling convention. :py:data:`~oledll` "
"also uses the ``stdcall`` calling convention, and assumes the functions "
"return a Windows :c:type:`!HRESULT` error code. The error code is used to "
"automatically raise an :class:`OSError` exception when the function call "
"fails."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:57
msgid ""
"Windows errors used to raise :exc:`WindowsError`, which is now an alias "
"of :exc:`OSError`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:62
msgid ""
"Here are some examples for Windows. Note that ``msvcrt`` is the MS standard "
"C library containing most standard C functions, and uses the ``cdecl`` "
"calling convention::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:66
msgid ""
">>> from ctypes import *\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32)\n"
"<WinDLL 'kernel32', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> print(cdll.msvcrt)\n"
"<CDLL 'msvcrt', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> libc = cdll.msvcrt\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:74
msgid "Windows appends the usual ``.dll`` file suffix automatically."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:77
msgid ""
"Accessing the standard C library through ``cdll.msvcrt`` will use an "
"outdated version of the library that may be incompatible with the one being "
"used by Python. Where possible, use native Python functionality, or else "
"import and use the ``msvcrt`` module."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:82
msgid ""
"Other systems require the filename *including* the extension to load a "
"library, so attribute access can not be used to load libraries. Either "
"the :meth:`~LibraryLoader.LoadLibrary` method of the dll loaders should be "
"used, or you should load the library by creating an instance "
"of :py:class:`CDLL` by calling the constructor."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:88
msgid "For example, on Linux::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:90
msgid ""
">>> cdll.LoadLibrary(\"libc.so.6\")\n"
"<CDLL 'libc.so.6', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> libc = CDLL(\"libc.so.6\")\n"
">>> libc\n"
"<CDLL 'libc.so.6', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:97
msgid "On macOS::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:99
msgid ""
">>> cdll.LoadLibrary(\"libc.dylib\")\n"
"<CDLL 'libc.dylib', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> libc = CDLL(\"libc.dylib\")\n"
">>> libc\n"
"<CDLL 'libc.dylib', handle ... at ...>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:110
msgid "Accessing functions from loaded dlls"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:112
msgid "Functions are accessed as attributes of dll objects::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:114
msgid ""
">>> libc.printf\n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA)\n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32.MyOwnFunction)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" File \"ctypes.py\", line 239, in __getattr__\n"
" func = _StdcallFuncPtr(name, self)\n"
"AttributeError: function 'MyOwnFunction' not found\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:126
msgid ""
"Note that win32 system dlls like ``kernel32`` and ``user32`` often export "
"ANSI as well as UNICODE versions of a function. The UNICODE version is "
"exported with a ``W`` appended to the name, while the ANSI version is "
"exported with an ``A`` appended to the name. The win32 ``GetModuleHandle`` "
"function, which returns a *module handle* for a given module name, has the "
"following C prototype, and a macro is used to expose one of them as "
"``GetModuleHandle`` depending on whether UNICODE is defined or not::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:134
msgid ""
"/* ANSI version */\n"
"HMODULE GetModuleHandleA(LPCSTR lpModuleName);\n"
"/* UNICODE version */\n"
"HMODULE GetModuleHandleW(LPCWSTR lpModuleName);"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:139
msgid ""
"*windll* does not try to select one of them by magic, you must access the "
"version you need by specifying ``GetModuleHandleA`` or ``GetModuleHandleW`` "
"explicitly, and then call it with bytes or string objects respectively."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:143
msgid ""
"Sometimes, dlls export functions with names which aren't valid Python "
"identifiers, like ``\"??2@YAPAXI@Z\"``. In this case you have to "
"use :func:`getattr` to retrieve the function::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:147
msgid ""
">>> getattr(cdll.msvcrt, \"??2@YAPAXI@Z\")\n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:151
msgid ""
"On Windows, some dlls export functions not by name but by ordinal. These "
"functions can be accessed by indexing the dll object with the ordinal "
"number::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:154
msgid ""
">>> cdll.kernel32[1]\n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> cdll.kernel32[0]\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" File \"ctypes.py\", line 310, in __getitem__\n"
" func = _StdcallFuncPtr(name, self)\n"
"AttributeError: function ordinal 0 not found\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:168
msgid "Calling functions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:170
msgid ""
"You can call these functions like any other Python callable. This example "
"uses the ``rand()`` function, which takes no arguments and returns a pseudo-"
"random integer::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:173
msgid ""
">>> print(libc.rand())\n"
"1804289383"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:176
msgid ""
"On Windows, you can call the ``GetModuleHandleA()`` function, which returns "
"a win32 module handle (passing ``None`` as single argument to call it with a "
"``NULL`` pointer)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:179
msgid ""
">>> print(hex(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None)))\n"
"0x1d000000\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:183
msgid ""
":exc:`ValueError` is raised when you call an ``stdcall`` function with the "
"``cdecl`` calling convention, or vice versa::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:186
msgid ""
">>> cdll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments (4 bytes "
"missing)\n"
">>>\n"
"\n"
">>> windll.msvcrt.printf(b\"spam\")\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (4 bytes in "
"excess)\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:198
msgid ""
"To find out the correct calling convention you have to look into the C "
"header file or the documentation for the function you want to call."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:201
msgid ""
"On Windows, :mod:`!ctypes` uses win32 structured exception handling to "
"prevent crashes from general protection faults when functions are called "
"with invalid argument values::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:205
msgid ""
">>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(32)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"OSError: exception: access violation reading 0x00000020\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:211
msgid ""
"The :mod:`faulthandler` module can help debug crashes, such as segmentation "
"faults produced by erroneous C library calls."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:214
msgid ""
"``None``, integers, bytes objects and (unicode) strings are the only native "
"Python objects that can directly be used as parameters in these function "
"calls. ``None`` is passed as a C ``NULL`` pointer, bytes objects and strings "
"are passed as pointer to the memory block that contains their data "
"(:c:expr:`char *` or :c:expr:`wchar_t *`). Python integers are passed as "
"the platform's default C :c:expr:`int` type, their value is masked to fit "
"into the C type."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:221
msgid ""
"Before we move on calling functions with other parameter types, we have to "
"learn more about :mod:`!ctypes` data types."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:228 ../../library/ctypes.rst:2542
msgid "Fundamental data types"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:230
msgid ":mod:`!ctypes` defines a number of primitive C compatible data types:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:235 ../../library/ctypes.rst:374
msgid "ctypes type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:236 ../../library/ctypes.rst:375
msgid "C type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:237 ../../library/ctypes.rst:376
msgid "Python type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:238 ../../library/ctypes.rst:377
msgid ":py:attr:`~_SimpleCData._type_`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:239
msgid ":class:`c_bool`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:240
msgid ":c:expr:`_Bool`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:241 ../../library/ctypes.rst:365
msgid ":py:class:`bool`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:242
msgid "``'?'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:243
msgid ":class:`c_char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:244 ../../library/ctypes.rst:252
msgid ":c:expr:`char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:245
msgid "1-character :py:class:`bytes`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:246
msgid "``'c'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:247
msgid ":class:`c_wchar`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:248
msgid ":c:type:`wchar_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:249
msgid "1-character :py:class:`str`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:250
msgid "``'u'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:251
msgid ":class:`c_byte`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:253 ../../library/ctypes.rst:257
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:261 ../../library/ctypes.rst:265
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:269 ../../library/ctypes.rst:273
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:277 ../../library/ctypes.rst:281
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:285 ../../library/ctypes.rst:289
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:293 ../../library/ctypes.rst:297
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:301 ../../library/ctypes.rst:305
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:309 ../../library/ctypes.rst:313
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:317 ../../library/ctypes.rst:321
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:325 ../../library/ctypes.rst:329
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:333
msgid ":py:class:`int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:254
msgid "``'b'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:255
msgid ":class:`c_ubyte`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:256
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:258
msgid "``'B'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid ":class:`c_short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:260
msgid ":c:expr:`short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:262
msgid "``'h'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid ":class:`c_ushort`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:264
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:266
msgid "``'H'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:267
msgid ":class:`c_int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:268
msgid ":c:expr:`int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:270
msgid "``'i'`` \\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:271
msgid ":class:`c_int8`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:272
msgid ":c:type:`int8_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:274 ../../library/ctypes.rst:278
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:282 ../../library/ctypes.rst:286
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:294 ../../library/ctypes.rst:298
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:302 ../../library/ctypes.rst:306
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:326 ../../library/ctypes.rst:330
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:334
msgid "\\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:275
msgid ":class:`c_int16`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:276
msgid ":c:type:`int16_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:279
msgid ":class:`c_int32`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:280
msgid ":c:type:`int32_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:283
msgid ":class:`c_int64`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:284
msgid ":c:type:`int64_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:287
msgid ":class:`c_uint`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:288
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:290
msgid "``'I'`` \\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:291
msgid ":class:`c_uint8`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:292
msgid ":c:type:`uint8_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:295
msgid ":class:`c_uint16`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:296
msgid ":c:type:`uint16_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:299
msgid ":class:`c_uint32`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:300
msgid ":c:type:`uint32_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:303
msgid ":class:`c_uint64`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:304
msgid ":c:type:`uint64_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:307
msgid ":class:`c_long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:308
msgid ":c:expr:`long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:310
msgid "``'l'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:311
msgid ":class:`c_ulong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:312
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:314
msgid "``'L'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:315
msgid ":class:`c_longlong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:316
msgid ":c:expr:`long long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:318
msgid "``'q'`` \\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:319
msgid ":class:`c_ulonglong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:320
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned long long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:322
msgid "``'Q'`` \\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:323
msgid ":class:`c_size_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:324
msgid ":c:type:`size_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:327
msgid ":class:`c_ssize_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:328
msgid ":c:type:`Py_ssize_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:331
msgid ":class:`c_time_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:332
msgid ":c:type:`time_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:335
msgid ":class:`c_float`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:336
msgid ":c:expr:`float`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:337 ../../library/ctypes.rst:341
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:345
msgid ":py:class:`float`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:338
msgid "``'f'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:339
msgid ":class:`c_double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:340
msgid ":c:expr:`double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:342
msgid "``'d'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:343
msgid ":class:`c_longdouble`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:344
msgid ":c:expr:`long double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:346
msgid "``'g'`` \\*"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:347
msgid ":class:`c_char_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:348
msgid ":c:expr:`char *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:349
msgid ":py:class:`bytes` or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:350
msgid "``'z'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:351
msgid ":class:`c_wchar_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:352
msgid ":c:expr:`wchar_t *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:353
msgid ":py:class:`str` or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:354
msgid "``'Z'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:355
msgid ":class:`c_void_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:356
msgid ":c:expr:`void *`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:357
msgid ":py:class:`int` or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:358
msgid "``'P'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:359
msgid ":class:`py_object`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:360
msgid ":c:expr:`PyObject *`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:361
msgid ":py:class:`object`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:362
msgid "``'O'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:363
msgid ":ref:`VARIANT_BOOL <ctypes-wintypes>`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:364
msgid ":c:expr:`short int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:366
msgid "``'v'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:368
msgid ""
"Additionally, if IEC 60559 compatible complex arithmetic (Annex G) is "
"supported in both C and ``libffi``, the following complex types are "
"available:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:378
msgid ":class:`c_float_complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:379
msgid ":c:expr:`float complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:380 ../../library/ctypes.rst:384
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:388
msgid ":py:class:`complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:381
msgid "``'F'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:382
msgid ":class:`c_double_complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:383
msgid ":c:expr:`double complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:385
msgid "``'D'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:386
msgid ":class:`c_longdouble_complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:387
msgid ":c:expr:`long double complex`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:389
msgid "``'G'``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:392
msgid ""
"All these types can be created by calling them with an optional initializer "
"of the correct type and value::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:395
msgid ""
">>> c_int()\n"
"c_long(0)\n"
">>> c_wchar_p(\"Hello, World\")\n"
"c_wchar_p(140018365411392)\n"
">>> c_ushort(-3)\n"
"c_ushort(65533)\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:403
msgid ""
"The constructors for numeric types will convert input "
"using :py:meth:`~object.__bool__`, :py:meth:`~object.__index__` (for "
"``int``), :py:meth:`~object.__float__` or :py:meth:`~object.__complex__`. "
"This means :py:class:`~ctypes.c_bool` accepts any object with a truth value::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:409
msgid ""
">>> empty_list = []\n"
">>> c_bool(empty_list)\n"
"c_bool(False)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:413
msgid ""
"Since these types are mutable, their value can also be changed afterwards::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:415
msgid ""
">>> i = c_int(42)\n"
">>> print(i)\n"
"c_long(42)\n"
">>> print(i.value)\n"
"42\n"
">>> i.value = -99\n"
">>> print(i.value)\n"
"-99\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:425
msgid ""
"Assigning a new value to instances of the pointer "
"types :class:`c_char_p`, :class:`c_wchar_p`, and :class:`c_void_p` changes "
"the *memory location* they point to, *not the contents* of the memory block "
"(of course not, because Python string objects are immutable)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:430
msgid ""
">>> s = \"Hello, World\"\n"
">>> c_s = c_wchar_p(s)\n"
">>> print(c_s)\n"
"c_wchar_p(139966785747344)\n"
">>> print(c_s.value)\n"
"Hello World\n"
">>> c_s.value = \"Hi, there\"\n"
">>> print(c_s) # the memory location has changed\n"
"c_wchar_p(139966783348904)\n"
">>> print(c_s.value)\n"
"Hi, there\n"
">>> print(s) # first object is unchanged\n"
"Hello, World\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:445
msgid ""
"You should be careful, however, not to pass them to functions expecting "
"pointers to mutable memory. If you need mutable memory blocks, ctypes has "
"a :func:`create_string_buffer` function which creates these in various "
"ways. The current memory block contents can be accessed (or changed) with "
"the ``raw`` property; if you want to access it as NUL terminated string, use "
"the ``value`` property::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:452
msgid ""
">>> from ctypes import *\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(3) # create a 3 byte buffer, "
"initialized to NUL bytes\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"3 b'\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(b\"Hello\") # create a buffer containing a "
"NUL terminated string\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"6 b'Hello\\x00'\n"
">>> print(repr(p.value))\n"
"b'Hello'\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(b\"Hello\", 10) # create a 10 byte buffer\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"10 b'Hello\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>> p.value = b\"Hi\"\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"10 b'Hi\\x00lo\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:469
msgid ""
"The :func:`create_string_buffer` function replaces the old :func:`!c_buffer` "
"function (which is still available as an alias). To create a mutable memory "
"block containing unicode characters of the C type :c:type:`wchar_t`, use "
"the :func:`create_unicode_buffer` function."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:478
msgid "Calling functions, continued"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:480
msgid ""
"Note that printf prints to the real standard output channel, *not* "
"to :data:`sys.stdout`, so these examples will only work at the console "
"prompt, not from within *IDLE* or *PythonWin*::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:484
msgid ""
">>> printf = libc.printf\n"
">>> printf(b\"Hello, %s\\n\", b\"World!\")\n"
"Hello, World!\n"
"14\n"
">>> printf(b\"Hello, %S\\n\", \"World!\")\n"
"Hello, World!\n"
"14\n"
">>> printf(b\"%d bottles of beer\\n\", 42)\n"
"42 bottles of beer\n"
"19\n"
">>> printf(b\"%f bottles of beer\\n\", 42.5)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ctypes.ArgumentError: argument 2: TypeError: Don't know how to convert "
"parameter 2\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:500
msgid ""
"As has been mentioned before, all Python types except integers, strings, and "
"bytes objects have to be wrapped in their corresponding :mod:`!ctypes` type, "
"so that they can be converted to the required C data type::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:504
msgid ""
">>> printf(b\"An int %d, a double %f\\n\", 1234, c_double(3.14))\n"
"An int 1234, a double 3.140000\n"
"31\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:512
msgid "Calling variadic functions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:514
msgid ""
"On a lot of platforms calling variadic functions through ctypes is exactly "
"the same as calling functions with a fixed number of parameters. On some "
"platforms, and in particular ARM64 for Apple Platforms, the calling "
"convention for variadic functions is different than that for regular "
"functions."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:519
msgid ""
"On those platforms it is required to specify the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` "
"attribute for the regular, non-variadic, function arguments:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:522
msgid "libc.printf.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:526
msgid ""
"Because specifying the attribute does not inhibit portability it is advised "