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# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE.
# Copyright (C) 2001-2025, Python Software Foundation
# This file is distributed under the same license as the Python package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
# Translators:
# Alireza Shabani (Revisto) <theRevisto@gmail.com>, 2025
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: Python 3.13\n"
"Report-Msgid-Bugs-To: \n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2025-02-14 14:17+0000\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: 2021-06-28 01:03+0000\n"
"Last-Translator: Alireza Shabani (Revisto) <theRevisto@gmail.com>, 2025\n"
"Language-Team: Persian (https://app.transifex.com/python-doc/teams/5390/fa/)\n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
"Language: fa\n"
"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:2
msgid ":mod:`!ctypes` --- A foreign function library for Python"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:9
msgid "**Source code:** :source:`Lib/ctypes`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:13
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` is a foreign function library for Python. It provides C "
"compatible data types, and allows calling functions in DLLs or shared "
"libraries. It can be used to wrap these libraries in pure Python."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:21
msgid "ctypes tutorial"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:23
msgid ""
"Note: The code samples in this tutorial use :mod:`doctest` to make sure that"
" they actually work. Since some code samples behave differently under "
"Linux, Windows, or macOS, they contain doctest directives in comments."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:27
msgid ""
"Note: Some code samples reference the ctypes :class:`c_int` type. On "
"platforms where ``sizeof(long) == sizeof(int)`` it is an alias to "
":class:`c_long`. So, you should not be confused if :class:`c_long` is "
"printed if you would expect :class:`c_int` --- they are actually the same "
"type."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:35
msgid "Loading dynamic link libraries"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:37
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` exports the *cdll*, and on Windows *windll* and *oledll* "
"objects, for loading dynamic link libraries."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:40
msgid ""
"You load libraries by accessing them as attributes of these objects. *cdll* "
"loads libraries which export functions using the standard ``cdecl`` calling "
"convention, while *windll* libraries call functions using the ``stdcall`` "
"calling convention. *oledll* also uses the ``stdcall`` calling convention, "
"and assumes the functions return a Windows :c:type:`!HRESULT` error code. "
"The error code is used to automatically raise an :class:`OSError` exception "
"when the function call fails."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:48
msgid ""
"Windows errors used to raise :exc:`WindowsError`, which is now an alias of "
":exc:`OSError`."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:53
msgid ""
"Here are some examples for Windows. Note that ``msvcrt`` is the MS standard "
"C library containing most standard C functions, and uses the ``cdecl`` "
"calling convention::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:57
msgid ""
">>> from ctypes import *\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32) \n"
"<WinDLL 'kernel32', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> print(cdll.msvcrt) \n"
"<CDLL 'msvcrt', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> libc = cdll.msvcrt \n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:65
msgid "Windows appends the usual ``.dll`` file suffix automatically."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:68
msgid ""
"Accessing the standard C library through ``cdll.msvcrt`` will use an "
"outdated version of the library that may be incompatible with the one being "
"used by Python. Where possible, use native Python functionality, or else "
"import and use the ``msvcrt`` module."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:73
msgid ""
"On Linux, it is required to specify the filename *including* the extension "
"to load a library, so attribute access can not be used to load libraries. "
"Either the :meth:`~LibraryLoader.LoadLibrary` method of the dll loaders "
"should be used, or you should load the library by creating an instance of "
"CDLL by calling the constructor::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:79
msgid ""
">>> cdll.LoadLibrary(\"libc.so.6\") \n"
"<CDLL 'libc.so.6', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>> libc = CDLL(\"libc.so.6\") \n"
">>> libc \n"
"<CDLL 'libc.so.6', handle ... at ...>\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:92
msgid "Accessing functions from loaded dlls"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:94
msgid "Functions are accessed as attributes of dll objects::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:96
msgid ""
">>> libc.printf\n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA) \n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> print(windll.kernel32.MyOwnFunction) \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" File \"ctypes.py\", line 239, in __getattr__\n"
" func = _StdcallFuncPtr(name, self)\n"
"AttributeError: function 'MyOwnFunction' not found\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:108
msgid ""
"Note that win32 system dlls like ``kernel32`` and ``user32`` often export "
"ANSI as well as UNICODE versions of a function. The UNICODE version is "
"exported with a ``W`` appended to the name, while the ANSI version is "
"exported with an ``A`` appended to the name. The win32 ``GetModuleHandle`` "
"function, which returns a *module handle* for a given module name, has the "
"following C prototype, and a macro is used to expose one of them as "
"``GetModuleHandle`` depending on whether UNICODE is defined or not::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:116
msgid ""
"/* ANSI version */\n"
"HMODULE GetModuleHandleA(LPCSTR lpModuleName);\n"
"/* UNICODE version */\n"
"HMODULE GetModuleHandleW(LPCWSTR lpModuleName);"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:121
msgid ""
"*windll* does not try to select one of them by magic, you must access the "
"version you need by specifying ``GetModuleHandleA`` or ``GetModuleHandleW`` "
"explicitly, and then call it with bytes or string objects respectively."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:125
msgid ""
"Sometimes, dlls export functions with names which aren't valid Python "
"identifiers, like ``\"??2@YAPAXI@Z\"``. In this case you have to use "
":func:`getattr` to retrieve the function::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:129
msgid ""
">>> getattr(cdll.msvcrt, \"??2@YAPAXI@Z\") \n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:133
msgid ""
"On Windows, some dlls export functions not by name but by ordinal. These "
"functions can be accessed by indexing the dll object with the ordinal "
"number::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:136
msgid ""
">>> cdll.kernel32[1] \n"
"<_FuncPtr object at 0x...>\n"
">>> cdll.kernel32[0] \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" File \"ctypes.py\", line 310, in __getitem__\n"
" func = _StdcallFuncPtr(name, self)\n"
"AttributeError: function ordinal 0 not found\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:150
msgid "Calling functions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:152
msgid ""
"You can call these functions like any other Python callable. This example "
"uses the ``rand()`` function, which takes no arguments and returns a pseudo-"
"random integer::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:155
msgid ""
">>> print(libc.rand()) \n"
"1804289383"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:158
msgid ""
"On Windows, you can call the ``GetModuleHandleA()`` function, which returns "
"a win32 module handle (passing ``None`` as single argument to call it with a"
" ``NULL`` pointer)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:161
msgid ""
">>> print(hex(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))) \n"
"0x1d000000\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:165
msgid ""
":exc:`ValueError` is raised when you call an ``stdcall`` function with the "
"``cdecl`` calling convention, or vice versa::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:168
msgid ""
">>> cdll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None) \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments (4 bytes missing)\n"
">>>\n"
"\n"
">>> windll.msvcrt.printf(b\"spam\") \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (4 bytes in excess)\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:180
msgid ""
"To find out the correct calling convention you have to look into the C "
"header file or the documentation for the function you want to call."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:183
msgid ""
"On Windows, :mod:`ctypes` uses win32 structured exception handling to "
"prevent crashes from general protection faults when functions are called "
"with invalid argument values::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:187
msgid ""
">>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(32) \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"OSError: exception: access violation reading 0x00000020\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:193
msgid ""
"There are, however, enough ways to crash Python with :mod:`ctypes`, so you "
"should be careful anyway. The :mod:`faulthandler` module can be helpful in "
"debugging crashes (e.g. from segmentation faults produced by erroneous C "
"library calls)."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:198
msgid ""
"``None``, integers, bytes objects and (unicode) strings are the only native "
"Python objects that can directly be used as parameters in these function "
"calls. ``None`` is passed as a C ``NULL`` pointer, bytes objects and strings"
" are passed as pointer to the memory block that contains their data "
"(:c:expr:`char *` or :c:expr:`wchar_t *`). Python integers are passed as "
"the platform's default C :c:expr:`int` type, their value is masked to fit "
"into the C type."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:205
msgid ""
"Before we move on calling functions with other parameter types, we have to "
"learn more about :mod:`ctypes` data types."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:212 ../../library/ctypes.rst:2242
msgid "Fundamental data types"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:214
msgid ":mod:`ctypes` defines a number of primitive C compatible data types:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:217
msgid "ctypes type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:217
msgid "C type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:217
msgid "Python type"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:219
msgid ":class:`c_bool`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:219
msgid ":c:expr:`_Bool`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:219
msgid "bool (1)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:221
msgid ":class:`c_char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:221 ../../library/ctypes.rst:225
msgid ":c:expr:`char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:221
msgid "1-character bytes object"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid ":class:`c_wchar`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid ":c:type:`wchar_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:223
msgid "1-character string"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:225
msgid ":class:`c_byte`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:225 ../../library/ctypes.rst:227
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:229 ../../library/ctypes.rst:231
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:233 ../../library/ctypes.rst:235
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:237 ../../library/ctypes.rst:239
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:241 ../../library/ctypes.rst:243
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:246 ../../library/ctypes.rst:248
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:251
msgid "int"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:227
msgid ":class:`c_ubyte`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:227
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned char`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:229
msgid ":class:`c_short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:229
msgid ":c:expr:`short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:231
msgid ":class:`c_ushort`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:231
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned short`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:233
msgid ":class:`c_int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:233
msgid ":c:expr:`int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:235
msgid ":class:`c_uint`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:235
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned int`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:237
msgid ":class:`c_long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:237
msgid ":c:expr:`long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:239
msgid ":class:`c_ulong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:239
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:241
msgid ":class:`c_longlong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:241
msgid ":c:expr:`__int64` or :c:expr:`long long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:243
msgid ":class:`c_ulonglong`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:243
msgid ":c:expr:`unsigned __int64` or :c:expr:`unsigned long long`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:246
msgid ":class:`c_size_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:246
msgid ":c:type:`size_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:248
msgid ":class:`c_ssize_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:248
msgid ":c:type:`ssize_t` or :c:expr:`Py_ssize_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:251
msgid ":class:`c_time_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:251
msgid ":c:type:`time_t`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:253
msgid ":class:`c_float`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:253
msgid ":c:expr:`float`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:253 ../../library/ctypes.rst:255
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:257
msgid "float"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:255
msgid ":class:`c_double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:255
msgid ":c:expr:`double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:257
msgid ":class:`c_longdouble`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:257
msgid ":c:expr:`long double`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid ":class:`c_char_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid ":c:expr:`char *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:259
msgid "bytes object or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid ":class:`c_wchar_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid ":c:expr:`wchar_t *` (NUL terminated)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:261
msgid "string or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid ":class:`c_void_p`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid ":c:expr:`void *`"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:263
msgid "int or ``None``"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:267
msgid "The constructor accepts any object with a truth value."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:269
msgid ""
"All these types can be created by calling them with an optional initializer "
"of the correct type and value::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:272
msgid ""
">>> c_int()\n"
"c_long(0)\n"
">>> c_wchar_p(\"Hello, World\")\n"
"c_wchar_p(140018365411392)\n"
">>> c_ushort(-3)\n"
"c_ushort(65533)\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:280
msgid ""
"Since these types are mutable, their value can also be changed afterwards::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:282
msgid ""
">>> i = c_int(42)\n"
">>> print(i)\n"
"c_long(42)\n"
">>> print(i.value)\n"
"42\n"
">>> i.value = -99\n"
">>> print(i.value)\n"
"-99\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:292
msgid ""
"Assigning a new value to instances of the pointer types :class:`c_char_p`, "
":class:`c_wchar_p`, and :class:`c_void_p` changes the *memory location* they"
" point to, *not the contents* of the memory block (of course not, because "
"Python bytes objects are immutable)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:297
msgid ""
">>> s = \"Hello, World\"\n"
">>> c_s = c_wchar_p(s)\n"
">>> print(c_s)\n"
"c_wchar_p(139966785747344)\n"
">>> print(c_s.value)\n"
"Hello World\n"
">>> c_s.value = \"Hi, there\"\n"
">>> print(c_s) # the memory location has changed\n"
"c_wchar_p(139966783348904)\n"
">>> print(c_s.value)\n"
"Hi, there\n"
">>> print(s) # first object is unchanged\n"
"Hello, World\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:312
msgid ""
"You should be careful, however, not to pass them to functions expecting "
"pointers to mutable memory. If you need mutable memory blocks, ctypes has a "
":func:`create_string_buffer` function which creates these in various ways. "
"The current memory block contents can be accessed (or changed) with the "
"``raw`` property; if you want to access it as NUL terminated string, use the"
" ``value`` property::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:319
msgid ""
">>> from ctypes import *\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(3) # create a 3 byte buffer, initialized to NUL bytes\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"3 b'\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(b\"Hello\") # create a buffer containing a NUL terminated string\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"6 b'Hello\\x00'\n"
">>> print(repr(p.value))\n"
"b'Hello'\n"
">>> p = create_string_buffer(b\"Hello\", 10) # create a 10 byte buffer\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"10 b'Hello\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>> p.value = b\"Hi\"\n"
">>> print(sizeof(p), repr(p.raw))\n"
"10 b'Hi\\x00lo\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00\\x00'\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:336
msgid ""
"The :func:`create_string_buffer` function replaces the old :func:`!c_buffer`"
" function (which is still available as an alias). To create a mutable "
"memory block containing unicode characters of the C type :c:type:`wchar_t`, "
"use the :func:`create_unicode_buffer` function."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:345
msgid "Calling functions, continued"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:347
msgid ""
"Note that printf prints to the real standard output channel, *not* to "
":data:`sys.stdout`, so these examples will only work at the console prompt, "
"not from within *IDLE* or *PythonWin*::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:351
msgid ""
">>> printf = libc.printf\n"
">>> printf(b\"Hello, %s\\n\", b\"World!\")\n"
"Hello, World!\n"
"14\n"
">>> printf(b\"Hello, %S\\n\", \"World!\")\n"
"Hello, World!\n"
"14\n"
">>> printf(b\"%d bottles of beer\\n\", 42)\n"
"42 bottles of beer\n"
"19\n"
">>> printf(b\"%f bottles of beer\\n\", 42.5)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ctypes.ArgumentError: argument 2: TypeError: Don't know how to convert parameter 2\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:367
msgid ""
"As has been mentioned before, all Python types except integers, strings, and"
" bytes objects have to be wrapped in their corresponding :mod:`ctypes` type,"
" so that they can be converted to the required C data type::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:371
msgid ""
">>> printf(b\"An int %d, a double %f\\n\", 1234, c_double(3.14))\n"
"An int 1234, a double 3.140000\n"
"31\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:379
msgid "Calling variadic functions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:381
msgid ""
"On a lot of platforms calling variadic functions through ctypes is exactly "
"the same as calling functions with a fixed number of parameters. On some "
"platforms, and in particular ARM64 for Apple Platforms, the calling "
"convention for variadic functions is different than that for regular "
"functions."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:386
msgid ""
"On those platforms it is required to specify the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes`"
" attribute for the regular, non-variadic, function arguments:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:389
msgid "libc.printf.argtypes = [ctypes.c_char_p]"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:393
msgid ""
"Because specifying the attribute does not inhibit portability it is advised "
"to always specify :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` for all variadic functions."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:400
msgid "Calling functions with your own custom data types"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:402
msgid ""
"You can also customize :mod:`ctypes` argument conversion to allow instances "
"of your own classes be used as function arguments. :mod:`ctypes` looks for "
"an :attr:`!_as_parameter_` attribute and uses this as the function argument."
" The attribute must be an integer, string, bytes, a :mod:`ctypes` instance, "
"or an object with an :attr:`!_as_parameter_` attribute::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:408
msgid ""
">>> class Bottles:\n"
"... def __init__(self, number):\n"
"... self._as_parameter_ = number\n"
"...\n"
">>> bottles = Bottles(42)\n"
">>> printf(b\"%d bottles of beer\\n\", bottles)\n"
"42 bottles of beer\n"
"19\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:418
msgid ""
"If you don't want to store the instance's data in the "
":attr:`!_as_parameter_` instance variable, you could define a "
":class:`property` which makes the attribute available on request."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:426
msgid "Specifying the required argument types (function prototypes)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:428
msgid ""
"It is possible to specify the required argument types of functions exported "
"from DLLs by setting the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` attribute."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:431
msgid ""
":attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` must be a sequence of C data types (the "
":func:`!printf` function is probably not a good example here, because it "
"takes a variable number and different types of parameters depending on the "
"format string, on the other hand this is quite handy to experiment with this"
" feature)::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:436
msgid ""
">>> printf.argtypes = [c_char_p, c_char_p, c_int, c_double]\n"
">>> printf(b\"String '%s', Int %d, Double %f\\n\", b\"Hi\", 10, 2.2)\n"
"String 'Hi', Int 10, Double 2.200000\n"
"37\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:442
msgid ""
"Specifying a format protects against incompatible argument types (just as a "
"prototype for a C function), and tries to convert the arguments to valid "
"types::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:445
msgid ""
">>> printf(b\"%d %d %d\", 1, 2, 3)\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
"ctypes.ArgumentError: argument 2: TypeError: 'int' object cannot be interpreted as ctypes.c_char_p\n"
">>> printf(b\"%s %d %f\\n\", b\"X\", 2, 3)\n"
"X 2 3.000000\n"
"13\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:454
msgid ""
"If you have defined your own classes which you pass to function calls, you "
"have to implement a :meth:`~_CData.from_param` class method for them to be "
"able to use them in the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` sequence. The "
":meth:`~_CData.from_param` class method receives the Python object passed to"
" the function call, it should do a typecheck or whatever is needed to make "
"sure this object is acceptable, and then return the object itself, its "
":attr:`!_as_parameter_` attribute, or whatever you want to pass as the C "
"function argument in this case. Again, the result should be an integer, "
"string, bytes, a :mod:`ctypes` instance, or an object with an "
":attr:`!_as_parameter_` attribute."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:468
msgid "Return types"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:478
msgid ""
"By default functions are assumed to return the C :c:expr:`int` type. Other "
"return types can be specified by setting the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.restype` "
"attribute of the function object."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:482
msgid ""
"The C prototype of :c:func:`time` is ``time_t time(time_t *)``. Because "
":c:type:`time_t` might be of a different type than the default return type "
":c:expr:`int`, you should specify the :attr:`!restype` attribute::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:486
msgid ">>> libc.time.restype = c_time_t"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:488
msgid ""
"The argument types can be specified using :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes`::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:490
msgid ">>> libc.time.argtypes = (POINTER(c_time_t),)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:492
msgid ""
"To call the function with a ``NULL`` pointer as first argument, use "
"``None``::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:494
msgid ""
">>> print(libc.time(None)) \n"
"1150640792"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:497
msgid ""
"Here is a more advanced example, it uses the :func:`!strchr` function, which"
" expects a string pointer and a char, and returns a pointer to a string::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:500
msgid ""
">>> strchr = libc.strchr\n"
">>> strchr(b\"abcdef\", ord(\"d\")) \n"
"8059983\n"
">>> strchr.restype = c_char_p # c_char_p is a pointer to a string\n"
">>> strchr(b\"abcdef\", ord(\"d\"))\n"
"b'def'\n"
">>> print(strchr(b\"abcdef\", ord(\"x\")))\n"
"None\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:510
msgid ""
"If you want to avoid the :func:`ord(\"x\") <ord>` calls above, you can set "
"the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.argtypes` attribute, and the second argument will be "
"converted from a single character Python bytes object into a C char:"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:514
msgid ""
">>> strchr.restype = c_char_p\n"
">>> strchr.argtypes = [c_char_p, c_char]\n"
">>> strchr(b\"abcdef\", b\"d\")\n"
"b'def'\n"
">>> strchr(b\"abcdef\", b\"def\")\n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
"ctypes.ArgumentError: argument 2: TypeError: one character bytes, bytearray or integer expected\n"
">>> print(strchr(b\"abcdef\", b\"x\"))\n"
"None\n"
">>> strchr(b\"abcdef\", b\"d\")\n"
"b'def'\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:529
msgid ""
"You can also use a callable Python object (a function or a class for "
"example) as the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.restype` attribute, if the foreign "
"function returns an integer. The callable will be called with the *integer*"
" the C function returns, and the result of this call will be used as the "
"result of your function call. This is useful to check for error return "
"values and automatically raise an exception::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:535
msgid ""
">>> GetModuleHandle = windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA \n"
">>> def ValidHandle(value):\n"
"... if value == 0:\n"
"... raise WinError()\n"
"... return value\n"
"...\n"
">>>\n"
">>> GetModuleHandle.restype = ValidHandle \n"
">>> GetModuleHandle(None) \n"
"486539264\n"
">>> GetModuleHandle(\"something silly\") \n"
"Traceback (most recent call last):\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 1, in <module>\n"
" File \"<stdin>\", line 3, in ValidHandle\n"
"OSError: [Errno 126] The specified module could not be found.\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:552
msgid ""
"``WinError`` is a function which will call Windows ``FormatMessage()`` api "
"to get the string representation of an error code, and *returns* an "
"exception. ``WinError`` takes an optional error code parameter, if no one is"
" used, it calls :func:`GetLastError` to retrieve it."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:557
msgid ""
"Please note that a much more powerful error checking mechanism is available "
"through the :attr:`~_CFuncPtr.errcheck` attribute; see the reference manual "
"for details."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:565
msgid "Passing pointers (or: passing parameters by reference)"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:567
msgid ""
"Sometimes a C api function expects a *pointer* to a data type as parameter, "
"probably to write into the corresponding location, or if the data is too "
"large to be passed by value. This is also known as *passing parameters by "
"reference*."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:571
msgid ""
":mod:`ctypes` exports the :func:`byref` function which is used to pass "
"parameters by reference. The same effect can be achieved with the "
":func:`pointer` function, although :func:`pointer` does a lot more work "
"since it constructs a real pointer object, so it is faster to use "
":func:`byref` if you don't need the pointer object in Python itself::"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:577
msgid ""
">>> i = c_int()\n"
">>> f = c_float()\n"
">>> s = create_string_buffer(b'\\000' * 32)\n"
">>> print(i.value, f.value, repr(s.value))\n"
"0 0.0 b''\n"
">>> libc.sscanf(b\"1 3.14 Hello\", b\"%d %f %s\",\n"
"... byref(i), byref(f), s)\n"
"3\n"
">>> print(i.value, f.value, repr(s.value))\n"
"1 3.1400001049 b'Hello'\n"
">>>"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:593
msgid "Structures and unions"
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:595
msgid ""
"Structures and unions must derive from the :class:`Structure` and "
":class:`Union` base classes which are defined in the :mod:`ctypes` module. "
"Each subclass must define a :attr:`~Structure._fields_` attribute. "
":attr:`!_fields_` must be a list of *2-tuples*, containing a *field name* "
"and a *field type*."
msgstr ""
#: ../../library/ctypes.rst:600
msgid ""
"The field type must be a :mod:`ctypes` type like :class:`c_int`, or any "