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<!DOCTYPE html>

<head>

<title>10. Full Grammar specification — مستندات Python3.14.6</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">

title="جستجو در مستندات Python3.14.6"

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<h1>10. Full Grammar specification<a class="headerlink" href="#full-grammar-specification" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>

This is the full Python grammar, derived directly from the grammar

used to generate the CPython parser (see <a class="extlink-source reference external" href="https://github.com/python/cpython/tree/3.14/Grammar/python.gram">Grammar/python.gram</a>).

The version here omits details related to code generation and

error recovery.

The notation used here is the same as in the preceding docs,

and is described in the <a class="reference internal" href="introduction.html#notation">notation</a> section,

except for an extra complication:

<ul>

<li><code class="docutils literal notranslate">~</code> ("cut"): commit to the current alternative; fail the rule

if the alternative fails to parse

Python mainly uses cuts for optimizations or improved error

messages. They often appear to be useless in the listing below.

Cuts currently don't appear inside parentheses, brackets, lookaheads

and similar.

Their behavior in these contexts is deliberately left unspecified.

</li>

</ul>

<div class="highlight-peg notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre># PEG grammar for Python

# ========================= START OF THE GRAMMAR =========================

# General grammatical elements and rules:

#

# * Strings with double quotes (") denote SOFT KEYWORDS

# * Strings with single quotes (') denote KEYWORDS

# * Upper case names (NAME) denote tokens in the Grammar/Tokens file

# * Rule names starting with "invalid_" are used for specialized syntax errors

# - These rules are NOT used in the first pass of the parser.

# - Only if the first pass fails to parse, a second pass including the invalid

# rules will be executed.

# - If the parser fails in the second phase with a generic syntax error, the

# location of the generic failure of the first pass will be used (this avoids

# reporting incorrect locations due to the invalid rules).

# - The order of the alternatives involving invalid rules matter

# (like any rule in PEG).

#

# Grammar Syntax (see PEP 617 for more information):

#

# rule_name: expression

# Optionally, a type can be included right after the rule name, which

# specifies the return type of the C or Python function corresponding to the

# rule:

# rule_name[return_type]: expression

# If the return type is omitted, then a void * is returned in C and an Any in

# Python.

# e1 e2

# Match e1, then match e2.

# e1 | e2

# Match e1 or e2.

# The first alternative can also appear on the line after the rule name for

# formatting purposes. In that case, a | must be used before the first

# alternative, like so:

# rule_name[return_type]:

# | first_alt

# | second_alt

# ( e )

# Match e (allows also to use other operators in the group like '(e)*')

# [ e ] or e?

# Optionally match e.

# e*

# Match zero or more occurrences of e.

# e+

# Match one or more occurrences of e.

# s.e+

# Match one or more occurrences of e, separated by s. The generated parse tree

# does not include the separator. This is otherwise identical to (e (s e)*).

# &e

# Succeed if e can be parsed, without consuming any input.

# !e

# Fail if e can be parsed, without consuming any input.

# ~

# Commit to the current alternative, even if it fails to parse.

# &&e

# Eager parse e. The parser will not backtrack and will immediately

# fail with SyntaxError if e cannot be parsed.

#

# STARTING RULES

# ==============

file: [statements] ENDMARKER

interactive: statement_newline

eval: expressions NEWLINE* ENDMARKER

func_type: '(' [type_expressions] ')' '->' expression NEWLINE* ENDMARKER

# GENERAL STATEMENTS

# ==================

statements: statement+

statement:

| compound_stmt

| simple_stmts

single_compound_stmt:

| compound_stmt

statement_newline:

| single_compound_stmt NEWLINE

| simple_stmts

| NEWLINE

| ENDMARKER

simple_stmts:

| simple_stmt !';' NEWLINE # Not needed, there for speedup

| ';'.simple_stmt+ [';'] NEWLINE

# NOTE: assignment MUST precede expression, else parsing a simple assignment

# will throw a SyntaxError.

simple_stmt:

| assignment

| type_alias

| star_expressions

| return_stmt

| import_stmt

| raise_stmt

| pass_stmt

| del_stmt

| yield_stmt

| assert_stmt

| break_stmt

| continue_stmt

| global_stmt

| nonlocal_stmt

compound_stmt:

| function_def

| if_stmt

| class_def

| with_stmt

| for_stmt

| try_stmt

| while_stmt

| match_stmt

# SIMPLE STATEMENTS

# =================

# NOTE: annotated_rhs may start with 'yield'; yield_expr must start with 'yield'

assignment:

| NAME ':' expression ['=' annotated_rhs ]

| ('(' single_target ')'

| single_subscript_attribute_target) ':' expression ['=' annotated_rhs ]

| (star_targets '=' )+ annotated_rhs !'=' [TYPE_COMMENT]

| single_target augassign ~ annotated_rhs

annotated_rhs: yield_expr | star_expressions

augassign:

| '+='

| '-='

| '*='

| '@='

| '/='

| '%='

| '&='

| '|='

| '^='

| '<<='

| '>>='

| '**='

| '//='

return_stmt:

| 'return' [star_expressions]

raise_stmt:

| 'raise' expression ['from' expression ]

| 'raise'

pass_stmt:

| 'pass'

break_stmt:

| 'break'

continue_stmt:

| 'continue'

global_stmt: 'global' ','.NAME+

nonlocal_stmt: 'nonlocal' ','.NAME+

del_stmt:

| 'del' del_targets &(';' | NEWLINE)

yield_stmt: yield_expr

assert_stmt: 'assert' expression [',' expression ]

import_stmt:

| import_name

| import_from

# Import statements

# -----------------

import_name: 'import' dotted_as_names

# note below: the ('.' | '...') is necessary because '...' is tokenized as ELLIPSIS

import_from:

| 'from' ('.' | '...')* dotted_name 'import' import_from_targets

| 'from' ('.' | '...')+ 'import' import_from_targets

import_from_targets:

| '(' import_from_as_names [','] ')'

| import_from_as_names !','

| '*'

import_from_as_names:

| ','.import_from_as_name+

import_from_as_name:

| NAME ['as' NAME ]

dotted_as_names:

| ','.dotted_as_name+

dotted_as_name:

| dotted_name ['as' NAME ]

dotted_name:

| dotted_name '.' NAME

| NAME

# COMPOUND STATEMENTS

# ===================

# Common elements

# ---------------

block:

| NEWLINE INDENT statements DEDENT

| simple_stmts

decorators: ('@' named_expression NEWLINE )+

# Class definitions

# -----------------

class_def:

| decorators class_def_raw

| class_def_raw

class_def_raw:

| 'class' NAME [type_params] ['(' [arguments] ')' ] ':' block

# Function definitions

# --------------------

function_def:

| decorators function_def_raw

| function_def_raw

function_def_raw:

| 'def' NAME [type_params] '(' [params] ')' ['->' expression ] ':' [func_type_comment] block

| 'async' 'def' NAME [type_params] '(' [params] ')' ['->' expression ] ':' [func_type_comment] block

# Function parameters

# -------------------

params:

| parameters

parameters:

| slash_no_default param_no_default* param_with_default* [star_etc]

| slash_with_default param_with_default* [star_etc]

| param_no_default+ param_with_default* [star_etc]

| param_with_default+ [star_etc]

| star_etc

# Some duplication here because we can't write (',' | &')'),

# which is because we don't support empty alternatives (yet).

slash_no_default:

| param_no_default+ '/' ','

| param_no_default+ '/' &')'

slash_with_default:

| param_no_default* param_with_default+ '/' ','

| param_no_default* param_with_default+ '/' &')'

star_etc:

| '*' param_no_default param_maybe_default* [kwds]

| '*' param_no_default_star_annotation param_maybe_default* [kwds]

| '*' ',' param_maybe_default+ [kwds]

| kwds

kwds:

| '**' param_no_default

# One parameter. This *includes* a following comma and type comment.

#

# There are three styles:

# - No default

# - With default

# - Maybe with default

#

# There are two alternative forms of each, to deal with type comments:

# - Ends in a comma followed by an optional type comment

# - No comma, optional type comment, must be followed by close paren

# The latter form is for a final parameter without trailing comma.

#

param_no_default:

| param ',' TYPE_COMMENT?

| param TYPE_COMMENT? &')'

param_no_default_star_annotation:

| param_star_annotation ',' TYPE_COMMENT?

| param_star_annotation TYPE_COMMENT? &')'

param_with_default:

| param default ',' TYPE_COMMENT?

| param default TYPE_COMMENT? &')'

param_maybe_default:

| param default? ',' TYPE_COMMENT?

| param default? TYPE_COMMENT? &')'

param: NAME annotation?

param_star_annotation: NAME star_annotation

annotation: ':' expression

star_annotation: ':' star_expression

default: '=' expression | invalid_default

# If statement

# ------------

if_stmt:

| 'if' named_expression ':' block elif_stmt

| 'if' named_expression ':' block [else_block]

elif_stmt:

| 'elif' named_expression ':' block elif_stmt

| 'elif' named_expression ':' block [else_block]

else_block:

| 'else' ':' block

# While statement

# ---------------

while_stmt:

| 'while' named_expression ':' block [else_block]

# For statement

# -------------

for_stmt:

| 'for' star_targets 'in' ~ star_expressions ':' [TYPE_COMMENT] block [else_block]

| 'async' 'for' star_targets 'in' ~ star_expressions ':' [TYPE_COMMENT] block [else_block]

# With statement

# --------------

with_stmt:

| 'with' '(' ','.with_item+ ','? ')' ':' [TYPE_COMMENT] block

| 'with' ','.with_item+ ':' [TYPE_COMMENT] block

| 'async' 'with' '(' ','.with_item+ ','? ')' ':' block

| 'async' 'with' ','.with_item+ ':' [TYPE_COMMENT] block

with_item:

| expression 'as' star_target &(',' | ')' | ':')

| expression

# Try statement

# -------------

try_stmt:

| 'try' ':' block finally_block

| 'try' ':' block except_block+ [else_block] [finally_block]

| 'try' ':' block except_star_block+ [else_block] [finally_block]

# Except statement

# ----------------

except_block:

| 'except' expression ':' block

| 'except' expression 'as' NAME ':' block

| 'except' expressions ':' block

| 'except' ':' block

except_star_block:

| 'except' '*' expression ':' block

| 'except' '*' expression 'as' NAME ':' block

| 'except' '*' expressions ':' block

finally_block:

| 'finally' ':' block

# Match statement

# ---------------

match_stmt:

| "match" subject_expr ':' NEWLINE INDENT case_block+ DEDENT

subject_expr:

| star_named_expression ',' star_named_expressions?

| named_expression

case_block:

| "case" patterns guard? ':' block

guard: 'if' named_expression

patterns:

| open_sequence_pattern

| pattern

pattern:

| as_pattern

| or_pattern

as_pattern:

| or_pattern 'as' pattern_capture_target

or_pattern:

| '|'.closed_pattern+

closed_pattern:

| literal_pattern

| capture_pattern

| wildcard_pattern

| value_pattern

| group_pattern

| sequence_pattern

| mapping_pattern

| class_pattern

# Literal patterns are used for equality and identity constraints

literal_pattern:

| signed_number !('+' | '-')

| complex_number

| strings

| 'None'

| 'True'

| 'False'

# Literal expressions are used to restrict permitted mapping pattern keys

literal_expr:

| signed_number !('+' | '-')

| complex_number

| strings

| 'None'

| 'True'

| 'False'

complex_number:

| signed_real_number '+' imaginary_number

| signed_real_number '-' imaginary_number

signed_number:

| NUMBER

| '-' NUMBER

signed_real_number:

| real_number

| '-' real_number

real_number:

| NUMBER

imaginary_number:

| NUMBER

capture_pattern:

| pattern_capture_target

pattern_capture_target:

| !"_" NAME !('.' | '(' | '=')

wildcard_pattern:

| "_"

value_pattern:

| attr !('.' | '(' | '=')

attr:

| name_or_attr '.' NAME

name_or_attr:

| attr

| NAME

group_pattern:

| '(' pattern ')'

sequence_pattern:

| '[' maybe_sequence_pattern? ']'

| '(' open_sequence_pattern? ')'

open_sequence_pattern:

| maybe_star_pattern ',' maybe_sequence_pattern?

maybe_sequence_pattern:

| ','.maybe_star_pattern+ ','?

maybe_star_pattern:

| star_pattern

| pattern

star_pattern:

| '*' pattern_capture_target

| '*' wildcard_pattern

mapping_pattern:

| '{' '}'

| '{' double_star_pattern ','? '}'

| '{' items_pattern ',' double_star_pattern ','? '}'

| '{' items_pattern ','? '}'

items_pattern:

| ','.key_value_pattern+

key_value_pattern:

| (literal_expr | attr) ':' pattern

double_star_pattern:

| '**' pattern_capture_target

class_pattern:

| name_or_attr '(' ')'

| name_or_attr '(' positional_patterns ','? ')'

| name_or_attr '(' keyword_patterns ','? ')'

| name_or_attr '(' positional_patterns ',' keyword_patterns ','? ')'

positional_patterns:

| ','.pattern+

keyword_patterns:

| ','.keyword_pattern+

keyword_pattern:

| NAME '=' pattern

# Type statement

# ---------------

type_alias:

| "type" NAME [type_params] '=' expression

# Type parameter declaration

# --------------------------

type_params:

| '[' type_param_seq ']'

type_param_seq: ','.type_param+ [',']

type_param:

| NAME [type_param_bound] [type_param_default]

| '*' NAME [type_param_starred_default]

| '**' NAME [type_param_default]

type_param_bound: ':' expression

type_param_default: '=' expression

type_param_starred_default: '=' star_expression

# EXPRESSIONS

# -----------

expressions:

| expression (',' expression )+ [',']

| expression ','

| expression

expression:

| disjunction 'if' disjunction 'else' expression

| disjunction

| lambdef

yield_expr:

| 'yield' 'from' expression

| 'yield' [star_expressions]

star_expressions:

| star_expression (',' star_expression )+ [',']

| star_expression ','

| star_expression

star_expression:

| '*' bitwise_or

| expression

star_named_expressions: ','.star_named_expression+ [',']

star_named_expression:

| '*' bitwise_or

| named_expression

assignment_expression:

| NAME ':=' ~ expression

named_expression:

| assignment_expression

| expression !':='

disjunction:

| conjunction ('or' conjunction )+

| conjunction

conjunction:

| inversion ('and' inversion )+

| inversion

inversion:

| 'not' inversion

| comparison

# Comparison operators

# --------------------

comparison:

| bitwise_or compare_op_bitwise_or_pair+

| bitwise_or

compare_op_bitwise_or_pair:

| eq_bitwise_or

| noteq_bitwise_or

| lte_bitwise_or

| lt_bitwise_or

| gte_bitwise_or

| gt_bitwise_or

| notin_bitwise_or

| in_bitwise_or

| isnot_bitwise_or

| is_bitwise_or

eq_bitwise_or: '==' bitwise_or

noteq_bitwise_or:

| ('!=' ) bitwise_or

lte_bitwise_or: '<=' bitwise_or

lt_bitwise_or: '<' bitwise_or

gte_bitwise_or: '>=' bitwise_or

gt_bitwise_or: '>' bitwise_or

notin_bitwise_or: 'not' 'in' bitwise_or

in_bitwise_or: 'in' bitwise_or

isnot_bitwise_or: 'is' 'not' bitwise_or

is_bitwise_or: 'is' bitwise_or

# Bitwise operators

# -----------------

bitwise_or:

| bitwise_or '|' bitwise_xor

| bitwise_xor

bitwise_xor:

| bitwise_xor '^' bitwise_and

| bitwise_and

bitwise_and:

| bitwise_and '&' shift_expr

| shift_expr

shift_expr:

| shift_expr '<<' sum

| shift_expr '>>' sum

| sum

# Arithmetic operators

# --------------------

sum:

| sum '+' term

| sum '-' term

| term

term:

| term '*' factor

| term '/' factor

| term '//' factor

| term '%' factor

| term '@' factor

| factor

factor:

| '+' factor

| '-' factor

| '~' factor

| power

power:

| await_primary '**' factor

| await_primary

# Primary elements

# ----------------

# Primary elements are things like "obj.something.something", "obj[something]", "obj(something)", "obj" ...

await_primary:

| 'await' primary

| primary

primary:

| primary '.' NAME

| primary genexp

| primary '(' [arguments] ')'

| primary '[' slices ']'

| atom

slices:

| slice !','

| ','.(slice | starred_expression)+ [',']

slice:

| [expression] ':' [expression] [':' [expression] ]

| named_expression

atom:

| NAME

| 'True'

| 'False'

| 'None'

| strings

| NUMBER

| (tuple | group | genexp)

| (list | listcomp)

| (dict | set | dictcomp | setcomp)

| '...'

group:

| '(' (yield_expr | named_expression) ')'

# Lambda functions

# ----------------

lambdef:

| 'lambda' [lambda_params] ':' expression

lambda_params:

| lambda_parameters

# lambda_parameters etc. duplicates parameters but without annotations

# or type comments, and if there's no comma after a parameter, we expect

# a colon, not a close parenthesis. (For more, see parameters above.)

#

lambda_parameters:

| lambda_slash_no_default lambda_param_no_default* lambda_param_with_default* [lambda_star_etc]

| lambda_slash_with_default lambda_param_with_default* [lambda_star_etc]

| lambda_param_no_default+ lambda_param_with_default* [lambda_star_etc]

| lambda_param_with_default+ [lambda_star_etc]

| lambda_star_etc

lambda_slash_no_default:

| lambda_param_no_default+ '/' ','

| lambda_param_no_default+ '/' &':'

lambda_slash_with_default:

| lambda_param_no_default* lambda_param_with_default+ '/' ','

| lambda_param_no_default* lambda_param_with_default+ '/' &':'

lambda_star_etc:

| '*' lambda_param_no_default lambda_param_maybe_default* [lambda_kwds]

| '*' ',' lambda_param_maybe_default+ [lambda_kwds]

| lambda_kwds

lambda_kwds:

| '**' lambda_param_no_default

lambda_param_no_default:

| lambda_param ','

| lambda_param &':'

lambda_param_with_default:

| lambda_param default ','

| lambda_param default &':'

lambda_param_maybe_default:

| lambda_param default? ','

| lambda_param default? &':'

lambda_param: NAME

# LITERALS

# ========

fstring_middle:

| fstring_replacement_field

| FSTRING_MIDDLE

fstring_replacement_field:

| '{' annotated_rhs '='? [fstring_conversion] [fstring_full_format_spec] '}'

fstring_conversion:

| "!" NAME

fstring_full_format_spec:

| ':' fstring_format_spec*

fstring_format_spec:

| FSTRING_MIDDLE

| fstring_replacement_field

fstring:

| FSTRING_START fstring_middle* FSTRING_END

tstring_format_spec_replacement_field:

| '{' annotated_rhs '='? [fstring_conversion] [tstring_full_format_spec] '}'

tstring_format_spec:

| TSTRING_MIDDLE

| tstring_format_spec_replacement_field

tstring_full_format_spec:

| ':' tstring_format_spec*

tstring_replacement_field:

| '{' annotated_rhs '='? [fstring_conversion] [tstring_full_format_spec] '}'

tstring_middle:

| tstring_replacement_field

| TSTRING_MIDDLE

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